Hi-hat

This article is about the percussion instrument. For other uses, seeHigh hat.

Ahi-hat(hihat,high-hat,etc.) is a combination of twocymbalsand a pedal, all mounted on a metal stand. It is a part of the standarddrum kitused by drummers in many styles ofmusicincludingrock,pop,jazz,andblues.Hi-hats consist of a matching pair of small to medium-sized cymbals mounted on a stand, with the two cymbals facing each other. The bottom cymbal is fixed and the top is mounted on a rod which moves the top cymbal toward the bottom one when the pedal is depressed (a hi-hat that is in this position is said to be "closed" or "closed hi-hats" ).

A modern hi-hat

The hi-hat evolved from a "sock cymbal", a pair of similar cymbals mounted at ground level on a hinged, spring-loaded foot apparatus. Drummers invented the first sock cymbals to enable one drummer to play multiple percussion instruments at the same time. Over time these became mounted on short stands—also known as "low-boys" —and activated by pedals similar to those used in modern hi-hats. When extended upward roughly 3 feet (76 cm) they were originally known as "high sock" cymbals, which evolved over time to the familiar "high-hat" term.

The cymbals may be played by closing them together with the pedal, which creates a "chck" sound or striking them with a stick, which may be done with them open, closed, open and then closed after striking to dampen the ring, or closed and then opened to create a shimmering effect at the end of the note. Depending on how hard a hi-hat is struck and whether it is "open" (i.e., pedal not pressed, so the two cymbals are not closed together), a hi-hat can produce a range of dynamics, from very quiet "chck" (or "chick" ) sounds, done with merely gently pressing the pedal—this is suitable for softaccompanimentduring a ballad or the start of aguitar solo—to very loud (e.g. striking fully open hats hard with sticks, a technique used in loudheavy metal musicsongs).

While the termhi-hatnormally refers to the entire setup (two cymbals, stand, pedal, rod mechanism), in some cases, drummers use it to refer exclusively to the two cymbals themselves.

History

Dance band drummer with sock, or low-hat, cymbal

Sabian 10 "mini-hats, 1980s

VentedUFIP14 "hi-hat cymbals

Initial versions of the hi-hat were called clangers, which were small cymbals mounted onto abass drumrimand struck with an arm on thebass drum pedal.Then came shoes, which were two hinged boards with cymbals on the ends that were clashed together. Next was the low-sock, low-boy or low-hat,pedal-activated cymbals employing an ankle-high apparatus similar to a modern hi-hat stand. A standard size was 10 inches (25 cm), some with heavy bells up to 5 inches (13 cm) wide.

Hi-hats that were raised and could be played by hand as well as foot may have been developed around 1926 by Barney Walberg of the drum accessory companyWalberg and Auge.The first recognized masterof the new instrument was"Papa" Jo Jones,whose playing of timekeeping "ride" rhythms while striking the hi-hat as it opened and closed inspired the innovation of theride cymbal.Another claim, published in Jazz Profiles Blogspot on 8 August 2008, to the invention of the hi-hat is attributed to drummer William "O'Neil" Spencer (b.1909-d.1944). Legendary Jazz drummer "Philly Joe Jones" (born as Joseph Rudolph Jones, b.1923-d.1985) was quoted describing his understanding about the hi-hat history. Jones said, "I really dug O'Neil. He came to club in Philadelphia where I was working in 1943, I think it was, and talked to me about the hi-hat. I was using a foot cymbal, the low-hat. O'Neil was the one who invented the hi-hat. I believe that, man. He suggested I close the hat on '2' and '4' when playing 4/4 time. The idea seemed so right hadn't heard anyone do that before."The editor of the 2008 Jazz Profiles article made specific mention to others who are thought to invent the hi-hat, including Jo Jones, but also Kaiser Marshall. Not to take away from Papa Jones accomplishments in drumming style and technique, a 2013 Modern Drummer article credits Papa Jones with being the first to use brushes on drums and shifting time keeping from the bass drum to the hi-hat (providing a "swing-pulse focus" ).

Until the late 1960s, standard hi-hats were 14 inches (36 cm), with 13 inches (33 cm) available as a less-common alternative in professional cymbal ranges, and smaller sizes down to 12 inches (30 cm) restricted to children's kits. In the early 1970s, hardrockdrummers (includingLed Zeppelin'sJohn Bonham) began to use 15-inch (38 cm) hi-hats, such as the Paiste Giant Beat. In the late 1980s,Zildjianreleased its revolutionary 12-inch (30 cm) Special Recording hats, which were small, heavy hi-hat cymbals intended for close miking either live or recording, and other manufacturers quickly followed suit, Sabian for example with their 10-inch (25 cm) mini hats. In the early to mid-1990s,Paisteoffered 8-inch (20 cm) mini hi-hats as part of its Visions series, which were among the world's smallest hi-hats. Starting in the 1980s, a number of manufacturers also experimented withrivetsin the lower cymbal. But by the end of the 1990s, the standard size was again 14 inches (36 cm), with 13 inches (33 cm) a less-common alternative, and smaller hats mainly used for special sounds. Rivets in hi-hats failed to catch on.

Modern hi-hat cymbals are much heavier than modern crash cymbals, reflecting the trend to lighter and thinner crash cymbals as well as to heavier hi-hats. Another evolution is that a pair of hi-hat cymbals may not be identical, with the bottom often heavier than the top,and possibly vented. Some examples areSabian's Fusion Hats with holes in the bottom cymbal, and the Sabian X-cellerator, Zildjian Master Sound and Zildjian Quick Beats, Paiste Sound Edge, and Meinl Soundwave. Some drummers even use completely mismatched hi-hats from different cymbal ranges (Zildjian's K/Z hats), of different manufacturers, and even of different sizes (similar to the K Custom Session Hats where the top hat is a1⁄16inch (1.6 mm) smaller than the bottom).Max Roachwas particularly known for using a 15-inch (38 cm) top with a 14-inch (36 cm) bottom.

Other recent developments include the X-hat (fixed, closed, or half-open hi-hats) and cable-controlled or remote hi-hats.Sabian introduced the Triple Hi-Hat, designed by Peter Kuppers. In this variation of the hi-hat, the top cymbal moves down and the bottom cymbal moves up simultaneously while the middle cymbal remains stationary.

Drop-clutchesare also used to lock and release hi-hats while both feet are in use playing double bass drums.

Modern stands

Bottom hat tilt screws

Most stands have retractable spikes, shown here extended, to minimize slipping

10 inch mini-hats with (1) hi-hat rod and clutch (2) tom and cowbell holder (3) hi-hat legs and pedal

Hi-hat pedal and legs

The standard hi-hat features two cymbals mounted on a stand consisting of a mating metal tube and rod supported by a tripod and linked to a pedal. The stationary bottom cymbal sits atop the tube, typically parallel to the ground, but is often fitted with an adjustment screw allowing it to be set slightly tilted. The top cymbal is mounted bell up on the rod and closed against the bottom by foot pressure on the pedal.

An integrated clutch assembly includes a spring which may be adjusted to set resistance, which also varies rate and tension of return, as well as an adjustment for the gap between cymbals when open.

Standard terminology has evolved.Openandclosed hi-hatrefer to notes struck while the two cymbals are apart or together (open or closed), whilepedal hi-hatrefers to parts or notes played solely with the pedal used to strike the two cymbals. Mostcymbal patternsconsist of both open and closed notes.

Some hi-hats allow the tripod to be tilted or rotated. Another configuration omits the tripod and attaches the stand to the side of the bass drum, particular suitable for kits with very large or double bass drums.

Clutch

The standard clutch uses aknurledcollar partially threaded below the cymbal and a pair of knurled rings above it. The collar is tightened against the end of the thread, while the rings are tightened against each other.

• 
  Tama hi-hat clutch of the traditional pattern
• 
  The same clutch disassembled
• 
  The same clutch installed on a top hi-hat cymbal

Drop clutch

Adrop clutchallows a pair of hats mounted on a conventional hi-hat stand to be closed without use of the pedal.

The drop clutch is provided with a lever that can be operated by hand or struck with a drumstick. This action releases the upper hi-hat cymbal, which falls onto the bottom cymbal and remains there, with gravity then holding the hats loosely closed, and allowing them to be played by the sticks in this position. Operation of the pedal re-engages the clutch and allows the player to resume normal playing.

Drop clutches were developed to allow players usingdouble bass drumpedals to play closed hi-hats without needing to operate the hi-hat pedal, and this remains their primary application.

As it relies on gravity to close the cymbals, the drop clutch gives the player no control over the tension holding them together, and supplies only minimal tension. On the other hand, if the player manually lowers the top cymbal of a standard hi-hat stand before playing, this allows any desired tension to be set, and the pedal can still be used to increase the tension while playing, but not to open the hats or to reduce the tension. Some drummers prefer this technique and reject the drop clutch as too limiting to the sounds available.

In 2020, Tama introduced the Sizzle Touch Drop Clutch. This clutch when dropped, allows the distance between the top and bottom cymbals to be adjusted via an adjustment bolt on top of the clutch. To return the clutch to functioning as a standard one, the drummer depresses the hi-hat stand's pedal.

A less common alternative is the locking hi-hat pedal, such as the Tama "Cobra Clutch". This and similar high-end locking pedals do allow for control over the tension. It is engaged by pressing a lock pedal separate from the main pedal.

Cable hats

Acable hatorremote hatuses a cable to allow hi-hat cymbals to be positioned independently of the pedal. Operation is otherwise normal.

X-hats

AnX-hatis an adapter to allow a pair of hi-hat cymbals to be mounted in a closed position on a cymbal stand. There is no pedal, the hats are simply kept closed at a constant tension, similar to acymbal stack.They are associated withheavy metal music,particularly styles that usedouble bass drumming,a two-foot technique. By using an X-hat, a drummer who is already using both feet on the bass drum pedals can still play hi-hat.

Different cymbal hi-hats

Besides traditional hi-hat cymbals (normally 14 "but also commonly 13" or 15 ") the enormous variety of cymbals available means many of them are used as hi-hats. DrummerThomas Languses a hi-hat made out of Bell cymbals as his secondary hi-hat.Terry Bozziouses two China cymbals in the form of a hi-hat as a kind of distortion hi-hat. Following this principle,Sabianalongside drummer Tony Verderosa, has developed the 12 "VFX distortion hi-hats, mixing a Crash cymbal on the bottom with a China on the top.

Non-cymbal hi-hats

In addition to the many types of hi-hat cymbals on the market, there are also non-cymbal hi-hat pedals like theLatin PercussionShekere hi-hat, theRemoSpoxe hi-hats created byTerry Bozzioin the late 80s, the Factory Metal Hat Crasherz or theBaldman PercussionJunk Hats. These kinds of percussion offer different textures in addition to the main hi-hat pedal on the drum kit and also options to expand the kit's pedal row.

Use

Characteristic rock and hip hop hi-hat pattern

Four-four pattern with open (o) and closed (+) hi-hat (see:percussion notation)

Hi-hat "crescendo"from closed to open leading to theride cymbal

When struck closed or played with the pedal, the hi-hat gives a short, crisp, muted percussive sound, referred to as a "chick".Adjusting the gap between the cymbals can alter the sound of the open hi-hat from a shimmering, sustained tone to something similar to aride cymbal.When struck with a drumstick, the cymbals make either a short, snappy sound or a longer sustaining sandy sound depending on the position of the pedal.

It can also be played just by lifting and lowering the foot to clash the cymbals together, a style commonly used to accent beats 2 and 4 in jazz music. In rock music, the hi-hats are commonly struck every beat, or on beats 1 and 3, while the cymbals are held together. The drummer can control the sound by foot pressure. Less pressure allows the cymbals to rub together more freely, giving both greater sustain and greater volume for accent or crescendo. Inshuffle time,a rhythm known as "cooking" is often employed. To produce this the cymbals are struck twice in rapid succession, being held closed on the first stroke and allowed to open just before the second, then allowed to ring before being closed with a chick to complete the pattern (the cymbals may or may not be struck on the chick).

A right-handed drummer will normally play the hi-hat pedal with his left foot, and may use one or both drumsticks. The traditional hi-hat rhythms of rock and jazz were produced by crossing the hands over, so the right stick would play the hi-hat while the left played thesnare drumbelow it, but this is not universal. Some top modern drummers likeBilly Cobham,Carter Beauford,Shawn DroverandSimon Phillips,playopen handed,striking with their left. Some, such asKenny Aronoff,andJason FinnofThe Presidents of the United States of America,use both techniques. Some drum kits may also include an extra hi-hat on the right for right-handed players. This is shownwhen drums or cymbals in the middle of the set are played with the hi-hat rhythm. The technique is common with metal genres, such asLars UlrichofMetallicaandMike PortnoyofDream Theater.In both rock and jazz, the drummer will often move the same stick pattern between the hi-hat cymbal and the ride cymbal, for example using the hi-hat in the verses and the ride in the chorus of a song, or using the ride to accompany alead breakor other instrumental solo.

Roger Taylor,drummer for the bandQueen,plays with many unique hi-hat techniques, including opening of the hi-hat on every backbeat for a rhythm emphasis and leaving the hi-hat slightly open when hitting the snare. His trademark hi-hat beat is opening the hi-hat on first and third before hitting the snare.

Phil RuddofAC/DCalso uses distinct hi-hat techniques, which include very heavily accentuating the hi-hat hit on each beat and softer in between.

Charlie WattsofThe Rolling Stonesused a technique in which he did not play the hi-hat in unison with the snare drum at all. If playing a standard 8th note pattern, he would play the hi-hat on 1 and 3 and not play it on 2 and 4 where the snare drum is played.

In muchhip-hop,the hi-hat is hit with drumsticks in a simpleeighth-notepattern, although this playing is usually done by adrum machineor from an old recording from which the sound of a hi-hat is recorded and loaded into asampleror similar recording-enabled equipment from which it is triggered.