TheHailu dialect(simplified Chinese:Hải lục khang;traditional Chinese:Hải lục khang;pinyin:Hǎilù qiāng;HailuHakka Romanization System:hoi´ liug` kiong`), also known as theHoiluk dialectorHailu Hakka(simplified Chinese:Hải lục khách ngữ;traditional Chinese:Hải lục khách ngữ;pinyin:Hǎilù Kèyǔ), is a dialect ofHakka Chinesethat originated inShanwei,Guangdong.[1]It is also the second most common dialect of Hakka spoken inTaiwan.[2][1]
| Hailu dialect | |
|---|---|
| Hoiliuk dialect | |
| Hải lục khang/Hải lục khang Hải lục khách ngữ/Hải lục khách ngữ | |
| Native to | China,TaiwanandIndonesia |
| Region | Shanwei,Guangdong;Hsinchu County,Hsinchu City,Taoyuan,Hualien County,andMiaoli County,Taiwan;West Kalimantan,Indonesia |
| Chinese characters Pha̍k-fa-sṳ | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Taiwan |
| Regulated by | Hakka Affairs Council |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
hak-haiHailu | |
| Glottolog | hail1247Hailu |
Classification
editThe first edition of theLanguage Atlas of Chinaplaces the Hakka dialects spoken inHaifengandLufeng[3]into theXin–Hui cluster(Tân huệ tiểu phiến;Xīn-Huì xiǎopiàn) of theYue–Tai subgroup(Việt đài phiến;Việt đài phiến;Yuè-Tái piàn) ofHakka.[4]In the second edition, it is given its own subgroup known as theHai–Lu subgroup(Hải lục phiến;Hải lục phiến;Hǎi-Lù piàn) separate from the Yue–Tai subgroup.[5]
Chang Song-hing and Zhuang Chusheng propose that it should be grouped as theHai–Lu cluster(Hải lục tiểu phiến;Hải lục tiểu phiến;Hǎi-Lù xiǎopiàn) of theMei–Shao subgroup(Mai thiều phiến;Méi-Sháo piàn).[6]
Distribution
editInChina,the Hailu dialect is spoken inShanwei,Guangdong,particularly inHaifeng,Lufeng,andLuhe.[1][5]As of 2012, there are around 1.18 million speakers of the dialect in these three areas.[7]
InTaiwan,it is spoken inHsinchu County(Xinfeng,Xinpu,Hukou,Qionglin,Hengshan,Guanxi,Beipu,Baoshan,Emei,andZhudong),Hsinchu City(XiangshanandXinfeng),Taoyuan(mostly inGuanyin,Xinwu,andYangmei;also pockets inPingzhen,Zhongli,andLongtan),Hualien County(Ji'an,Shoufeng,Guangfu,Yuli,Ruisui,andFenglin), andMiaoli County(Toufen,Sanwan,Nanzhuang,Xihu,Houlong,Zaoqiao,Tongxiao,andTongluo).[8][9]In 2013, 41.5% of Hakka people in Taiwan were reported to be able to communicate in the Hailu dialect.[2]
InIndonesia,it is widely spoken in northernWest Kalimantan,includingSingkawang,Sambas,andPemangkat.[10]
Phonology
editTones
editThe Hailu dialect has seven lexical tones:[11][12]
| Tone name | dark level (Âm bình/Âm bình) |
light level (Dương bình/Dương bình) |
rising (Thượng thanh/Thượng thanh) |
dark departing (Âm khứ/Âm khứ) |
light departing (Dương khứ/Dương khứ) |
dark entering (Âm nhập/Âm nhập) |
light entering (Dương nhập/Dương nhập) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | Phu | Phù | Phủ | Phú | Hộ/Hộ | Phúc | Phục | |
| Tone letter | Hetian,Luhe | ˥˧(53) | ˥(55) | ˨˩˧(213) | ˧˩(31) | ˨(22) | ˧˦(34) | ˥˦(54) |
| Hsinchu | ˥˧(53) | ˥(55) | ˨˦(24) | ˩(11) | ˧(33) | ˥(5) | ˨(2) | |
Notes
edit- ^abcTeng 2015,p. 1.
- ^abHAC 2013,p. 2.
- ^IncludingLuhe,which was carved out of Lufeng in 1988.
- ^CASS & AAH 1987,B15.
- ^abXie & Huang 2012,p. 117.
- ^Chang & Zhuang 2008,p. 410.
- ^Wu & Zhan 2012,p. 117.
- ^HAC 2013,pp. 73, 78.
- ^HAC 2018.
- ^Huang 2008,pp. 2–3.
- ^Xie & Huang 2012,p. 119.
- ^MOE 2012,p. 38.
References
edit- Chang, Song-hing; Zhuang, Chusheng (2008).Quảng đông phương ngôn đích địa lý cách cục dữ tự nhiên địa lý cập lịch sử địa lý đích quan hệ[Geographical Distribution of Guangdong Dialects: Their Linkage with Natural and Historical Geography](PDF).Journal of Chinese Studies(in Chinese) (48): 407–422.
- Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;Australian Academy of the Humanities,eds. (1987).Trung quốc ngữ ngôn địa đồ tập[Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Longman Group (Far East).ISBN0-582-99903-0.
- "Distribution and resurgence of the Hakka language".Hakka Affairs Council.16 July 2018.Retrieved14 August2019.
- Huang, Hui-chen (2008).Ấn ni sơn khẩu dương khách gia thoại nghiên cứu[Study of Hakka in Singkawang, Indonesia](PDF)(Master's thesis). National Central University.Retrieved11 September2019.
- Teng, Shengyu (2015). "Word Formation in Chinese Dialects: A Case Study of Hailu Hakka".Chinese Lexical Semantics.Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9332. pp. 281–293.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27194-1_29.ISBN978-3-319-27193-4.
- Wu, Wei; Zhan, Bohui (2012).B2—1 quảng đông tỉnh đích hán ngữ phương ngôn.Trung quốc ngữ ngôn địa đồ tập[Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol.Hán ngữ phương ngôn quyển(2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 160–165.ISBN978-7-100-07054-6.
- Xie, Liuwen; Huang, Xuezhen (2012).B1—17 khách gia thoại.Trung quốc ngữ ngôn địa đồ tập[Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol.Hán ngữ phương ngôn quyển(2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 116–124.ISBN978-7-100-07054-6.
- 101-102 niên độ đài loan khách gia dân chúng khách ngữ sử dụng trạng huống(PDF)(in Chinese). Hakka Affairs Council. November 2013.Retrieved11 September2019.
- Khách gia ngữ bính âm phương án sử dụng thủ sách[Usage Manual for the Hakka Romanization System](PDF)(in Chinese). Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan). November 2012.Retrieved11 September2019.