Wikipedia

Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen

Lieutenant-ColonelHenry Haversham Godwin-AustenFRSFZSFRGSMBOU(6 July 1834 – 2 December 1923), known until 1854 asHenry Haversham Austen,was anEnglishtopographer,surveyor,naturalist andgeologist.

Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen
Godwin-Austen in an image published in 1890
Born
H.H. Austen

(1834-07-06)6 July 1834
Newton Abbot,England
Died2 December 1923(1923-12-02)(aged 89)
Godalming,England
Alma materRoyal Military College, Sandhurst
SpousesKudidje (1858–1860?); Pauline G. Plowden (1861–1871); Jessie Robinson (1881–1913)
Children3
AwardsFRS,Founder's Medal ofRGS
Scientific career
FieldsTopography,surveying,malacology,ornithology,geology
InstitutionsTrigonometrical Survey of India
Author abbrev. (zoology)Godwin-Austen
Signature

He explored the mountains in the Himalayas and surveyed the glaciers at the base ofK2,also known as Mount Godwin-Austen. GeographerKenneth Masoncalled Godwin-Austen "probably the greatest mountaineer of his day".[1]He also remains the most important investigator of the terrestrial molluscs of the Indian subcontinent.

Early life

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The eldest son of the eighteen children of the geologistRobert Austen,who in 1854 added Godwin to his surname by royal licence,[2]Henry Haversham Austen was probably born at Ogwell House, nearNewton Abbot,Devon,where his father had recently taken up residence.[3]His father's family, landowners in Cheshire and Surrey since the 12th century, had a history as merchant venturers, soldiers, scholars, and collectors. His grandfather, Sir Henry Edmund Austen (1785–1871), was aHigh SheriffandDeputy LieutenantforSurreyand agentleman of the Privy ChambertoKing William IV.[4]His great-grandfather, Robert Austen (died 1797), married Lady Frances Annesley, a descendant ofArthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey.[5]

Austen's mother, Maria Elizabeth Godwin, was the only child ofMajor-General Sir Henry Godwin(1784–1853), who had fought in theFirst Anglo-Burmese Warand who commanded the British and Indian forces in theSecond.[6][7][8]His brotherEdmund Godwin Austenplayedfirst-class cricketforCanterburyin New Zealand.[9]H. H. Austen was educated at theRoyal Grammar School, Guildford,and then from 1848 to 1851 at theRoyal Military College, Sandhurst.[7]At Sandhurst he learnt military surveying from Captain Robert Petley[10]and was a contemporary of the futureLord Roberts.

Life in Burma and India

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In 1851, after leaving the Royal Military College, Austen was commissioned into the24th Foot.In early 1853 he arrived inBurmaat the end of theSecond Anglo-Burmese war,serving asaide-de-campto his maternal grandfather, General Sir Henry Godwin.[11]The latter died unexpectedly in 1853, and as a result his daughter's family added the name of Godwin to their own, becoming Godwin-Austen.[2]

While in Burma, he surveyed theIrrawaddy Delta,and this work came to the favourable notice ofSir Andrew Scott Waugh,Surveyor General of India.After periods inSimlaandSialkot,[11]Godwin-Austen was posted toPeshawarunder the command of Major General Thomas Reed.[11][7]In 1856, he joined theTrigonometrical Survey of Indiaand began to work inKashmirunder Captain Thomas George Montgomerie.[7]In May 1856 he was promoted Lieutenant, in March 1857 he was formally appointed to the Survey of India, and on 29 October 1858 he was further promoted to Captain.[12]

A liaison with an Indian lady named Kudidje, the daughter of a Muslim landowner ofPoonch,probably aSudhan,may have begun as early as 1855, and this led to the birth on 5 May 1857 of a son who was named Edward.[12]Another source says that Edward was born at Sialkot on 15 March 1859.[13]The relationship is seen by one biographer as probably an obstacle to Godwin-Austen's advancement in India.[5]In April 1857 Godwin-Austen was posted to Kashmir. In June 1858 he married Kudidje in a ceremony near Budrawar; from the British point of view the marriage was legal as it satisfied Muslim conditions. In November 1858, Godwin-Austen was seriously injured in an attack nearUdhampurwhich left him unconscious, and in April 1859 he took a year's home leave, joining the Second Battalion of his regiment in England. While there, he became aFellowof theRoyal Geographical Society.[14]

From 1857 to June 1860 he had worked for the Survey of India, mainly around theKazi Nag,Pir Panjal,and Marau-Warwan regions. He was given a permanent post in the Trigonometrical Survey and in 1860 mappedShigarand the lowerSaltoro ValleyofBaltistanas far as the south face of K1,Masherbrum.In 1861, he traversed the Skoro La, beyondSkarduandShigar,where he surveyed theKarakoram glaciers:Baltoro,Punmah,Biafo,Chiring, almost as far as the OldMustagh PassandHispar.On this expedition, he climbed at least 1000 m above Urdukas on the Baltoro Glacier, and fixed the height and position of K2 for the first time.[7]

In 1860, after a separation of some fifteen months, Godwin-Austen and Kudidje were reunited, and she accompanied him on his first expedition to Baltistan. However, after September 1860 she disappears from the record, and Godwin-Austen arranged the adoption of their son by a couple named Milner, so it is likely that Kudidje had died by late 1860. A few months before his death in 1923, Godwin-Austen received the surprise of a letter from a Mrs Barclay, one of their grandchildren, a daughter of Edward, and in reply recalled of Kudidje "She was a good wife with me and if there is anything now left that I can look back on and love, it is her memory and the way she looked after me."[14]

On 5 April 1861 Godwin-Austen married Pauline Georgiana, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Wellesley Chichele Plowden, granddaughter ofWilliam Plowden(1787–1880), anEast India Companydirector, and niece ofWilliam Chichele Plowden,anIndian civilian.Their first child, Alfred, was born in March 1862, but lived less than three months. Pauline herself died in 1871, leaving one surviving son, Arthur.[4][6]

In 1862, Godwin-Austen surveyed upperChangchenmo,Pangong district,and theZanskarranges, resulting in hisNotes on the Pangong Lake District of Ladakh(1864).[7][15]

Illustration by Godwin-Austen ofParadoxornis nipalensiswhich he described asSuthora daflaensis

Although he gave great attention to geology and topography, his greatest interest lay in collecting non-marine molluscs and in identifying birds. He published hisBirds of Assam(1870–1878) and described a number of birds for the first time, some withArthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale.Most of these notes were published in theJournal of the Asiatic Society of Bengaland Godwin-Austen sometimes drew illustrations of the new bird species. He was particularly active in ornithology after 1863, when he was posted in the eastern Himalayas as part of the political mission toBhutanheaded byAshley Eden.He surveyed theGaro,Khasi,andJaintia hills,and in 1875 joined an expedition into theDaphla Hills.[7]Venturing intoanthropology,he described the monuments and customs of theKhasi tribes.[16][17]

Retirement

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In 1877, Godwin-Austen retired from the Trigonometrical Survey of India with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, as his health was beginning to deteriorate, but back in England he recovered. In 1881, he married lastly Jessie, daughter of John Harding Robinson, an Examiner in theHouse of Lords.She was 20 and he 47.[18]They remained married until his wife's death in 1913,[7]and the marriage has been called "a union of love and mutual support".[5]An obituary stated that, "of a most attractive disposition and singular charm of manner, Godwin-Austen was much beloved by his contemporaries".[6]He served as ajustice of the peacefrom 1885.[19]

When his father died in 1884, Godwin-Austen inherited an estate and substantial house atShalford,inSurrey.The estate no longer provided sufficient income to fund such a house. Unable to sell land because of anentail,he was declaredbankruptin 1899, although through the sale of the house he had discharged the bankruptcy by 1902. Thereafter he lived at another property on the estate, Nore House nearGodalming.[5][11]

Godwin-Austen depicted for his role as President of the Geography Department of theBritish Association for the Advancement of Science,1883

Godwin-Austen produced numerous research articles on the terrestrial molluscs that he had collected in India. He sold this collection to theBritish Museum,but parts were loaned back in turn for him to work on, besides which he visited the museum regularly to catalogue both his own and others' collections from India (work for which he was paid). He had also sold this museum his collection of birds, about 3,500 skins collected in Manipur and Assam. Unlike most contemporarymalacologists,he described not just the shells but also the internal anatomy andradulateeth, which often better distinguish species and more reliably assign them tofamilies.He took over the authorship of the first volume of theFauna of British Indiadevoted to terrestrial molluscs, but he was subsequently replaced byG.K. Gude,who could work faster because his descriptions were more superficial. Instead Godwin-Austen chose to work on his own at his own pace, publishing most of his results inThe Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India,appearing in 13 parts from 1882 to 1920. This research brought him recognition, and he served as president of theMalacological Society of London(1897–1899), president of theConchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland(1908–1909) and vice president of theZoological Society of London(1895). In 1880 he had been elected aFellow of the Royal Societyand in 1910 he received theFounder's Medalof theRoyal Geographical Society.[11]

He died on 2 December 1923 at Nore, looked after in the last 10 years of his life by his sister Beatrice.[20]

Buddhism

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Family tradition holds that Haversham Godwin-Austen was a convert to the Buddhist faith (following a self-attested period as an at least nominal Muslim in the middle to late 1850s), and as such he may be the first known British adherent to Buddhism. His small Burmese-style Buddhist shrine at Nore, Hascombe, Surrey, is likely to have been erected there around 1901 (although a later date of c. 1920 is possible), perhaps after being situated at each of Godwin-Austen's successive main residences from 1877 onwards, following his return to England after 25 years in Asia. Accordingly, the shrine probably constitutes the first ever custom-built physical structure raised for Buddhist devotional purposes in Britain. It was forgotten and lost to view under brambles after Godwin-Austen's time, prior to rediscovery in 1962 by a new owner of Nore, actorDirk Bogarde.[21]

Godwin-Austen's conversion – and possibly his shrine – therefore predates the earliest formal Buddhist missions to Britain: namely, those of the Japanese-sponsored 'Buddhist Propagation Society', led by Irish-born CaptainCharles J. W. Pfoundesin 1889, and that of English convertCharles Henry Allan Bennett,also known as 'Ananda Metteyya', in 1908. 'The Buddhist Society of Great Britain & Ireland' was formed in 1907.[22]

Legacy

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Gravestone in the family plot in Shalford Cemetery, near Guildford, UK

The second-highest mountain in the world, theKarakorampeakK2in theHimalayas,was at one time renamed Mount Godwin-Austen, in honour of its first surveyor. TheGodwin-Austen Glacierwas also named in his honour.[7]

Godwin-Austen "stands out as by far the most important investigator of Indian Mollusca."[23]HisThe land and freshwater molluscs of Indiahas been described as "an epoch-making work on Indian land molluscs, also indispensable in the study of all Oriental and Ethiopian faunas."[24]The mollusc generaAusteniaG. Nevill, 1878,[25]GodwiniaSykes, 1900,[26]and several Indian species have been named in his honour.[27]Godwin-Austen is also commemorated in the scientific names of two species of lizards:Pachydactylus austeniandPseudocalotes austeniana.[28]

His son R.A. Godwin-Austen was also a career army officer[29]and was later a supporter of the "saintly mafia" calledFerguson's Gang,dedicated to saving historically important buildings.[30]H. H. Godwin-Austen's nephew,GeneralSir Alfred Godwin-Austen(1889–1963), was a divisional commander of theEast AfricanandWestern Desertcampaigns during theSecond World War.[31]

Godwin-Austen's son by Kudidje, Edward, who had been adopted by a family named Milner, became acivil engineerinHyderabad Stateand elsewhere. In 1879 he married Emma Theresa Smith, and they had fifteen children. Edward Henry Hastings Milner died inBombayin 1917, aged only 59, but his widow lived until 1958.[14]

Selected publications

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  • Notes on the Pangong Lake District of Ladakh(1864)
  • Birds of Assam(1870–1878)
  • Land and freshwater mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon and other islands of the Indian Ocean; Supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley's Conchologica Indica(Taylor and Francis, London, VI+257+ 442+65 pp., 165 pls, published in parts, 1882–1920:
    • Volume 1+plates;1882: pp. I–VI, 1–66, pls. 1–12; 1883: pp. 67–164, pls. 13–42; 1884: pls. 43–51; 1886: pp. 165–206; 1887: pls. 52–62; 1888: pp. 207–257 (as Volume I, 1889)
    • volume 2+plates;1897: pp. 1–46, pls. 63–69; 1898: pp. 47–86, pls. 70–82; 1899: pp. 87–146, pls. 83–100; 1907: pp. 147–238, pls. 101–117; 1910: pp. 239–310, pls. 118–132; 1914: pp. 311–442, pls. 133–158; (as Volume II, 1914)
    • volume 3 + plates:1920: pp. 1–65, pls. 159–165; (as Volume III, 1920)
  • Blanford W. T.& Godwin-Austen H. H. 1908.Mollusca. Testacellidae and ZonitidaeThe Fauna of British India, including Burma and Ceylon

Bibliography

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Moorehead, Catherine (2013).The K2 man (and his molluscs): the extraordinary life of Haversham Godwin-Austen.Neil Wilson Publishing. p. 365.ISBN978-1906000608.

References

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  1. ^Mason, Kenneth (1955).Abode of snow: a history of Himalayan exploration and mountaineering from earliest times to the ascent of Everest.London: Rupert Hart-Davis.ISBN978-0906371916.
  2. ^abMelvill, J.C. (1924). "Obituary notice: Lieut.-Col. H.H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S.".Journal of Conchology.17(5): 141–146.
  3. ^J.W.J. (1885)."Obituary notices of fellows deceased".Proceedings of the Royal Society.38:ix–xiii.
  4. ^abMoorehead 2013,chapter 3.
  5. ^abcdMoorehead 2013,chapter 1.
  6. ^abcAnonymous (1924)."Obituary".Ibis.66(2): 360–362.doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1924.tb05332.x.
  7. ^abcdefghi"Austen, Henry Haversham Godwin- (1834–1923)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33438.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  8. ^Holdich, T.H. (1924). "Obituary: Lieut.-Colonel Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen".Geographical Journal.63:175–176.
  9. ^"Edmund Godwin Austen".Cricket Archive.Retrieved17 October2020.
  10. ^Roger Taylor, Larry J. Schaaf,Impressed by Light(Yale University Press and Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007), p. 357
  11. ^abcdePreece, R.C.; White, T.S.; Raheem, D.C.; Ketchum, H.; Ablett, J.; Taylor, H.; Webb, K.; Naggs, F. (2022)."William Benson and the golden age of malacology in British India: biography, illustrated catalogue and evaluation of his molluscan types".Tropical Natural History.Supplement 6: 1–434.
  12. ^abMoorehead 2013,chapter 8.
  13. ^D. K. Palit,Saga of an Indian I. M. S. Officer: The Life and Times of Lieutenant Colonel Anath Nath Palit, OBE 1883-1972(Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India, 2006), p. 67, quoting a letter of Godwin-Austen: "When your father was born at Sialkot on 15 March 1859, he was known as Edward or Eddy. The other names you give, Henry Hastings Godwin, are new to me and must have come from the Milners..."
  14. ^abcMoorehead 2013,chapter 9.
  15. ^Godwin-Austen, H.H. (1864). "On the glaciers of the Mustakh Range".Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London.34:19–56.doi:10.2307/1798464.JSTOR1798464.
  16. ^Godwin-Austen, H.H. (1872). "On the stone monuments of the Khasi hill tribes, and on some of the peculiar rites and customs of the people".Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.1:122–143.doi:10.2307/2840948.JSTOR2840948.
  17. ^Godwin-Austen, H:H. (1884)."The mountain systems of the Himalaya and neighbouring ranges of India".Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography.6(2): 83–87.doi:10.2307/1800441.JSTOR1800441.
  18. ^"Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen".Historic Godalming.Godalming Museum.Retrieved17 December2022.
  19. ^"Surrey".Surrey Mirror:4–5. 16 May 1885.
  20. ^Moorehead 2013,chapter 26.
  21. ^Moorehead 2013.
  22. ^Brian Bocking, Laurence Cox and Shin’ichi Yoshinaga,The First Buddhist Mission to The West: Charles Pfoundes and The London Buddhist Mission of 1889–1892.(2014)"The First Buddhist Mission to the West: Charles Pfoundes and the London Buddhist mission of 1889 – 1892 | Brian | DISKUS".Archived fromthe originalon 2 April 2015.Retrieved4 March2015.
  23. ^Verdcourt, B. (1995). "The reprint mailing list of Lt. Col. H.H. Godwin-Austen".The Conchologists' Newsletter.8(1): 501–504.
  24. ^Anonymous (1924)."Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen".Nautilus.38(1): 31–32.
  25. ^Nevill, G. (1878).Hand list of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Part I. Gastropoda. Pulmonata and Prosobranchia-Neurobranchia.Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. xv + 338.
  26. ^Sykes, R. (1900).Sykes, Fauna Hawaiiensis. Volume II, Part IV, Mollusca.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 271–412, pls 11, 12.
  27. ^Woodward, B.B. (1924). "Obituary. Lieut.-Col. Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., etc. 1834-1923".Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London.16(2): 24–25.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a063840.
  28. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.ISBN978-1421401355.( "Austen", p. 13).
  29. ^Kingsley, N. (30 March 2017)."(255) Godwin-Austen of Shalford House".Landed families of Britain and Ireland.Retrieved17 December2022.
  30. ^Maxwell Fraser,Surrey(1975), p. 155
  31. ^Steen Ammentorp,[1]at generals.dk, accessed 26 May 2014
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