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Hattori Hanzō

(Redirected fromHattori Hanzo)
For other uses, seeHattori Hanzō (disambiguation).
"Hanzo" redirects here. For the Overwatch character, seeHanzo (Overwatch).
In thisJapanese name,thesurnameisHattori.

Hattori Hanzō(Phục bộ bán tàng,c. 1542[1]– January 2, 1597)orSecond Hanzō,nicknamedOni no Hanzō(Quỷ の bán tàng,Demon Hanzō),[2]was a famoussamuraiof theSengoku era,who served theTokugawa clanas a general, credited with saving the life ofTokugawa Ieyasuand then helping him to become the ruler ofunited Japan.He is often a subject of various portrayals in modernpopular culture.

Hattori Hanzō
Phục bộ bán tàng
Leader ofIgaNinja
In office
1557–1597
Preceded byHattori Yasunaga
Succeeded byHattori Masanari
Personal details
Born
Hattori Masanari
Phục bộ chính thành

c. 1542
Mikawa Province(now Iga-chō,Okazaki, Aichi)
Died(1597-01-02)January 2, 1597 (aged 54-55)
Edo,Musashi province
RelationsHattori Yasunaga, 1st-Hanzō (father)
Hattori Masanari,3rd-Hanzō (son)
Nickname"Demon Hanzō"
Military service
AllegianceMatsudaira clan
Tokugawa clan
Battles/wars

Hanzō was known as an expert tactician and a master ofsword fighting,and was included in cultural sobriquet as one ofTokugawa's 16 divine generals(Tokugawa jūrokushinshō).[3][4][5]

He became known as theSecond Hanzō.He would later earn the nicknameOnino Hanzō(Quỷ の bán tàng,Demon Hanzō)[2]because of the fearless tactics he displayed in his operations; this moniker also distinguished him from Watanabe Hanzō (Watanabe Moritsuna), who is nicknamedYarino Hanzō(Thương の bán tàng,Spear Hanzō).[6]

Biography

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Hattori Hanzō was born the son of Hattori Yasunaga(Phục bộ bảo trường),theFirst Hanzō,a minor samurai in the service of theMatsudaira(laterTokugawa) clan.[7][2]His real name was Hattori Masanari(Phục bộ chính thành).Despite being born inMikawa Province(now Iga-chō,Okazaki, Aichi), he often paid visits toIga Province,home of the Hattori clan. At the age of 15, his first battle was a nighttime attack during the siege of Uto castle in 1557.[7][2]

In 1561, Hanzō servedTokugawa Ieyasu(who at the time was still called Matsudaira Motoyasu) and has great contribution with Ieyasu's rise to power, helping the future shogun bring down theImagawa clan.AfterImagawa Ujizanehad held Tokugawa's wife and son as hostages, Hanzō made a successful hostage rescue of Tokugawa's family atKaminogo castlein 1562.[8]

In 1563, a major incident occurred which involved Hanzō. TheIkkō-ikkifollowers hasrebelled in Mikawaand fought against Ieyasu. Moreover, the majority of the Tokugawa clan's vassals were followers of the Ikko sect. Honda Masanobu and most of the vassals joined the Ikko Ikki and began to take hostile action against Ieyasu. During that time, Hanzō, who was also a follower of the Ikkō-ikki, instead kept his loyalty to the Tokugawa clan and supported of Ieyasu to fight the rebels.[9]

In 1569, Hanzō went on to lay siege toKakegawa castleagainst the Imagawa clan.[citation needed]

From 1570 to 1573, Hanzō served with distinction at the battles ofAnegawaandMikatagahararespectively;[7]it was during this conflict that Hanzō received the nicknameOni no Hanzō.According to theKansei Chōshū Shokafu[a],Hattori Hanzō rendered meritorious service during the Battle of Mikatagahara and became commander of an Iga unit consisting of one hundred fifty men. He captured a Takeda spy named Chikuan, and when Takeda's troops invaded Totomi, Hanzō counterattacked with only thirty warriors at theTenryū River.[citation needed]

In 1575, he married the daughter of fellow military commander Nagasaka Nobumasa.[10]His son would be born around a year later.

In 1579, AfterMatsudaira Nobuyasuwas accused of treason and conspiracy byOda Nobunagaand was ordered to commitseppukuby his father, Ieyasu, Hanzō was called in to act as an official to assist the seppuku procession, but he refused to take the sword on the blood of his own lord. Ieyasu valued his loyalty after hearing of Hanzō's ordeal and was noted to have said "Even a demon can shed tears".[11][12]

In 1580, another incident involving Hanzō and the Hattori clan occurred. During that time, a military commander of theOda clanwas staying inHamamatsu Castlein preparation to assist the Oda-Tokugawa alliance to attackTakatenjin Castle,which belonged to theTakeda clan's forces. However, a friction happened between the commander of the castle with a Tokugawa retainer over a trivial matter. Hanzō was trying to resolve the matter. However, the Ōgaki clan's retainers who were on the side of the castle commander attacked Hanzo, which caused the members of Hattori clan to fight them back, resulting in casualties on both sides. As a result of this incident, the Ōgaki clan demanded Hanzō to be held responsible executed. Ieyasu, then manage to trick the Oda clan by pretending to arrest Hanzō at first. Then as Ieyasu allowed Hanzō to escape from his prison in Hamamatsu castle along with his wife and children. After that, Ieyasu deceived the Ōgaki clan by presenting them with a head of someone else, while claiming it was Hanzō's head.[13]

Journey through Iga province

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In the middle of June 1582, after theHonnō-ji incident,Tokugawa Ieyasu escaped from Sakai to return into Mikawa, in order to prevent capture fromAkechi Mitsuhideand his troops. Ieyasu had only 34 companions with him, including Hanzō. The journey in which they took was particularly dangerous due to the existence ofOchimusha-gari,or "samurai hunting" gangs[b].Ieyasu and his party, therefore, chose the shortest route back to the Mikawa Province by crossing through theIga Province,which differed in many versions according to primary sources such as the records ofTokugawa NikkiorMikawa Todai-Hon:

  • TheTokugawa Nikkitheory stated that Ieyasu took the roads to Shijonawate and Son'enji, then followed the Kizu stream until they spent a night in Yamaguchi castle. The next day, they reached a stronghold of theKōka ikkiclan of Tarao who allowed them to take refuge for the night. Then in the last day, Ieyasu's group used a ship from Shiroko to reachOkazaki Castle.[17]However, TheTokugawa Nikkitheory is doubted by modern historians, since it was not actually the shortest route for Ieyasu to reach Mikawa from his starting position atSakai,[18]while on the other hand, it was also considered a very risky path due to the existence ofIga ikkiclans which were hostile to the Oda and Tokugawa clans.[19][20]
  • TheMikawa Toda-Honstated that Ieyasu went north from Ogawadate, crossed Koka, and entered Seishu Seki from Shigaraki, passed through Aburahi and entered Tsuge in Iga.[20]This theory was championed by modern Japanese historians such as Tatsuo Fujita fromMie University,who had expressed doubts about the credibility of the story regarding Hattori Hanzō's ninja helping Ieyasu, given that the story does not appear until the 18th century during the rule ofTokugawa Yoshimune.[20]Some people claiming to be descendants ofKōka ikkiclans also supported this route theory, and before they reached Kada pass where they could be escorted by the Kōka clanJizamurai,Ieyasu mostly depended on his high-rank vassals for his protection, particularly thefour Shitennō generals,rather than the popular theory about the help of "Iga ninja" clans.[19]
Kada pass, believed to be the road which was taken by Tokugawa Ieyasu to return into Mikawa province.[20]

Regardless of which theory is true, historians agreed that the trek ended at Kada (a mountain pass betweenKameyamatown and Iga). Tokugawa's group suffered a last attack by the 'ochimusha-garioutlaws at Kada pass where they reached the territory of theKōka ikkiclan ofJizamuraiwho were friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki samurai assisted Ieyasu to eliminate the threats of raiders and escorted them until they reachedIga Province,where they were further protected by other allied clans fromIga ikkiwhich accompanied the Ieyasu group until they safely reached Mikawa.[16]

Portuguese missionaryLuís Fróishad recorded in his workHistory of Japan,that during this journey, Tokugawa retainers such asSakai Tadatsugu,Ii Naomasa,Honda Tadakatsu,Sakakibara Yasumasa,and many others[21]: 314–315 [15][22]fought their way out against the raids and harassments ofochimusha-garioutlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, while sometimes also paying bribes of gold and silver to those which they could negotiate with.[23]Matsudaira Ietadarecorded in his journal,Ietada nikki( gia trung nhật ký ), that the escorts of Ieyasu had suffered around 200 casualties during their journey due to the raids from bandits and outlaws.[24][25]

Further service under Tokugawa clan

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Grave of Hattori Hanzō atSainen-jitemple in Shinjuku Ward

According to Iga's history book ( y hạ giả do tự thư ) compiled during theEdo period,the Iga clan ninja which Hanzō hailed from never missed a single battle which involved the Tokugawa clan, from the Battle of Izu Nirayama in 1582, to the Summer Siege of Osaka in 1615.[26]

In late June 1582, a triangle conflict which was dubbed as theTenshō-Jingo warbroke out between the Tokugawa clan,Uesugi clan,andHōjō clan.[27][c]Hanzō participated in this conflict on the side of Tokugawa Ieyasu as he deployed his forces in various forts in theKōfubasin against Ujinao, who camped his army in the area of present-dayHokuto city.Hanzō led the Iga clan warriors to Katsuyama castle (Kamisone-cho, Kofu city), Misakuchi castle, and Kotohirayama castle (Misakuchi-cho, Kofu city), where he monitored the Nakamichi road connecting Kai and Suruga.[30]At the same time, a Tokugawa army detachment from theIga Provincecommanded by Hanzō invadedSaku District,where they were also aided by Shinano local samurai warriors from the Tsugane clan led by Ōbi Sukemitsu. In early September, Hanzō and Sukemitsu launched a night attack on Egusuku castle (also known as Shishiku castle) and successfully captured it, under the cover of heavy rain.[31][32][33]Later, he also took the Sanogoya castle inIzu Provinceunder cover of heavy rain. Hanzō was praised by Ieyasu for this achievement.[34]

In 1584, Hattori Hanzō continued to serve Ieyasu at theBattle of Komaki and Nagakute.During this battle, Hanzo marched to Ise commanding 100 warriors of Iga and Kōka ninja as reinforcements from Matsugashima Castle. His troops used rifles in defending the castle from the attacking Toyotomi forces.[35]

In 1590, Hattori Hanzō participated in theOdawara campaign,where he led a troops of he led 50 members ofNegoro-shū,a group of mercenaries using firearms that originated inKii Province.[36]After this conflict, Hanzō was awarded 8,000kokuofdomainfor his service. By the time Ieyasu relocated toKantō region,Hanzō was given an additional 8,000kokuworth of domain, along with the command of 30yorikiofficers and 200 civil officials.[citation needed]

In 1597, Hanzō died on 2 January, succumbing to an unspecified illness.[37][d]

Legacy

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Edo Castle's Hanzōmon gate during theMeiji period(1868–1912)

Hanzō's reputation as a samurai leader who commanded a 200-men strong unit of Iga warriors has grown to legendary proportions. Tales of Hattori's exploits often attributed various supernatural abilities, such asteleportation,psychokinesis,andprecognition.[2][7]

After his death in 1597, Hattori Hanzō was succeeded by his son, whose name was alsoMasanari(third Hanzō), though written with differentkanji( chính tựu instead of chính thành ). He was given the titleIwami no Kami( thạch kiến thủ )[40]and his Iga men would act as guards ofEdo Castle,the headquarters of the government of united Japan. "Hanzō" is actually a name passed down through the leaders of the Hattori family, meaning his father was also called Hanzō and so was his successor. Indeed, there were at least five people known as Hattori Hanzō throughout history.[2]

TheTokyo Imperial Palace's Hanzōmon gate in 2007

To this day, artefacts of Hanzō's legacy remain.Tokyo Imperial Palace(formerly theshōgun's palace) still has a gate called Hanzō's Gate (Hanzōmon), and theHanzōmon subway linewhich runs fromHanzōmon Stationin centralTokyoto the southwestern suburbs is named after the gate, where his house was once located.[41][42][43]The neighbourhood outside Hanzō's Gate is known as Wakaba, but before 1943 was named Iga-chō ( "Iga Town" ).[44]Hanzō's remains now rest in theSainen-jitemple cemetery inYotsuya, Tokyo.The temple also holds his favourite spear and ceremonial battle helmet. The spear, originally 14shaku(424 cm) long, 7.5 kg in weight, and given to him by Ieyasu, was donated to the temple by Hanzō as avotive offering,but was damaged during thebombing of Tokyoin 1945.[45]Some of his other belongings are still in relatively good condition and can be viewed, but most other weapons, armour, and letters of commendation were lost due to a fire in Edo castle in 1606 that burned down his former quarters, the removal of his son from military command, and the chaos of the Siege of Osaka.

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As a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Hanzō was more popularly known in modern era as archetypical ninja figure and is featured in many fictional works. However, Hanzō was not featured in the first ninja boom of theTaishō era(1912-1926), as during that era, the ninja archetype figure in fictional works were more dominated bySarutobi SasukeandKirigakure Saizō.Hanzō only started to gain his acknowledgement as legendary ninja in fictional works in the 1950s in various mediums such as novels,manga,anime,Japanese television drama,movies, andtheatre of Japan.Important works in the process of creating "Ninja Hattori Hanzo" reputation include Shibata Renzaburo's "Akai Kageboshi" (1960) and Yamada Futaro's short story "Ninja Hattori Hanzo" (1964). The former portrays Hanzō as a central character who is deeply involved with the protagonist and runs through the story. The latter is a work that shows that "Hattori Hanzo" does not refer to a specific person, but is a name that is passed down.[46]

See also

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Appendix

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Footnotes

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  1. ^agenealogyof major samurai completed in 1812 by the Tokugawa shogunate
  2. ^During theSengoku period,particularly dangerous groups calledOchimusha-garior "fallen warrior hunter" groups had emerged. These groups consisted of peasants orrōninwho were dispossessed by war and now formed self-defense forces which operated outside the law, while in reality they often resorted to hunting and robbing defeated samurai or soldiers during conflicts.[14][15][16]These outlaw groups were particularly rampant on the route which Ieyasu took to return to Mikawa.[16]
  3. ^The name of "Tenshō-Jingo War" was coined by Tashiro Takashi in 1980.[28]Furthermore, there is also a theory that from the perspective of local powers which continued to fight over the possession of the Oda clan's leftover territories, there is evidence that Tokugawa Ieyasu's transfer to theKantō regionfollowing the fall of the Hōjō clan in 1590 and the placement of Toyotomi-line daimyo, until transfer of Uesugi Kagekatsu to Aizu, where the local daimyo were separated from their former territory and the establishment of control by theAzuchi–Momoyama period,was considered to be the extension of this conflict.[29]
  4. ^On the native Japanese lunar calendar that was used at the time, his death was marked as khánh trường nguyên niên 11 nguyệt 14 nhật,[38]or the 14th day of the 11th month of theKeichōera, which corresponds to 2 January 1597 AD on the modern Gregorian calendar. Confusingly, theKansei Chōshū Shokafurecorded his date of death as 4 November 1596,[26]which differs from the Hattori family tradition and the gravestone at the Sainen-ji temple[39]

References

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  1. ^According to various sources,[which?]he was born in 3rd Nov 1541, 1542 or 1543.
  2. ^abcdefJoel Levy,Ninja: The Shadow Warrior(2008), pp. 157–158
  3. ^Kacem Zoughari, Ph.D. (2013).Ninja Ancient Shadow Warriors of Japan (The Secret History of Ninjutsu).Tuttle Publishing. p. 58.ISBN9781462902873.Retrieved9 May2024.
  4. ^Harada Kazutoshi (2009,p. 300)
  5. ^Áo xuất hiền trị (2002).Đức xuyên thập lục tương đồ tái khảo[Reconsideration of the Sixteen Tokugawa Generals] (in Japanese). Nagoya City Museum Research Bulletin. pp. 1–21.Retrieved6 May2024.
  6. ^Stephen K. Hayes,The Mystic Arts of the Ninja(1985)
  7. ^abcdStephen Turnbull,Ninja AD 1460–1650(2003), p. 12
  8. ^Tools and Techniques(2009), p. 94
  9. ^コロコロさん (2021)
  10. ^Phục bộ bán tam chính thành võ công ký phụ y dư quốc kim trị phiên phục bộ thị lược gia hệ
  11. ^Thomas Louis, Tommy Ito,Samurai: The Code of the Warrior(2008), p. 112
  12. ^Arthur Lindsay Sadler,The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu,C. E. Tuttle Co., 1978
  13. ^コロコロさん (2021)
  14. ^Fujiki Hisashi (2005).Đao thú り: Võ khí を phong ấn した dân chúng(in Japanese). Nham ba thư điếm. p. 29･30.ISBN4004309654.Kunio Yanagita"History of Japanese Farmers"
  15. ^abKirino Sakuto (2001).Chân thuyết bổn năng tự ( học nghiên M văn khố R き 2-2)(in Japanese). Học nghiên プラス. pp. 218–9.ISBN4059010421.Tadashi Ishikawa quote
  16. ^abcAkira Imatani (1993).Thiên hoàng と thiên hạ nhân.Tân nhân vật vãng lai xã. pp. 152–153, 157–158, ､167.ISBN4404020732.Akira Imatani "Practice of attacking fallen warriors"; 2000; p.153 chapter 4
  17. ^Yamada Yuji (2017). "7. Tokugawa Ieyasu's passing through Iga".THE NINJA BOOK: The New Mansenshukai.Translated by Atsuko Oda. Mie University Facultyof Humanities, Law and Economics.Retrieved10 May2024.
  18. ^Masahiko Iwasawa (1968)."Gia trung nhật ký の nguyên bổn について"[(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary](PDF).Đông kinh đại học sử liêu biên toản sở báo đệ ２ hào(in Japanese).Retrieved2022-11-16.
  19. ^ab(みちものがたり) gia khang の “Y hạ việt え” ( tư hạ huyện, tam trọng huyện ) bổn đương は “Giáp hạ việt え” だった? Nhẫn giả の mạt duệ が xướng える tân thuyết[(Michi-monogatari) Ieyasu's "Iga's crossing (Shiga Prefecture, Mie Prefecture) Was it really" Koka-goe "? A new theory advocated by a ninja descendant] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 2020.Retrieved19 May2024.
  20. ^abcdĐằng điền đạt sinh (2005)."“Thần quân y hạ việt え” tái khảo ".Ái tri huyện sử nghiên cứu.9.Ái tri huyện: 1–15.doi:10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1.
  21. ^Sansom, Sir George Bailey (1961).A History of Japan, 1334–1615.Stanford University Press. p. 353.ISBN0-8047-0525-9.
  22. ^Fumitaka Kawasaki (1985).Đức xuyên gia khang ・ y hạ việt えの nguy nan[Tokugawa Ieyasu and the danger of crossing Iga]. Điểu ảnh xã.ISBN4795251126.Retrieved24 May2024.
  23. ^Mitsuhisa Takayanagi (1958).Chiến quốc chiến ký bổn năng tự の変・ sơn kỳ の chiến (1958 niên )(in Japanese). Xuân thu xã. p. 65.Retrieved9 May2024.Luís Fróis;History of Japan..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report ", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain" Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho
  24. ^Masahiko Iwasawa (1968)."(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary"(PDF).Đông kinh đại học sử liêu biên toản sở báo đệ ２ hào.Retrieved2022-11-16.
  25. ^Morimoto Masahiro (1999).Gia khang gia thần の chiến と nhật thường tùng bình gia trung nhật ký をよむ ( giác xuyên ソフィア văn khố ) Kindle Edition.KADOKAWA.Retrieved10 May2024.
  26. ^abOno Masahiko ( tiểu dã nhã ngạn ); Rekishijin Editorial Department (2023)."Gia khang の thiên hạ thủ りを ảnh から chi えた y hạ nhẫn giả の “Thịnh suy” "[The rise and fall of the Iga ninja who supported Ieyasu's conquest of Japan from behind the scenes].Rekishijin(in Japanese). ABC ARC, inc.Retrieved24 June2024.From "The Truth About Tokugawa Ieyasu" in the February 2023 issue of Rekishijin article
  27. ^Masaru Hirayama (2016)."Thiên chính nhâm ngọ の loạn 【 tăng bổ cải đính bản 】─ bổn năng tự の変と đông quốc chiến quốc sử"[Tensho Migo Rebellion [revised and enlarged edition] - Honnoji Incident and the history of the Sengoku period in the Togoku region] (in Japanese). Ebisukosyo.Retrieved17 May2024.
  28. ^Okamoto Ryoichi ( cương bổn lượng nhất ) (1982).Nhật bổn thành quách sử nghiên cứu tùng thư đệ 8 quyển đại bản thành の chư nghiên cứu[Japanese Castle History Research Series Vol. 8 Various Studies on Osaka Castle] (in Japanese). Danh trứ xuất bản. pp. 412–413.ISBN4404010362.Retrieved6 June2024.
  29. ^Okamoto Ryoichi ( cương bổn lượng nhất ) (1982,pp. 41–42)
  30. ^Hirayama 2011,pp. 240–245.
  31. ^Sơn lê huyện (1996).Sơn lê huyện sử: Chūsei IV (kōko shiryō)(in Japanese). Sơn lê huyện. p. 270.Retrieved9 June2024.
  32. ^Matsudaira Sadamasa ( tùng bình định năng ) (1966).Giáp phỉ quốc chí: Thượng, Volume 1(in Japanese). Thiên hạ đường thư điếm. p. 706.Retrieved9 June2024.
  33. ^コロコロさん (2021)
  34. ^コロコロさん (2021)
  35. ^コロコロさん (2021)
  36. ^コロコロさん (2021)
  37. ^Kim trị thập di phụ lục sĩ tộc nhất chi quyển phục bộ tốc thủy chính tuyên gia phổ
  38. ^Tây niệm tự phục bộ bán tàng mộ bi
  39. ^Khoan chính trọng tu chư gia phổ đệ 1168 quyển
  40. ^"Sengoku Era Ranks and Titles".Samurai-archives.com.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-08-28.Retrieved2013-07-07.
  41. ^Lisa Leventer,Fodor's Japan: The Complete Guide With the Best of Tokyo, Kyoto and Old Japan,Fodor's Travel Publications, 1996
  42. ^Fodor's Travel Publications,Fodor's Japan: Expert Advice and Smart Choices: Where to Stay, Eat, and Explore On and Off the Beaten Path(2000), p. 61
  43. ^Mikhail Vladimirovich Uspenskiĭ, Tatyana Mordkova, Natalia Smaznova,One Hundred Views of Edo: Woodblock Prints by Ando Hiroshige,Parkstone Press, 1997
  44. ^Matt Alt,Tokyo's really, really real ninja hideoutsArchived2012-11-02 at theWayback Machine,CNNGo.com, 23 November 2011
  45. ^Stephen Turnbull,The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War(2008)
  46. ^Tamura Risa ( điền thôn lê sa ) (2020)."“Nhẫn giả ・ phục bộ bán tàng” の đản sinh ── chiêu hòa tam cửu niên までの tác phẩm を đối tượng に "[The Birth of "Ninja Hattori Hanzo" - Focusing on Works up to 1964].Nhẫn giả nghiên cứu(in Japanese).ISSN2433-9008.Retrieved16 July2024.

Secondary sources

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  • Hirayama, Yū (2011),Võ điền di lĩnh をめぐる động loạn と tú cát の dã vọng[Takeda's Territory and Hideyoshi's Ambitions], nhung quang tường xuất bản,ISBN978-4-86403-035-9
  • Harada Kazutoshi (2009).Art of the Samurai Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868.Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.).ISBN9781588393456.Retrieved6 May2024.
  • Sainenji, a buddhist temple that houses the spear of the famous samurai and ninja Hattori Hanzo also known as the “Demon Hanzo”Archived2019-12-12 at theWayback Machine
  • コロコロさん (2021)."“Phục bộ bán tàng chính thành” y hạ tùy nhất の nhẫn giả にして đức xuyên gia thần!? "[ "Hattori Hanzo Masanari" Iga's greatest ninja and Tokugawa retainer!?].Chiến quốc ヒストリーのサイトロゴ(in Japanese). sengoku-his.com.Retrieved16 July2024.containing references from:
    • Kudo Akioki, "Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Warring States Period: Ieyasu's Agent, Hattori Hanzo Masanari," 2015 ( công đằng chương hưng “〈 đức xuyên gia khang と chiến quốc thời đại 〉 gia khang のエージェント phục bộ bán tàng chính thành” 2015 niên )
    • Yamakita Atsushi, "Illustrated Ninja," Shinkigensha, 2015 ( sơn bắc đốc 『 đồ giải nhẫn giả 』 tân kỷ nguyên xã 2015 niên )
    • Kubo Fumitake, "Iga History: A Study," Iga Local History Research Association, 1986 ( cửu bảo văn võ 『 y hạ sử tùng khảo 』 y hạ hương thổ sử nghiên cứu hội 1986 niên )
    • Mie Prefecture website, "Historical Information Storehouse: Hattori Hanzo and Ieyasu" ( tam trọng huyện HP “Lịch sử の tình báo tàng phục bộ bán tàng と gia khang” )
    • Shinjuku Ward website, "The Origin of the Name Hanzomon Gate - Hattori Hanzo and the Iga Police Officers" ( tân túc khu HP “Bán tàng môn の danh tiền の do lai ー phục bộ bán tàng と y hạ đồng tâm ー” )
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