Wikipedia

Herrerasauridae

Herrerasauridaeis afamilyofcarnivorousdinosaurs,possiblybasalto eithertheropodsor even all ofsaurischians,or even their own branching fromDracohors,separate fromDinosauriaaltogether. They are among the oldest known dinosaurs, first appearing in the fossil record around 233.23 million years ago (theCarnianstage of theLate Triassic),[2]before becoming extinct by the end of theCarnianstage. Herrerasaurids were relatively small-sized dinosaurs, normally no more than 4 metres (13 ft) long,[3][4]although the holotype specimen of "Frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis "(nowadays considered a synonym ofHerrerasaurusischigualastensis) is thought to have reached around 6 meters (20 ft) long. The best known representatives of this group are fromSouth America(Brazil,Argentina), where they were first discovered in the 1930s in relation toStaurikosaurusand 1960s in relation toHerrerasaurus.A nearly complete skeleton ofHerrerasaurus ischigualastensiswas discovered in theIschigualasto FormationinSan Juan,Argentina, in 1988. Less complete possible herrerasaurids have been found inNorth AmericaandAfrica,and they may have inhabited other continents as well.

Herrerasaurids
Temporal range:Late Triassic(Carnian),233.23–228.91Ma
↓
Possible LateNorianrecords ifChindesaurusandCaseosaurusare part of the family.
Herrerasaurus schigualastensis
Skeleton ofHerrerasaurus
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: †Herrerasauria
Family: †Herrerasauridae
Benedetto, 1973
Genera[1]
Synonyms
  • StaurikosauridaeGalton, 1977
  • Herrerasauria?Galton, 1985
  • HerreraviaPaul, 1988

Herrerasaurid anatomy is unusual and specialized, and they are not considered to be ancestral to any later dinosaur group. They only superficially resembletheropodsand often present a mixture of very primitive and derived traits. Theacetabulumis only partly open, and there are only twosacral vertebrae,the lowest number among dinosaurs. Thepubic bonehas a derived structure, being rotated somewhat posteriorly and folded to create a superficiallytetanuran-like terminal expansion, especially prominent inH. ischigulastensis.The hand is primitive in having fivemetacarpalsand the third finger longer than the second, but resembles those of theropods in having only three long fingers, with curved claws. Herrerasaurids also have a hingedmandible,which is also found in theropods.

Classification

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Reconstruction ofStaurikosaurus

It is not clear where herrerasaurids lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree. They are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians.[5]Early researchers even proposed that they represented an early lineage ofsauropodomorphs.Some analyses, such as Nesbittet al.2009, have foundHerrerasaurusand its relatives in Herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods,[6]while others (such as Ezcurra 2010) have found them to be basal to the cladeEusaurischia,that is, closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs, but not true members of either.[7]The situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late Triassic beds bearing land animals.[3]

Other proposed members of thecladehave includedSanjuansaurus[8]from the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina,StaurikosaurusandGnathovoraxfrom theSanta Maria Formationof southern Brazil,[9]Chindesaurusfrom thePetrified Forest(Chinle Formation) ofArizona,[10]and possiblyCaseosaurusfrom theDockum FormationofTexas,[11][12]although the relationships of the North American animals are not fully understood, and not all paleontologists agree. Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki,Stephen L. Brusatteet al.(2014) described aEuropeanputative member of the group on the basis ofNorianage fossils discovered inPoland.[13]An unnamed herrerasaurid was reported from the CarnianPebbly Arkose FormationinZimbabweby Griffinet al.(2022).[14]Other possible basal saurischians includeAlwalkeriafrom the Late TriassicMaleri Formationof southernIndia,[15]andTeyuwasu(recently considered synonym ofStaurikosaurus),[16]known from very fragmentary remains from the Late Triassic of Brazil.[17]

The discovery of the HerrerasauridGnathovoraxindicates that the family falls outside theTheropodaandSauropodomorphain the cladistic analysis undertaken on the genus when it was described, but remains squarely withinSaurischiaas basal members of the order.[18][19]An unnamed herrerasaurid from theCarnianof Brazil was described and possibly belongs to a new morphotype of relatively large proportions, informally known as the "BigSaturnalia".In the phylogenetic analysis within this study, herrerasaurids are recovered as non-eusaurischiansaurischians.[20]

Phylogeny

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Fernando Novas(1992) defined Herrerasauridae asHerrerasaurus,Staurikosaurus,and their most recent common ancestor.[21]Paul Sereno(1998) defined the group as the most inclusive clade includingH. ischigualastensisbut notPasser domesticus.[22]Langer (2004) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher leveltaxon,Herrerasauria,asHerrerasaurusbut notLiliensternusorPlateosaurus.[3]According to current phylogenetic studies, all of these definitions describe the same clade.

The firstcladogrampresented follows one proposed analysis by Novaset al.in May 2011. In this review,Herrerasaurusis found to be a basal saurischian, but not a theropod.[23]The second cladogram is based on an analysis by Sueset al.in April 2011. This review classifiedHerrerasaurusas a basal theropod.[24]

Dinosauria
Dinosauria

A large phylogenetic analysis of early dinosaurs by Matthew Baron,David Normanand Paul Barrett (2017) found Herrerasauridae within the cladeSaurischia,as thesister grouptoSauropodomorpha.This was the result of the removal ofTheropodafrom Saurischia and its placement next toOrnithischiawithin the newly created cladeOrnithoscelida.[26]

Dinosauria

Baron & Williams (2018) found Herrerasauria (includingDaemonosaurus,CaseosaurusandSaltopus) outside Dinosauria.[12]A similar result was provided by the phylogenetic analysis by Cau, 2018:[27]

Dracohors

Novas et al., 2021 revised the fossil record ofSouth Americanearly dinosaurs and supported that Herrerasauria is part ofSaurischiabut diverging earlier than bothSauropodomorphaorTheropoda,and further corroborated with the hypothesis thatChindesaurus,DaemonosaurusandTawaare members of the clade.[28]In 2024, Andrea Cau reclassified Herrerasauria within Theropoda.[29]

Timeline of genera

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Late TriassicMiddle TriassicEarly TriassicRhaetianNorianCarnianLadinianAnisianOlenekianInduanCaseosaurusHerrerasaurusSanjuansaurusStaurikosaurusGnathovoraxLate TriassicMiddle TriassicEarly TriassicRhaetianNorianCarnianLadinianAnisianOlenekianInduan

References

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Wikispecieshas information related toHerrerasauridae.
  1. ^Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012)."Winter 2011 Appendix"(PDF).Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages.
  2. ^Langer, M.C.; Ramezani, J.; Da Rosa, Á.A.S. (2018). "U-Pb age constraints on dinosaur rise from south Brazil".Gondwana Research.X(18): 133–140.Bibcode:2018GondR..57..133L.doi:10.1016/j.gr.2018.01.005.
  3. ^abcLanger, Max C. (2004). "Basal Saurischia". InWeishampel, David B.;Dodson, Peter;Osmólska, Halszka(eds.).The Dinosauria(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.25–46.ISBN978-0-520-24209-8.OCLC55000644.OL3305845M.
  4. ^Langer, Max C; Benton, Michael J. (2006). "Early dinosaurs: a phylogenetic study".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.4(4): 309–358.Bibcode:2006JSPal...4..309L.doi:10.1017/S1477201906001970.S2CID55723635.
  5. ^Brinkman, Donald B.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (1987)."A staurikosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina and the relationships of the Staurikosauridae".Palaeontology.30:493–503.
  6. ^Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Smith, Nathan D.; Irmis, Randall B.; Turner, Alan H.; Downs, Alex & Norell, Mark A. (2009). "A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs".Science.326(5959): 1530–1533.Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1530N.doi:10.1126/science.1180350.PMID20007898.S2CID8349110.
  7. ^Ezcurra, Martin D. (2010). "A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.8(3): 371–425.Bibcode:2010JSPal...8..371E.doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.484650.S2CID129244872.
  8. ^Alcober, Oscar A.; Martinez, Ricardo N. (2010)."A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina".ZooKeys(63): 55–81.Bibcode:2010ZooK...63...55A.doi:10.3897/zookeys.63.550.PMC3088398.PMID21594020.
  9. ^Colbert, E.H. (1970). "A saurischian dinosaur from the Triassic of Brazil".American Museum Novitates(2405): 1–39.
  10. ^Long, R. A.; Murry, P. A. (1995). "Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) Tetrapods from the Southwestern United States".Bulletin.4.New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science:1–254.
  11. ^Hunt, Adrian P.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Heckert, Andrew B.; Sullivan, Robert M.; Lockley, Martin G. (1998). "Late Triassic Dinosaurs from the Western United States".Geobios.31(4): 511–531.Bibcode:1998Geobi..31..511H.doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(98)80123-X.
  12. ^abMatthew G. Baron; Megan E. Williams (2018)."A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriformCaseosaurus crosbyensisfrom the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution ".Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.63.doi:10.4202/app.00372.2017.
  13. ^Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Brusatte, Stephen L.; Sulej, Tomasz; Butler, Richard J. (2014)."Basal dinosauriform and theropod dinosaurs from the mid–late Norian (Late Triassic) of Poland: implications for Triassic dinosaur evolution and distribution".Palaeontology.57(6): 1121–1142.Bibcode:2014Palgy..57.1121N.doi:10.1111/pala.12107.S2CID129114548.
  14. ^Griffin, C. T.; Wynd, B. M.; Munyikwa, D.; Broderick, T. J.; Zondo, M.; Tolan, S.; Langer, M. C.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Taruvinga, H. R. (2022). "Africa's oldest dinosaurs reveal early suppression of dinosaur distribution".Nature.609(7926): 313–319.Bibcode:2022Natur.609..313G.doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05133-x.PMID36045297.S2CID251977824.
  15. ^Chatterjee, Sankar; Creisler, Benjamin S. (1994). "Alwalkeria(Theropoda) andMorturneria(Plesiosauria), new names for preoccupiedWalkeriaChatterjee, 1987 andTurneriaChatterjee and Small, 1989 ".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.14(1): 142.Bibcode:1994JVPal..14..142C.doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011546.
  16. ^Garcia, Maurício S.; Müller, Rodrigo T.; Dias-Da-Silva, Sérgio (2019-07-04). "On the taxonomic status of Teyuwasu barberenai Kischlat, 1999 (Archosauria: Dinosauriformes), a challenging taxon from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil".Zootaxa.4629(1): 146–150.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4629.1.12.ISSN1175-5334.PMID31712541.S2CID198274900.
  17. ^Kischlat, E.-E. (1999). "A new dinosaurian" rescued "from the Brazilian Triassic:Teyuwasu barberenai,new taxon ".Paleontologia Em Destaque, Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia.14(26): 58.
  18. ^"Stunning Skeleton Reveals Early Carnivorous Dinosaur".
  19. ^Pacheco, Cristian; Müller, Rodrigo T.; Langer, Max; Pretto, Flávio A.; Kerber, Leonardo; Dias Da Silva, Sérgio (2019)."Gnathovorax cabreirai: A new early dinosaur and the origin and initial radiation of predatory dinosaurs".PeerJ.7:e7963.doi:10.7717/peerj.7963.PMC6844243.PMID31720108.
  20. ^Garcia, Maurício S.; Müller, Rodrigo T.; Pretto, Flávio A.; Da-Rosa, Átila A. S.; Dias-Da-Silva, Sérgio (2021-01-02)."Taxonomic and phylogenetic reassessment of a large-bodied dinosaur from the earliest dinosaur-bearing beds (Carnian, Upper Triassic) from southern Brazil".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.19(1): 1–37.Bibcode:2021JSPal..19....1G.doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1873433.ISSN1477-2019.S2CID232313141.
  21. ^Novas, F. E. (1992). "Phylogenetic relationships of the basal dinosaurs, the Herrerasauridae".Palaeontology.35:51–62.
  22. ^Sereno, P. C. (1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria".Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen.210(1): 41–83.doi:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41.
  23. ^Novas, Fernando E.; Ezcurra, Martin D.; Chatterjee, Sankar; Kutty, T. S. (2011). "New dinosaur species from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri and Lower Dharmaram formations of central India".Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.101(3–4): 333–349.Bibcode:2010EESTR.101..333N.doi:10.1017/S1755691011020093.S2CID128620874.
  24. ^Sues, Hans-Dieter; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Berman, David S.; Henrici, Amy C. (2011)."A late-surviving basal theropod dinosaur from the latest Triassic of North America".Proceedings of the Royal Society B.278(1723): 3459–64.doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0410.PMC3177637.PMID21490016.
  25. ^Garcia, M. S.; Müller, R. T.; Pretto, F. A.; Da-Rosa, Á. A. S.; Dias-Da-Silva, S. (2021). "Taxonomic and phylogenetic reassessment of a large-bodied dinosaur from the earliest dinosaur-bearing beds (Carnian, Upper Triassic) from southern Brazil".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.19:1–37.Bibcode:2021JSPal..19....1G.doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1873433.S2CID232313141.
  26. ^Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution".Nature.543(7646): 501–506.Bibcode:2017Natur.543..501B.doi:10.1038/nature21700.PMID28332513.S2CID205254710.
  27. ^Andrea Cau (2018)."The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process"(PDF).Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana.57(1): 1–25.doi:10.4435/BSPI.2018.01(inactive 2024-11-20). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-12-21.Retrieved2018-06-19.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  28. ^Novas, Fernando E.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Temp Müller, Rodrigo; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Langer, Max C. (2021-10-01)."Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications".Journal of South American Earth Sciences.110:103341.Bibcode:2021JSAES.11003341N.doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341.ISSN0895-9811.
  29. ^Cau, A. (2024)."A Unified Framework for Predatory Dinosaur Macroevolution".Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana.63(1).doi:10.4435/BSPI.2024.08(inactive 2024-11-20).{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
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