Wikipedia

Hajong people

TheHajong peopleare an ethnic group ofNortheast Indiaand northern parts ofBangladesh.[5]The majority of the Hajongs are settled in India and are predominantly rice-farmers. They are said to have brought wet-field cultivation to theGaro Hills,where theGaro peopleusedslash and burnmethod of agriculture.[6]Hajong have the status of a Scheduled Tribe in India[7]and they are the fourth largest tribal ethnicity in the Indian state ofMeghalaya.[8]

Hajong
হাজং
Hajong girls performing folk dance during theHornbill Festival.
Total population
79,800[1](2011)
Regions with significant populations
India71,800
Meghalaya41,414[2]
Assam27,521[2]
Bangladesh7,996[3]
Languages
Hajong
Religion
perdominatlyHinduism[4]
minoritesHajong ethnic religion(Dyaoism)
Related ethnic groups
Bodo Kachari groups,otherTibeto-Burmanpeoples

Origin

Hajong women fishing with 'Jakha' a traditional fishing implement.

The Hajongs belong to theBodo-Kachari group of tribes,whose ancestors migrated fromTibetto theBrahmaputra Valleyin the ancient past, from where they spread in multiple directions.[9]The Hajongs have no recorded history and whatever historical references available are in the form of legends, folktales, and traditional beliefs. The Hajongs believe that their ancestral land was inHajoarea of present-dayKamrup Districtof Assam. The meaning of 'Hajong' can thus be comprehended as 'descendants of Hajo'.[10]It is believed that twelve thousand Hajongs fled Hajo and settled in the northern foothills ofGaro Hills;from there, they gradually extended their settlement in the southeastern direction, along the foothills of Garo Hills andKhasi-Jaintia Hills.This traditional belief about their migration is corroborated in many of the folktales of the Hajongs.[11]According to a legend prevalent among the Hajongs, they areSuryawanshi(Hajong:Surjobungsi) or the descendants ofSurjodyaoor Bila (theSun god) and areKshatriyas.[4]It is reported that, in 1939, the Hajongs organised a Kshatriya Sanmelan for the welfare of the community and to enforce the observation of their traditions.[12]

Geographical distribution

It is believed that the original heartland of the Hajongs in Garo Hills was in the area lying mostly along the Northeast and Southwest foothills of Garo Hills and part of the southern foothills of Khasi and Jaintia Hills. This wide and plain switch of land in the foothills, half encircling these two hills falls partly in the present-day Goalpara district of Assam, partly in the Garo Hills district of Meghalaya, and partly in the Mymensingh and Sylhet districts of Bangladesh.

According to folklore, the Hajong habitation was said to have started from a small Hajong village called Hwârkuna Situated in the northeastern corner of the foothills of Garo Hills, and ended at another small Hajong village called Jumakuna situated in the southeastern corner of the foothills of Jaintia Hills. The Hajong habitation was said to have extended only this far and no further beyond these two villages in either direction.[13]Today, the Hajongs are spread out acrossnortheast IndiaandBangladeshwith the majority of the population on the India side of the border.

In India, Hajongs are found in both the Garo and Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, largely along theSouth-West Garo Hills Districtof Meghalaya and Bangladesh border. They also live in the Dhubri and Goalpara districts of lower Assam, Dhemaji, and other districts of upper Assam into Arunachal Pradesh.[14]In Bangladesh, Hajongs are found in the northern Dhaka division, although there are unconfirmed reports of some Hajong living inChittagong division.The narrow strip of borderland that stretches fromSherpur districtin the west as farSunamganj districtin the east can be considered the southern outpost of the greater Hajong community.[6]

Language

Main article:Hajong language

Hajong is classified as anIndo-Aryan language.It has some degree of similarity with Assamese and Bengali, the two IA languages spoken in the region. At the same time, certain grammatical similarities such as case marking can be found between Hajong and someTibeto-Burman languagesspoken in the same geographic location.[15]The Hajong language was originally a Tibeto-Burman language,[16]but is now considered an Indo-Aryan language with Tibeto-Burman roots. It is spoken by more than 175,000 ethnic Hajongs. It is written in theEastern Nagari script.It has a lot ofSanskritloanwords.Hajong phonology has an extra vowel /ɯ/ which is not present in other Indo-Aryan languages, but is typical for the Tibeto-Burman family.[17]The phonology of Hajong has 23 consonant phonemes, 8 vowel phonemes, and 2 approximants that have some characteristics of consonants namely /w/ and /j/ which act as diphthongs, it includes vowel harmony and the devoicing of final consonants. According to one of the several hypotheses, the Hajong language has Sino-Tibetan origins that wererelexifiedby OldBengali;and some hints of its origin may be shown through thecasemarkers in Hajong.[note 1]

Clothing

Main article:Pathin
Argon
Traditional Hajong ornaments placed upon an Argon

Hajongs are known for their woven dresses.[19]Hajongs are known for their weaving and handicrafts; their skilled activities are still preserved and passed on through the ages from generation to generation, though there might be minuscule changes in lifestyle with the influence of western way of life. Weaving constitutes an important integral household work for the women and most of the time one can see hajong women weaving and wearing their traditional attire. This is one of the important features observed within this ethnic group and it reveals their affection for their traditional values. Hajong women feel prideful that they can weave their own clothes and also that of her children and members of the family.[20]For maidens, the knowledge of weaving is considered a prime requisite prior to marriage, but because to Western influences this tradition is not strictly adhered to by unmarried women.[21]Every household has a traditional loom calledbana;there are two kinds of traditional looms,salbanaandsipnibana.The sipnibana is operated solely with hands and does not require the use of feet.[citation needed]

Women of this tribe chiefly wearpathin,[4]a wrap-around skirt that covered the upper and lower part of the body from the bust till thecalfof the leg. Women in the upper class wore a long pathin which fell down to the floor while women in the lower class wore a shorter pathin which length reaches to the ankle. The pathin is a horizontally striped, colourful, rectangular piece of cloth with alternate layers of different colours between red stripes and thick horizontal borders. The pathin, also called pate or pâthni, consists of two main sets of stripes: the kan and the gao. If the pathin is observed with the stripes parallel to the horizon, the kan appears to be on the top and bottom ends of the pathin, while the gao is the larger central portion of the pathin. Red is the main colour used in therangapathin,which is worn by young women; while middle-aged women tend to wear pathins with lesser stripes in shades of green. Women, while working on the fields use thekompesas abanongor belt. The compes is a brocaded scarf mostly used by men, but often women use it to tie their waists. Menfolk wear a woven piece of cloth calledningtiorbhijâ kapur,it is worn in the fashion of adhoti.During winters, both men and women cover their bodies with a traditional brocadedshawlcalledArgon[4]and men keep their necks warm with a kompes. Other kind of clothes used by the Hajongs are gamsa similar to the Assamesegamosaand pasra, an embroidered light shawl.Buksuliis the traditional shirt used by men.[citation needed]

Traditional ornaments

  • Traditional Ornaments of the Hajongs.
  • Kankurya
  • Puspohar or Chondrohar

Hajong women, both young and old, prefer to adorn themselves with traditional ornaments. The majority of the Hajong ornaments are made ofsilver;while the use ofgold,ivory,coral,andconch shellshave been observed too. Traditionally, all of the extravagant ornaments belonged to the women of this tribe; men were to only wear their wedding rings calledmanik angthiand a gold chain. Although men can be seen wearing a red thread on their waist calledbâstâorbâitâ,lugunon their left shoulder, and rosaries made ofsandalwood,golden appleand theholy basil.Married women wear conch shell bangles calledhakaand the wedding ring,manik angthi.Some of the ornaments used by women are listed below[22]

  • Galahicha:ATorc.
  • Mugâ mala:A gold necklace with alternate red and black beads.
  • GujurâtiorHarsura:A chain with floral motifs, made of either gold or silver.
  • ChondroharorSunchisura:This traditional necklace is made of silver, weighing 35 to 50 grams, and has three to five rows of chains with floral motifs.
  • Sikâ mala:A necklace made of coins.
  • Katbaju:A pair of armlets made of silver, weighing around 15 to 25 grams.
  • Nol Kharu:A pair of thick bangles, both gold and silver is used in the preparation of this category of bangles, weighing around 25 to 35 grams.
  • Buila:A pair of silver bangles
  • Bak kharu:Pair of open rings worn on the ankles made of silver, weighing around 35 to 50 grams.
  • Bak Gunjuri:This is another pair of rings worn on the anklets made of heavy silver bars with small bells along the length, curved into a ring. It is popular for the tinkling sound the bells make.
  • Bonko:A pair of silver anklets with a zigzag pattern.
  • Koromphul:Pair of earrings worn at the earlobes, with conical protrusions on both sides.
  • Kankurya:A pair of curved earrings.
  • Kanpasa:A pair of flat earrings with a hook.
  • Not:A nose ring made of gold, worn on the left side by married women.
  • Nolok:Nose rings worn on theseptum,this category includestitlipata,kumrâbisi,jibâli,etc.

Social divisions

Obsolete clans

Originally the Hajongs were divided into six clans.[23]The present generation is hardly aware that this clan system had ever existed in the past.[note 2]The origin of these clans are traced back to the twelve thousand Hajongs who had crossed the Brahmaputra river and entered Garo Hills from Hajo. The descendants of these twelve thousand people were divided into six groups under the leadership of six heads:Harang,Bhajalu,Manik,Teper,Satodol,andManji.These six clans were named after these tribal heads.

  • Harangpâryâ
  • Bhajalupâryâ
  • Manikpâryâ
  • Teperpâryâ
  • Satodolpâryâ
  • Manjipâryâ

Matrilineal clans:Nikni

The Hajong clans were formally organised on the basis of matrilineal exogamy. They were divided into several matrilineal clans callednikni.[25]Although, the hajongs were an endogamous tribe, clan exogamy was practised where one wasn't allowed to be wed to someone belonging to the samenikni.It has been documented that anybody who could not tell hisnikniwas mocked and was said to have belonged to theGhughu nikni,the wordghuguin Hajong means adove,a kind of a wild pigeon. Doves breed only two offspring at a time. These two squabs grow up to mate with each other despite being siblings. Similarly, a Hajong who could not tell his ownnikniwas assailed wittingly to be a member of the dove clan hinting indirectly that he had married his own sister. The inner intention or significance of this was to direct or make each Hajong to be particularly familiar with his own clan so that he could avoid marrying a girl belonging to his ownniknidue to his ignorance. Marriage within one's own nikni was strictly prohibited on the grounds that genealogically a girl from the samenikniwas considered his own sister.[23]

The exact number ofnikniis not known, some have listed seventeen; while others have said that only thirteen of theniknis could be found.[citation needed]

List 1[26]
  • Parachungâ
  • Chundi
  • Batajurâ
  • Balihata
  • Kendegao
  • Taragao
  • Jignigao
  • Katligao
  • Buligao
  • Kamakkha
  • Kharugao
  • Sunamôi
  • Chatigao
  • Kumligao
  • Ghurabali
  • Porosmuni
  • Akhigao


List 2[23]
  • Puwachungwâ
  • Chundi
  • Purakati
  • Dinjâr
  • Balihata
  • Kendegao
  • Akshigao
  • Kasigao
  • Toklegao
  • Bagigao
  • Katagao
  • Simulgao
  • Diphrâgao

ThePuwachungwâ nikniwas regarded as the leading clan and members of this clan would enjoy respectable positions in society. It is noted that members of some of theseniknis had developed a feeling of collateral relation with the plants, fruits, insects, etc., that their clans had been named after.[23]

Patrilineal kinship:Daidi

Thedaidiordaigisystem possibly began during the time when they were following the matrilineal system.Daidiactually means kinship or descent through the male or father's line. A person having a distant relation with any member of the kinship of his father's line is called adaidi bhagiordaidi gusti.Adaidi bhagior adaidi gustiwas liable to observe a state of pollution calledswâfor three days when the news of the death of any of hisdaidi gustiwas heard and he was to bepurifiedby performing certain religious rites. Unlike theniknisystem, thedaidisystem had no division and it did not become a cause for the development of any kind of clan, class or group in the society. It was to see, similar to theniknisystem, that there should be nodaidirelationship between the proposed bride and the groom. If it was found that both of them or their families weredaidi bhagiordaidi gustito each other, the proposal was to be immediately dropped.[23]

Geographical divisions:Jwar

The Hajongs are divided into five geographical clans calledjwar.Hajongs belonging to eachjwarspeak a different dialect ofHajongcalledrao.These clans are named after the archaic names of the areas in the foothills and the plains of Garo Hills. Among these clans, theBarohajariclan is named after the area where the twelve thousand Hajongs from Hajo had first settled in Garo Hills. The fivejwars are listed below:

  • Doskinâ
  • Korebari
  • Susung'yâ
  • Barohajari
  • Mespâryâ

Religion

Main article:Hajong ethnic religion
A traditional Hajong Granary has no doors in order to prevent the goddess of wealth and fortune, Lukkhi Dyao, from running away.

Hajongs are predominantly Hindu. All Hindu Customs are adhered to right from the time of birth. Hindu beliefs have been interwined with their original culture and it is impossible to separate them.[4]The present religious customs practised by the Hajongs can be considered an amalgation of their folk religion and Hinduism, as it was not seen to conflict with the rites of their traditionalanimisticreligion, giving birth to a new variety ofsyncreticHinduism. No information is available as to how the Hajongs came under the influence of Hinduism in the long past as no written records exist to this effect. Only an attempt can be made with reference to their religious traditions, customs, conventions, etc., some of which are still being followed by Hajongs and also in the context of the religious atmosphere found to have prevailed in those days in the place where their forefathers were lioving and from where they are said to have migrated.[27]

Religious sects

There are two documented sections among the Hajongs,KhatalandHajong.The main difference between these two sections is that theKhatals prohibits the use and preparation ofrice beer.It is observed that among these two sections, the degree of Hinduisation varies. There are differences even among theKhatals themselves.[28]TheKhatals are divided intoBastomandKhutri.The hereditaryUdhikârior the priest class,[29]the Hajong equivalent of the HinduBrahmin,belong to theBastomsection while theKhutriclass is the Hajong counterpart of theKshatriyaclass. The Hajong section of the society observes both traditional and Hindu customs; this section does not have any special name as they are believed to practice the traditional religion and have not been greatly influenced by mainstream Hinduism. Theniknisystem is preserved by this section of society, whereas theKhutrisection follows the HinduGotrasystem. The social outcasts belong to theDirkâclass.[30]The Hajongs living in close proximity with larger Hindu populations have absorbed more elements ofHinduismthan those who inhabit the interior areas where the influence of theHindu cast systemis less.[28]

Marriage

Main article:Hajong marriage

Hajongs areendogamouspeople.[31]Marriage with a person outside of their tribe is strictly forbidden, cases of such marriages are rare. Monogamy is the prevalent form of marriage; polygyny is not prohibited, but such marriages are rare. A negotiated alliance is the usual form of marriage.[25]In Hajong societymatriarchydeclined with the influence of Hinduism, leading towards the growing dominance ofpatriarchyin Hajong society.[32]Within Hajong culture, romantic love and widow remarriage was allowed. When intimacy develops between a boy and a girl without the knowledge of their parents, they are married to each other, provided that they do not belong to close maternal and paternal kinship. The exorbitant dowry system was absent in the Hajong society. The Hajongs would give a tolerablebride pricecalledponorkhalti.[33]

Culture

Young Hajong dancers

The Hajongs have a very rich culture. Hajong culture has greatly influenced and has had a tremendous impact on the language, clothing, and culture of other tribes like the Koches of Meghalaya, Banais, and Dalus. Hajong women can be easily identified by their brightly striped red dress calledPathin.Traditionally, and in many present-day villages, women are accomplished weavers who weave their own dresses.[34]The Hajongs make it compulsory for every woman to know the art of weaving, which is regarded as a qualification for a woman for marriage.[35]The Hajongs are a group ofagrarian people,most of their cultural practices, folklore and traditions are related to their agricultural practices. Hajongs are skilled inwoodworkandbasketry,they make all of their farming tools and household items themselves. In addition to the implements needed for rice farming, Hajong households have many bamboo fishing implements.[36]

House pattern

In a Hajong village, except for the house of anUdhikâri,all other houses are almost similar in pattern with different sizes. The scenario of having an earthen plinth and two thatched roofs on both sides is common in every Hajong village. Bamboos and timbers are used occasionally. Floors are earthen and walls are made of split bamboo plastered with cow dung.[37]Mak Mas(January- February) andPhalgun Mas(February- March) are the two most favourable months for constructing a new house. During this period, they are free from agricultural works. Traditional Hajong houses consist of separate buildings centered on a courtyard. The Hajongs customarily construct four or five houses on the four sides protecting the middle portion of the courtyard. The courtyard is used as a space for religious rites.[38]The kitchen is built separately from the main dwelling. There is a common courtyard in every household which is used for threshing grains after harvest. A typical Hajong household consists of the buildings listed below:[39]

  • Bhat ghor:also calledmâijâ ghor,is the main dwelling, dining hall and also a bedroom
  • Akhli ghor:kitchen
  • Kasri ghor:dormitory with provision for guests
  • Khupra ghor:also calledjura ghor,bedroom for a married son or daughter
  • Chang ghor:granary
  • Dhiki ghor:husking house
  • Guli ghor:cattle shed
  • Dyao ghor:a shrine for the household deities

Food habits

The staple food is rice eaten with lentils and vegetables. For special occasions, rice is ground into fine powder and used to make steamed or fried rice cakes calledpithâ.Tortoise has traditionally been the favourite meat.[40]Some of the traditional dishes are:

  • Dingpura:a type of sweet rice cooked in a special type of Bamboo
  • Libahak:dishes made with ground rice
  • Bukni Bhat:fermented rice
  • Bisi Bhat:a type of steamed sticky and sweet rice
  • Bhâtuwahak:dishes with rice flour and fermented fish
  • Putâmas:small fishes steamed in banana leaves
  • Chunsâhak:a type of cooked vegetable for special guest
  • Tupla Bhat:rice cooked in banana leaves
  • Kharpani:vegetable boiled with dried fish and soda
  • Chungâhak:dishes cooked in bamboo

Art

Birapat-Chhitâ

Hajong Art includesBirapat-chitâwhich are painted on a wall of theAiro Ghorbyairos on the during wedding ceremonies. InBirapat-chitaalso calledChan Bila Akawathe Sun, Moon, Stars, birds, boats andpalanquinsare painted with powdered rice (pithli),vermilionandkohl.Other works of art is done in the preparation ofMerrforMaroi Pujâ.In Merr various Gods and Goddesses and other auspicious objects are painted, intended for the worship of the serpent goddessKani Diyao.Another popular folk art among the hajongs is paper cutting. Paper cuttings with elaborate designs are hung on the doors during weddings and other festive occasions. Ceremonialbananatrees are often decorated with intricate paper cuttings.

Music

Traditional music includesgitâlu gahen,gupni gahenand several songs related to agriculture and religious rites. Some of the traditional instruments are listed below:

  • Dhuluk:a broad drum with membranes at each end played from two ends.
  • Basi:aflute.
  • Khul:a pair of small cymbals made of brass.
  • Dutra:a stringed instrument.
  • Dhapa kurtal:a pair of largecymbals.
  • Hurindo:afiddle.
  • Hamuktal:an instrument made withapple snailshells.
  • Gugna:alamellophoneinstrument, consisting of a flexiblebambootongue attached to a frame.

Festivals

Pusnâis one of the most important festivals celebrated by the Hajongs marking the end of winter and the month ofPus;It is the celebration ofMakar Sankranti,with feasts lasting for a week. Hajong people celebrate Hindu festivals like Durga Puja and Kamakhya Puja. They also celebrate a few traditional festivals. Traditional rituals are performed by aDyushior aNungtang,a Hajong shaman. Bastu pujâ, being one of the traditional festivals, does not involve idol worship and is celebrated in an area outside the village premises, calledBastu haliorBastu than.InBastu pujâtortoises and pigeons are sacrificed forBastu dyao.[41]Another festival is calledchormagain Mymensingh andchorkhilain India. Chorkhila is celebrated during the month of October in South-West Garo Hills Districts of Meghalaya. During this festival, group of young people go around each house in the village, or from village to village, playing music and singing folsongs, sometimes stories from theRamayana.The parties receive some rice or money in return for their performance. Since every person, both young and old, comes out to watch the play, this is considered a chance to check out prospective brides and grooms.[42]The Hajongs also celebrate their pre-monsoon harvest festival known as 'Biswâ'. Kani pujâ, Kâtkâ pujâ, are also performed on the last day of the month ofSrabonandKati.The day ofSharad Purnimais known asKujâi Ghoramong the Hajongs.[43]

Notes

  1. ^A third hypothesis is related to the theory that the Hajong language has Sino-Tibetan origins. If it was originally a TibetoBurman language that was relexified by Old Bengali, some hints of its origin may show through. Several TB languages have a genitive [lə] or [la] morpheme such as Gamale Kham13 (Watters 2003: 689), Manange 14 (Hildebrandt 2004), and Tamang 15 (Mazaudon 2003). Interestingly, Gamale Kham also has a [ni] ablative (cf. the Hajong locative ni). Kurtöp16 (Hyslop in prep.) and Lepcha17 (Plaisier 2007) also have [n] based ablatives [ning] ~ [ni] and [nun] ~ [nu], respectively. These languages are spoken in the hills to the north of the Hajong population. Various authors, such as Biren Hajong, have hypothesized that the Hajong people originally migrated down from Tibet.[18]
  2. ^'With the passage of time, the population increased with the rapid expansion of new settlements the outlook of the society changed, and the Hajongs had started gradually to discourage this division system. By the time they had stepped up towards more social upliftment they had long back abolished the system. Today the present generation is hardly aware that such a system as mentioned above (social structure) had ever existed in the past.'— an extract fromThe Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya,Chapter 9:Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Hajongs of Meghalaya,Social Structure of the Hajongs.[24]

References

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  22. ^Hazarika, Kushal Chandra."Physical Folklore of the Rabha and Hajong Communities of Goalpara District, Chapter 4: Physical Folklore of the Hajongs,adornments"(PDF).p. 107.
  23. ^abcdeQueenbala Marak, Sarit K. Chaudhuri. The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya. Chapter 9Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Hajongs of Meghalaya,Social Structure of the Hajongs.Marak, Queenbala; Chaudhuri, Sarit K. (28 February 2020).The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya.Routledge.ISBN9781000071825.
  24. ^Marak, Queenbala; Chaudhuri, Sarit K. (28 February 2020).The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya.Routledge.ISBN9781000071825.
  25. ^abBareh, Hamlet. (2001).Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Meghalaya.Mittal Publications. p. 216.Bareh, Hamlet (2001).Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Meghalaya.Mittal Publications.ISBN9788170997917.
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  27. ^Queenbala Marak, Sarit K. Chaudhuri. The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya. Chapter 9:Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Hajongs of Meghalaya,Religious Practices.Marak, Queenbala; Chaudhuri, Sarit K. (28 February 2020).The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya.Routledge.ISBN9781000071825.
  28. ^abBareh, Hamlet. (2001).Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Meghalaya.Mittal Publications. p. 215.Bareh, Hamlet (2001).Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Meghalaya.Mittal Publications.ISBN9788170997917.
  29. ^Bareh, Hamlet. (2001).Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Meghalaya.Mittal Publications. p. 221.Bareh, Hamlet (2001).Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Meghalaya.Mittal Publications.ISBN9788170997917.
  30. ^Biren Hajong & Sushmita Hajong (2002),The Hajongs and their Struggle,Assam, Janata Press.
  31. ^Hajong, B. (2002).The Hajongs and their struggle.Assam, Janata Press. p. 29.
  32. ^Queenbala Marak, Sarit K. Chaudhuri. The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya. Chapter 9:Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Hajongs of Meghalaya.Marak, Queenbala; Chaudhuri, Sarit K. (28 February 2020).The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya.Routledge.ISBN9781000071825.
  33. ^Hajong, B. (2002).The Hajongs and their struggle.Assam, Janata Press. p. 30.
  34. ^Hajong, B. (2002).The Hajongs and their struggle.Assam, Janata Press. p. 20.
  35. ^CENSUS OF INDIA 1981, Part - XD, SERIES - 14, MEGHALAYA, HANDICRAFT SURVEY REPORT, HANDLOOM WEAVING."Census of India 1981: HANDICRAFT SURVEY REPORT"(PDF).
  36. ^Hajong, B. (2002).The Hajongs and their struggle.Assam, Janata Press. p. 14.
  37. ^Hajong, B. (2002).The Hajongs and their struggle.Assam, Janata Press. p. 11.
  38. ^Hazarika, Kushal Chandra."Physical Folklore of the Rabha and Hajong Communities of Goalpara District, Chapter 4: Physical Folklore of the Hajongs,Architecture"(PDF).p. 88.
  39. ^Hazarika, Kushal Chandra."Physical Folklore of the Rabha and Hajong Communities of Goalpara District, Chapter 2: Land and People, The Hajongs,House pattern"(PDF).p. 50.
  40. ^Hajong, B. (2002).The Hajongs and their struggle.Assam, Janata Press. p. 16.
  41. ^Hajong, B. (2002).The Hajongs and their struggle.Assam, Janata Press. p. 42.
  42. ^Hajong, B. (2002).The Hajongs and their struggle.Assam, Janata Press. p. 44-45.
  43. ^Hajong, B. (2002).The Hajongs and their struggle.Assam, Janata Press. p. 41.

Bibliography

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