Hardcore pornography

"Hardcore porn" redirects here. Not to be confused withHardcore Pawn.

Hardcore pornographyorhardcore pornispornographythat features detailed depictions of sexual organs or sexual acts such asvaginal,anal,oralormanual intercourse,ejaculation,andfetish play.The term is in contrast with less-explicitsoftcore pornography.Hardcore pornography usually takes the form ofphotographs,films,andcartoons.Since the mid-1990s, hardcore pornography has become widely available on theinternet,making it more accessible than ever before.

Jupiter and JunobyAgostino Carracci.The engraving shows a detailed depiction of a sexual act, including genitals, as is common in hardcore pornography.

Etymology

A distinction between "hardcore pornography" and "borderline pornography" (or "borderline obscenity" ) was made in the 1950s and 1960s by American jurists discussingobscenitylaws. "Borderline pornography" appealed to sexual prurience, but had other positive qualities, such as literary or artistic merit, and so was arguably permitted by obscenity laws; "hardcore pornography" lacked such merits and was definitely prohibited.InRoth v. United States(1957), the government brief distinguished three classes of sexual material: "novels of apparently serious literary intent"; "borderline entertainment... magazines, cartoons,nudistpublications, etc. "; and" hard core pornography, which no one would suggest had literary merit ".Eberhard and Phyllis Kronhausenin 1959 distinguished "erotic realism" from "pornography"; in the latter "the main purpose is to stimulate erotic response in the reader. And that is all."Most famously, inJacobellis v. Ohio(1964),Potter Stewartwrote:

I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description [ "hard-core pornography" ], and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. ButI know it when I see it,and the motion picture involved in this case [The Lovers] is not that.

InJacobellis v. Ohioand other cases, theUnited States Supreme Courtruled that only "hardcore" pornography could be prohibited by obscenity laws, with the rest protected by theFirst Amendment.The category of "borderline obscenity" thus became obsolete. The 1970 report of thePresident's Commission on Obscenity and Pornographysaid:

[M]ailers dealing in sexually oriented materials define "hard-core pornography" as "photographic depictions of actual sexual intercourse with camera focus on the genitals and no accompanying text to provide a legal defense". This, of course, is not a legal definition.... Some judges have employed the term "hard-core pornography" as a synonym for "material which can be legally suppressed". In this Report, the term is used as a synonym for "under-the-counter" or covertly sold materials. This is, in effect, the definition of hard-core applied in the marketplace. It can be argued that because of the confusion about the meaning of the term, which stems primarily from an undefined legal concept, it would be well to avoid the use of the term altogether.... There is one genre of sexually oriented material which is almost universally sold under-the-counter in the United States: wholly photographic reproductions of actual sexual intercourse graphically depicting vaginal and/or oral penetration.... A[t] present, distinctions between materials sold openly and those sold covertly have become extremely unclear.

From the 1970s, the salient distinction was between hardcore pornography andsoftcore pornography,which may use simulated sex and limits the range and intensity of depictions of sexual activities. For example,William Rotsler's 1973 classification subdivided theX ratingfor erotic films: "The XXX-rating means hard-core, the XX-rating is for simulation, and an X-rating is for comparatively cool films."

History

See also:Stag film

The prehistory of modernpornographyis the classical Americanstag film,also known asblue movies,a body of clandestine shortpornographic filmsproduced during the first two-thirds of the 20th century. While the exact corpus of the distinctive stag film remains unknown, scholars at theKinsey Institutebelieve there are approximately 2000 films produced between 1915 and 1968.Stag cinema is a form of hardcore film and is characterized as silent, usually filling a single reel or less, and was illegally made and exhibited because of censorship laws in America. Women were excluded from these private screenings that were shown in American "smoker" houses such as fraternities or other exclusive institutions. In Europe, films of the same kind were screened in brothels. The mode of reception of the all-male audience of stag films was raucous, collective sexual banterandsexual arousal.Film historians describe stag films as a primitive form of cinema because they were produced by anonymous andamateurmale artists who failed to achieve narrative coherence and continuity. Today, many of these films have been archived by the Kinsey Institute, but most are in a state of decay and have nocopyright,real credits, or acknowledged authorship. The stag film era inevitably ended with the beginnings of thesexual revolutionin the fifties in combination with the new technologies of the post-war era, such as16 mm,8 mm,and theSuper 8.American stag cinema in general received scholarly attention first in the mid-seventies byheterosexualmales, e.g. Di Lauro and Gerald Rabkin'sDirty Movies(1976) and more recently byfeministandqueercultural historians, e.g.Linda M. Williams'Hard Core: Power Pleasure, and the "Frenzy of the Visible"(1989) andThomas Waugh'sHomosociality in the Classical American Stag Film: Off-Screen, On-screen(2001).

Legality

Further information:Pornography by region

The distribution of hardcore pornography had been widely prohibited in many countries until the second half of the 20th century, when many countries began to allow some dissemination of softcore material. Supply is now usually regulated by amotion picture rating systemas well as by direct regulation ofpoints of sale.Restrictions, as applicable, apply to the screening, or rental, sale, or giving of a movie, in the form of a DVD, video, computer file, etc. Public display andadvertisingof hardcore pornography is often prohibited, as is its supply tominors.

Most countries have eased the restrictions on the distribution ofpornography,either by general or restricted legalization or by failure to enforce prohibitive legislation. Most easing of restrictions has been by way of changes to the criteria of a country's movie classification system. Theanti-pornography movementoften vigorously opposes legalization. In 1969,Denmarkbecame the first country in the world to legalize pornography.In the U.S., legal interpretations of pornography in relation to the constitutional right to free speech differ from state to state and from city to city. Hardcore pornography was legalized in the UK in May 2000.

United Kingdom

The Independentreported in 2006 that Nielsen NetRatings found that more than nine million British male adults used Internet porn services.The study also reported a one-third rise in the number of women visiting X-rated sites, from 1.05 million to 1.38 million. A 2003 study found that one third of all British Internet users accessed hardcore porn.

United States

A 2005 study byEric Schlosserestimated that revenues from hardcore porn matched Hollywood's domestic box office takings. Hardcore porn videos, Internet sites, live sex acts andcable TVprogramming generated US$10 billion, roughly equal to U.S. domestic box office receipts.

Impact on society

Berl Kutchinsky'sStudies on Pornography and Sex Crimes in Denmark(1970), a scientific report commissioned by the United States' Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, found that the legalizing of pornography in Denmark had not (as had been expected) resulted in an increase of sex crimes.

A study conducted in Denmark in 2003 and later published inArchives of Sexual Behaviorfound that Danish men and women generally believe that hardcore pornography has a positive influence on their lives.

See also

• List of pornography laws by country

Further reading

• O'Toole, L. (1998).Pornocopia: Sex, Technology and Desire.London:Serpent's Tail.ISBN1-85242-395-1.