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Ahingeis amechanical bearingthat connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limitedangle of rotationbetween them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rotate relative to each other about a fixedaxis of rotation,with all othertranslationsorrotationsprevented; thus a hinge has onedegree of freedom.Hinges may be made offlexible materialor moving components. Inbiology,manyjointsfunction as hinges, such as the elbow joint.
History
editAncient remains of stone, marble, wood, and bronze hinges have been found. Some date back to at leastAncient Egypt.It's almost impossible to really pinpoint exactly where and when the first hinges were used.[1]
InAncient Rome,hinges were calledcardōand gave name to the goddessCardeaand the main streetCardo.This name cardō lives on figuratively today as "the chief thing (on which something turns or depends)" in words such ascardinal.[2]
Door hinges
edit- Barrel hinge
- A barrel hinge consists of a sectional barrel (theknuckle) secured by a pivot. Abarrelis simply a hollowcylinder.The vast majority of hinges operate on the barrel principle.
- Butt hinge / Mortise hinge
- Any hinge designed to be set into a door frame and/or door is considered a butt hinge ormortisehinge. A hinge can also be made as a half-mortise, where only one half is mortised and the other is not. Most mortise hinges are also barrel hinges because of how they pivot (i.e., a pair of leaves secured to each other by knuckles through which runs a pin).
- Butterfly / Parliament (UK) hinge
- A decorative variety of barrel hinge with leaves somewhat resembling the wings of a butterfly
- Case hinge
- Similar to butt hinges, but usually more decorative; most commonly used in suitcases, briefcases, and the like
- Concealed hinge
- Used for furniture doors (with or without a self-closing features and/or damping systems),they consist of two parts: (1.) thecupandarm,and (2.) the mounting plate. They are also called "cup hinges", or "Euro hinges", as they were developed in Europe and use metric installation standards. Most concealed hinges offer the advantage of fullin situadjustability for standoff distance from the cabinet face, as well as pitch and roll by means of two screws on each hinge.
- Continuous / Piano hinge
- This variety of barrel hinge runs the entire length of a door, panel, box, etc. They are manufactured with or without holes.
- Flag hinge
- A simple two-part hinge, where a single leaf, attached to a pin, is inserted into a leaf with a hole. This allows the hinged objects to be easily removed (such as removable doors). They are made in right- and left-hand configurations.
- H hinge
- These H-shaped barrel hinges are used on flush-mounted doors. Small H hinges (3–4 in or 76–102 mm) tend to be used for cabinets, while larger ones (6–7 in or 150–180 mm) are for passage doors and closet doors.
- HL hinge
- Commonly used for passage doors, room doors, and closet doors in the 17th, 18th, and even 19th centuries. On taller doors, H hinges were occasionally used between them.
- Pivot hinge
- This hinge pivots in openings in the floor and the top of the door frame. Also referred to as double-acting floor hinges, they are found in ancient dry stone buildings and, rarely, in old wooden buildings. They are a low-cost alternative for use with lightweight doors.[3]Doors with these hinges may be called haar-hung doors.
- Self-closing hinge
- This is a spring-loaded hinge with a speed control function. The same asspring hinge,usually usespringto provide force to close the door and provide a mechanical or hydraulic damper to control door close speed. That can prevent door slamming problem whileauto closes a door.[4]
- Spring hinge
- A spring-loaded hinge that provides assistance in closing or opening the hinge leaves. An innerspringapplies force to keep the hinge closed or opened.[5]
- Swing Clear hinge
- Also calledoffset door hinges,they are ideal for residential and commercial doors, they allow doors to swing completely clear of their openings. They can easily comply with Fair Housing Act (FHA) code by providing a minimumADA 32” clearancewhen using a 34” door slab.
- Living hinge
- A hinge of flexible plastic that creates a join between two objects without any knuckles or pins. Molded as a single piece, they never rust or squeak, and have several other advantages over other hinges, but are more susceptible to breakage.
Other types of hinges include:
- Coach
- Counterflap
- Cranked or storm-proof
- Double action non-spring
- Double action spring
- Flush
- Friction
- Lift-off
- Pinge (with a quick-release pin)
- Rising butt
- Security
- Tee
Building access
editSince at leastmedievaltimes, there have been hinges todraw bridgesfor defensive purposes for fortified buildings. Hinges are used in contemporaryarchitecturewhere building settlement can be expected over the life of the building. For example, theDakin BuildinginBrisbane,California,was designed with its entrance ramp on a large hinge to allow settlement of the building built on piles overbay mud.This device was effective until October 2006, when it was replaced due to damage and excessive ramp slope.
Large structures
editHinges appear in large structures such as elevated freeway and railroad viaducts, to reduce or eliminate the transfer of bending stresses between structural components, typically in an effort to reduce sensitivity toearthquakes.The primary reason for using a hinge, rather than a simpler device such as a slide, is to prevent the separation of adjacent components. When no bending stresses are transmitted across the hinge, it is called azero moment hinge.
Spacecraft
editA variety of self-actuating, self-locking hinges have been developed for spacecraftdeployable structuressuch assolar arraypanels, synthetic aperture radar antennas, booms, radiators, etc.[6]
Terminology
editComponents
edit- Pin
- The rod that holds theleavestogether, inside theknuckle.Also known as apintle.
- Knuckle
- The hollow—typically circular—portion creating the joint of the hinge through which thepinis set. Theknucklesof eitherleaftypically alternate and interlock with thepinpassing through all of them. (aka.loop,joint,nodeorcurl)
- Leaf
- The portions (typically two) that extend laterally from theknuckleand typically revolve around thepin.
Characteristics
edit- End play
- Axial movement between theleavesalong the axis of thepin.This motion allows the leaves to rotate without binding and is determined by the typical distance betweenknuckles(knuckle gap) when both edges of theleavesare aligned.
- Gauge
- Thickness of theleaves.
- Hinge width
- Length from the outer edge of oneleafto the outer edge of the otherleaf,perpendicularly across thepin(akaopen width).
- Hinge length
- The length of theleavesparallel to the pin.
- Knuckle length
- The typical length of an individualknuckleparallel to the pin.
- Leaf width
- Length from the center of thepinto the outer edge of theleaf.
- Pitch
- Distance from the end of a knuckle to the same edge of its adjacent knuckle on the same leaf
- Door Stop
- A colloquialism referring to loose angular movement of the leaves relative to the pin.[7]
Other types
edit- Butler trayhinge
- Folds to 90 degrees and also snaps flat. They are for tables that have a tray top for serving.
- Card table hinge
- Mortised into edge of antique or reproduction card tables and allow the top to fold onto itself.
- Carpentier joint
- A hinge consisting of several thin metal strips of curved cross section.
- Drop-leaf tablehinge
- Mounted under the surface of a table with leaves that drop down. They are most commonly used with rule joints.
- Hinged expansion joint
- an expansion joint with hinges that allow the unit to bend in a single plane
- Hingedhandcuffs
- a restraint device designed to secure an individual's wrists in proximity to each other consisting of two cuffs linked with a double or triple hinge. Hinged handcuffs cuffs tend to restrict movement more than chain-linked handcuffs, and they can be used to generate more leverage to force a suspect's hands behind the back, or to apply pain against the wrist, forcing the subject to comply and stop resisting.[8]
- Hinge region
- portion ofantibody structurebetween thefragment antigen-bindingregion and thefragment crystallizableregion
- Living hinge
- a hinge consisting of material that flexes
- Piano hinge
- (or coffin hinge) a long hinge, originally used forpianolids, but now used in many other applications where a long hinge is needed.
Gallery
edit-
Old construction of hinges in the dry stone wall nearBignasco.
-
Ancient pivot hinges, found in the dry stone buildings.
-
A flushed door hinge.
-
A barrel hinge made of wrought iron.
-
A barrel hinge made of bronze strap.
-
Increasing the number of loops to 3 allows the butt hinge axis to be fixed from both ends.
-
Door in furniture with spring to lock door both fully shut and fully open positions. It hides completely behind the door and has adjustment for fine alignment. Allows the door to open even when against a wall.
-
Rusty hinges on a building exterior.
-
This door hinges on the stile and is called a haar-hung door.
-
A living hinge on the lid of aTic Tacbox.
-
Hingedhandcuffs
-
A piano hinge.
-
A continuous hinge.
-
Swing Clear Hinge
-
Hinge on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It was used during construction of the bridge and now accommodates thermal expansion and contraction of the bridge
See also
edit- Hinge bender,a tool for adjusting hinges
- Concealed hinge jig– Support and locating tool for drilling recess holes to mount concealed hinges
- Floating hinge– Type of hinge that allows rotation and some linear movement
- Geared continuous hinge– Type of continuous hinge used mostly on doors in high-traffic entrances
- Plain bearing– Simplest type of bearing, with no rolling elements
- Hinge joint,a skeletal bone joint functioning like a hinge
References
edit- ^"Door Hinges in Antiquity (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)".RetrievedApril 19,2022.
- ^"Door Hinges in Antiquity (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)".RetrievedApril 19,2022.
- ^"Pivot Hinges".Guden.Retrieved15 December2016.
- ^"Self-Closing Hinges".Watersonusa.26 August 2019.RetrievedSeptember 3,2020.
- ^"Spring Hinges".Guden.Retrieved15 December2016.
- ^ Alan M. Watt; and Sergio Pellegrino. "Tape-Spring Rolling Hinges" p. 2.
- ^heyok (28 April 2014)."Jeep JK tail gate hinge slop".Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.
- ^"On the Job: Lifesaving Handcuffing Tactics".30 December 2014.
External links
edit- Hinge Terminology—Hingecraft; graphics visualizing many terms
- Guden Hinges and Industrial Hardware: Glossary