Hispanism

For advocacy of Hispanic nationalism, seePanhispanism.

Hispanism(sometimes referred to asHispanicstudiesorSpanish studies) is the study of theliteratureandcultureof theSpanish-speaking world, principally that ofSpainandHispanic America.It may also entail studying Spanish language and cultural history in theUnited Statesand in other presently or formerly Spanish-speaking countries inAfrica,Asia,and thePacific,such asEquatorial Guineaand the formerSpanish East Indies.

Ahispanistis a scholar specializing in Hispanicism.It was used in an article byMiguel de Unamunoin 1908referring to 'el hispanista italiano Farinelli', and was discussed at length for the U.S. by HispanistRichard L. KaganofJohns Hopkins University.The work carried out by Hispanists includes translations of literature and they may specialize in certain genres, authors or historical periods of theIberian PeninsulaandHispanic America,etc.

Origins

During the 16th century, Spain was a motor of innovation in Europe, given its links to new lands, subjects, literary sorts and personages, dances, and fashions. This hegemonic status, also advanced by commercial and economic interests, generated interest in learning the Spanish language, as Spain was the dominant political power and was the first to develop an overseas empire in post-RenaissanceEurope. In order to respond to that interest, some Spanish writers developed a new focus on the Spanish language as subject matter. In 1492Antonio de Nebrijapublished hisGramática castellana,the first published grammar of a modern European language.Juan de Valdéscomposed hisDiálogo de la lengua(1533) for his Italian friends, who were eager to learn Castilian. And the lawyerCristóbal de Villalónwrote in hisGramática castellana(Antwerp, 1558) that Castilian was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English, and French persons.

For many years, especially between 1550 and 1670, European presses published a large number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries that linked Spanish to one or more other languages. Two of the oldest grammars were published anonymously inLouvain:Útil y breve institución para aprender los Principios y fundamentos de la lengua Hespañola(1555) andGramática de la lengua vulgar de España(1559).

Among the more outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars were the ItaliansGiovanni Mario Alessandri(1560) andGiovanni Miranda(1566);the EnglishRichard Percivale(1591),John Minsheu(1599) andLewis Owen(1605); the FrenchJean Saulnier(1608) andJean Doujat(1644); the GermanHeinrich Doergangk(1614);and the DutchCarolus Mulerius(1630).

Dictionaries were composed by the ItalianGirolamo Vittori(1602), the EnglishmanJohn Torius(1590) and the FrenchmenJacques Ledel(1565),[1]Jean Palet(1604) and[2]François Huillery(1661). The lexicographical contribution of the GermanHeinrich Hornkens(1599) and of the Franco-Spanish authorPere Lacavallería(1642) were also important to French Hispanism.

Others combined grammars and dictionaries. The works of the EnglishmanRichard Percivale(1591), FrenchmanCésar Oudin(1597, 1607), ItaliansLorenzo Franciosini(1620, 1624) andArnaldo de la Porte(1659, 1669) and AustrianNicholas Mez von Braidenbach(1666, 1670) were especially relevant. Franciosini and Oudin also translatedDon Quixote.This list is far from complete and the grammars and dictionaries in general had a great number of versions, adaptations, reprintings and even translations (Oudin'sGrammaire et observations de langue espagnolle,for example, was translated into Latin and English). This is why it is not possible to exaggerate the great impact that the Spanish language had in the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries.

In the 19th century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire and the birth of new Latin American republics, Europe and the United States showed a renewed interest in Hispanic history, literature and culture of the declining great power and its now independent former colonies. Inside Spain, after the country lost definitely its empire inthe Spanish defeat in 1898,calls for cultural regeneration and a new conception of identity based in language and humanities began to emerge.

Duringthe Romantic period,the image of a Moorish and exotic medieval Spain, a picturesque country with a mixed cultural heritage, captured the imagination of many writers. This led many to become interested in Spanish literature, legends, and traditions. Travel books written at that time maintained and intensified that interest, and led to a more serious and scientific approach to the study of Spanish and Hispanic American culture. This field did not have a word coined to name it until the early 20th century, when it ended up being called Hispanism.

Hispanism has traditionally been definedas the study of the Spanish and Spanish-American cultures, and particularly of their language by foreigners or people generally not educated in Spain. TheInstituto Cervanteshas promoted the study of Spanish and Hispanic culture around the world, similar to the way in which institutions such as theBritish Council,theAlliance Françaiseor theGoethe Institutehave done for their own countries.

Criticism

Hispanism as an organizing rubric has been criticized by scholars in Spain and in Latin America. The term "attempts to appropriate Latin-American topics and subordinate them to a Spanish centre,” observes Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera. “The nomenclatures have a radial implication which both initiates and sanctions the flawed concept that all cultural materials under this heading emanate from a singular source: the Peninsula.”The rise of “Hispanism” as a term, notes Joan Ramon Resina, “in Spain as in Latin America, was accomplished for the purpose of political administration and obedience to Castilian rule through methods of domination that eventually led to independence and the birth (rather than fragmentation) of a constellation of republics.”He goes on to say that “it is incumbent on us to face up to the possibility that Hispanism no longer has a future in the university.”While Nicolas Shumway believes Hispanism “is an outmoded idea based on an essentialist, ideologically driven, and Spain-centric, notions,”Carlos Alonso maintains the field of Hispanism “must be rethought and exploded.”

In the Philippines

In thePhilippines,the Hispanists (orhispanistainTagalog) are a term that has become associated withwhite washing,colonial mentalityandcultural cringefor the past years. In particular, it has surfaced in social media as a bias onPhilippine historythat regards the colonizers andconquistadorsas heroes and "civilizers", and the Philippine national heroes likeAndres BonifacioandLapulapuas the "villains".

Issues and reactions had stirred on the so-calledhispanistamovement of Spanish restoration for their radicalism. Claims and historical narratives in the social media have included proposing to “replace” the currentFilipinoas the country's official language, alluding to the country's status as a former Spanish Empire colony.The anti-Tagalog bias and the demand to credit cultural achievements in the Filipino culture to the Spanish colonizers have resulted in backlash and a negative reputation for online supporters of these ideas in the Philippines.

World influence

Hispanic America

In the late 19th century UruguayanJosé Enrique Rodóand CubanJosé Martíwere writers stressing the value of Spanish language and cultural heritage as part of the construction of an identity for the new Hispanic American independent nations.

Great Britain and Ireland

The first Spanish book translated into English was theCelestina,as an adaptation in verse published in London between 1525 and 1530 byJohn Rastell.It includes only the first four acts and is based on the Italian version of Alfonso de Ordóñez; it is often referred to as anInterlude,and its original title isA New Comedy in English in Manner of an Interlude Right Elegant and Full of Craft of Rhetoric: Wherein is Shewed and Described as well the Beauty and Good Properties of Women, as Their Vices and Evil Conditions with a Moral Conclusion and Exhortation to Virtue..The Scottish poetWilliam Drummond(1585–1649) translatedGarcilaso de la VegaandJuan Boscán.The English knew the masterpieces of Castilian literature, from early translations ofAmadís de GaulabyGarci Rodriguez de Montalvoand theCárcel de amorbyDiego de San Pedro.SirPhilip Sidneyhad readLos siete libros de la Dianaby the Hispano-PortugueseJorge de Montemayor,whose poetry influenced him greatly. John Bourchier translatedLibro de Marco AureliobyAntonio de Guevara.David RowlandtranslatedLazarillo de Tormesin 1586, which may have inspired the first Englishpicaresque novel,The Unfortunate Traveller(1594), byThomas Nashe.By the end of the 16th century, theCelestinahad been translated fully (in London, J. Wolf, 1591;Adam Islip,1596;William Apsley,1598; and others). Some of the translators of that time traveled or lived for some time in Spain, such as Lord Berners,Bartholomew Yong,Thomas Shelton,Leonard DiggesandJames Mabbe.William Cecil(Lord Burghley; 1520–1598) owned the largest Spanish library in the United Kingdom.

Elizabethan theater also felt the powerful influence of theSpanish Golden Age.John Fletcher,a frequent collaborator ofShakespeare,borrowed fromMiguel de Cervantes'sDon Quixotefor hisCardenio,possibly written in collaboration with Shakespeare, who is thought to have readJuan Luis Vives.Fletcher's frequent collaboratorFrancis Beaumontalso imitatedDon Quixotein the more well-knownThe Knight of the Burning Pestle.Fletcher also borrowed from other works by Cervantes, includingLos trabajos de Persiles y Segismundafor hisThe Custom of the CountryandLa ilustre fregonafor his beautiful young saleswoman. Cervantes also inspiredThomas MiddletonandWilliam Rowley,with hisLa gitanilla(one of theNovelas ejemplares) influencing theirThe Spanish Gipsy(1623).

The first translation ofDon Quixoteinto a foreign language was the English version byThomas Shelton(first part, 1612; second, 1620). AndDon Quixotewas imitated in the satirical poemHudibras(1663–78), composed bySamuel Butler.In addition, the works of some great Golden Age poets were translated into English byRichard Fanshawe,who died in Madrid. As early as 1738, a luxurious London edition ofDon Quixotein Spanish was published, prepared by theSephardicCervantistPedro Pineda,with an introduction byGregorio Mayansand ornate engravings. Also in the 18th century two new translations ofDon Quixotewere published, one by the painterCharles Jervas(1742) and one byTobias Smollett,a writer ofpicaresque novels(1755). Smollet appears as an avid reader of Spanish narrative, and that influence is always present in his works. Meanwhile, the best work of the 17th-century writerCharlotte LennoxisThe Female Quixote(1752), which was inspired by Cervantes. Cervantes also was the inspiration forThe Spiritual Quixote,byRichard Graves.Thwe first critical and annotated edition ofDon Quixotewas that of the English clergymanJohn Bowle(1781). The novelistsHenry FieldingandLawrence Sternealso were familiar with the works of Cervantes.

Among the British travellers in Spain in the 18th century who left written testimony of their travels are (chronologically)John Durant Breval,Thomas James,Wyndham Beawes,James Harris,Richard Twiss,Francis Carter,William Dalrymple,Philip Thicknesse,Henry Swinburne,John Talbot Dillon,Alexander Jardine,Richard Croker,Richard Cumberland,Joseph Townsend,Arthur Young,William Beckford,John Macdonald (Memoirs of an Eighteenth-Century Footman),Robert SoutheyandNeville Wyndham.

Other English travel writers who straddled the 18th and 19th centuries includeJohn Hookham Frere,Henry Richard Vassall-Fox,better known as Lord Holland (1773–1840), a great friend ofGaspar Melchor de JovellanosandManuel José Quintana,and benefactor ofJosé María Blanco White.Lord Holland visited Spain on numerous occasions and wrote his impressions about those trips. He also collected books and manuscripts and wrote a biography ofLope de Vega.His home was open to all Spaniards, but especially to the liberal émigrés who arrived in the London district ofSomers Townin the 19th century, fleeing the absolutist repression ofKing Ferdinand VIIand the religious and ideological dogmatism of the country. Many of them subsisted by translating or teaching their language to English people, most of whom were interested in conducting business with Spanish America, although others wished to learn about Spanish medieval literature, much in vogue among the Romantics. One of the émigrés,Antonio Alcalá Galiano,taught Spanish literature as a professor at the University of London in 1828 and published his notes. The publisherRudolph Ackermanestablished a great business publishingCatecismos(text books) on different matters in Spanish, many of them written by Spanish émigrés, for the new Spanish-American republics.Matthew G. Lewisset some of his works in Spain. And the protagonist ofJane Austen'sAbbey of Northangeris deranged by her excessive reading ofGothic novels,much as was Don Quixote with his books ofchivalry.

SirWalter Scottwas an enthusiastic reader of Cervantes and tried his hand at translation. He dedicated his narrative poemThe Vision of Roderick(1811) to Spain and its history.Thomas Roddtranslated someSpanish folk ballads.Lord Byronalso was greatly interested in Spain and was a reader ofDon Quixote.He translated the balladAy de mi Alhamain part of hisChilde HaroldandDon Juan.Richard TrenchtranslatedPedro Calderón de la Barcaand was friends with some of the emigrated Spaniards, some of whom wrote in both English and Spanish, such asJosé María Blanco WhiteandTelesforo de Trueba y Cossío,and many of whom (including Juan Calderón, who held a chair of Spanish atKing's College), spread knowledge of the Spanish language and its literature.John Hookham Frerewas a friend of theDuke of Rivaswhen the latter was in Malta, and Hookham translated some medieval and classical poetry into English. The brothersJeremiah Holmes WiffenandBenjamin B. Wiffenwere both scholars of Spanish culture. The"Lake Poet"Robert Southey,translatedAmadís de GaulaandPalmerín de Inglaterrainto English, among others works. English novelists were strongly influenced by Cervantes. Especially so wasCharles Dickens,who created a quixotic pair in Mr. Pickwick andSam WellerofPosthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club.John Ormsbytranslated theCantar de Mio CidandDon Quixote.Percy Bysshe Shelleyleft traces of his devotion toCalderón de la Barcain his work. The polyglotJohn Bowringtraveled to Spain in 1819 and published the observations of his trip. Other accounts of travel in Spain include those ofRichard Ford,whoseHandbook for Travellers in Spain(1845) was republished in many editions, andGeorge Borrow,author of the travelogueThe Bible in Spain,which was translated into Castilian byManuel Azaña,the poet and translatorEdward Fitzgerald,and the literary historianJames Fitzmaurice-Kelly,who was mentor to a whole British generation of Spanish scholars such asEdgar Allison PeersandAlexander A. Parker.Other outstanding Hispanists include the following:

• Francis William Pierce,Irish student of the epic poetry of the Golden Age;
• John Brande Trend,a historian of Spanish music;
• Edward Meryon Wilson,who translated theSoledadesofLuis de Góngora(1931);
• Norman David Shergold,student of the Spanishauto sacramental;
• John E. Varey,who documented the evolution of the paratheatrical forms in the Golden Age;

as well asGeoffrey Ribbans; William James Entwistle; Peter Edward Russell; Nigel Glendinning; Brian Dutton; Gerald Brenan; John H. Elliott; Raymond Carr; Henry Kamen; John H. R. Polt; Hugh Thomas; Colin Smith; Edward C. Riley; Keith Whinnom; Paul Preston; Alan Deyermond; Ian Michael;and Ian Gibson.

TheAssociation of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland(AHGBI) was founded in 1955 by a group of university professors atSt. Andrews,and since then it has held congresses annually. The AHGBI played a decisive role in the creation of theAsociación Internacional de Hispanistas(AIH), whose first congress was held atOxfordin 1962.

Germany, Austria and Switzerland

Aside from the imitation of thepicaresque novelbyHans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen,Hispanism bloomed in Germany around the enthusiasm that German Romantics had forMiguel de Cervantes,Calderón de la Barca,andGracián.Friedrich Diez(1794–1876) can be considered the first German philologist to give prominence to Spanish, in hisGrammatik der romanischen Sprachen(1836–1843) and hisEtymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen(1854). His first Spanish-related work,Altspanische Romanzen,was published in 1819.

Important to the promotion of Hispanism in Germany was a group of Romantic writers that includedLudwig Tieck,an orientalist and poet who translatedDon Quixoteinto German (1799–1801);Friedrich Bouterwek,author of the unorthodoxGeschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhundertsand translator of the Cervantes short farceEl juez de los divorcios;andAugust Wilhelm Schlegel(1767–1845), who translated works ofCalderón de la Barca(Spanisches Theater,1803–1809) and Spanish classical poetry into German. The philologist and folkloristJakob GrimmpublishedSilva de romances viejos(Vienna, 1816) with a prologue in Spanish.Juan Nicolás Böhl de Faber,German consul in Spain, was a devoted student ofCalderón de la Barca,of Spanish classical theater generally, and of traditional popular literature. The philologistWilhelm von Humboldttraveled through Spain taking notes and was interested especially in the Basque language, and the philosopherArthur Schopenhauerwas an avid reader and translator ofGracián.CountAdolf Friedrich von Schack(1815–1894) made a trip to Spain in 1852 to study the remnants of the Moorish civilization and became a devoted scholar of things Spanish.

Hispanists of German, Austrian, and Swiss origins includeFranz Grillparzer,Wendelin Förster,Karl Vollmöller,Adolf Tobler,Heinrich Morf,Gustav Gröber,Gottfried Baist,andWilhelm Meyer-Lübke.Among them are two emigrants to Chile,Rodolfo Lenz (1863–1938), whose works include hisDiccionario etimolójico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indíjenas americanas(1904) andChilenische Studien(1891), as well as other works on grammar and the Spanish of the Americas; andFriedrich Hanssen(1857–1919), author ofSpanische Grammatik auf historischer Grundlage(1910; revised ed. in Spanish,Gramática histórica de la lengua castellana,1913), as well as other works onOld Spanishphilology,Aragonesedialectology, and the Spanish of the Americas. TheHandbuch der romanischen Philologie(1896) byWilhelm Meyer-Lübkewas a classic in Spain, as were hisGrammatik der romanischen Sprachen(1890–1902),Einführung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft(1901) (translated into Spanish), andRomanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch(1935).Johannes Fastenrath,through his translations and other works, spread the Spanish culture among his contemporaries; in addition, he created theprizethat bears his name in theSpanish Royal Academy,to reward the best works in Spanish poetry, fiction, and essays. The Austrian Romance scholarFerdinand Wolf,a friend ofAgustín Durán,was particularly interested in theromancero,in the lyric poetry of the medieval Spanishcancioneros,and in other medieval folk poetry; he also studied Spanish authors who had resided in Vienna, such asCristóbal de Castillejo.The Swiss scholarHeinrich Morfedited the medievalPoema de José(Leipzig, 1883). The works ofKarl VosslerandLudwig Pfandlon linguistic idealism and literary stylistics were widely read in Spain.Calderónstudies in Germany were advanced by the editions ofMax Krenkel.Other important authors wereEmil Gessner,who wroteDas Altleonesische(Old Leonese) (Berlin 1867);Gottfried Baist,who produced an edition ofDon Juan Manuel'sLibro de la caza(1880), as well as the outline of a historical grammar of Spanish,Die spanische Sprache,in the encyclopedia of Romance philology published byGustav Gröberin 1888;Hugo Schuchardt,known for his study of Spanishflamencomusic,Die cantes flamencos;andArmin Gassner,who wroteDas altspanische Verbum(the Old Spanish verb) (1897), as well as a work on Spanish syntax (1890) and several articles on Spanish pronouns between 1893 and 1895. AndMoritz GoldschmidtwroteZur Kritik der altgermanischen Elemente im Spanischen(Bonn 1887), the first work on the influences of the Germanic languages on Spanish.

Authors who made more specialized contributions to Hispanic philology include the following:

• Werner Beinhauer(colloquial Spanish,phraseology, idioms);
• Joseph Brüch(Germanic influences,historical phonetics);
• Emil Gamillscheg(Germanic influences on the languages of the Iberian Peninsula, toponymy, Basques, and Romans);
• Wilhelm Giese(etymology,dialectology and popular culture,Guancheloanwordsin Spanish, the pre-Roman substrate, Judeo-Spanish);
• Rudolf Grossmann(loanwordsin theSpanish of the River Plate region,Spanish and Spanish-American literature, Latin American culture);
• Helmut Hatzfeld(stylistics,language ofDon Quixote);
• Heinrich Kuen(linguistic situation of the Iberian Peninsula, typology of Spanish);
• Alwin Kuhn(Aragonese dialectology,formation of the Romance languages);
• Fritz Krüger(dialectology,ethnography);
• Harri Meier(historical linguistics, etymology, formation of the Romance languages, dialectology, linguistic typology);
• Joseph M. Piel(toponymy and anthroponymy of the Ibero-Romance languages);
• Gerhard Rohlfs(historical linguistics, etymology, toponymy,dialectology,language and culture);
• Hugo Schuchardt(Spanish etymologies, pre-Roman languages, dialectology,creole languages,Basque studies);
• Friedrich Schürr(historical phonetics, lexicology);
• Leo Spitzer(etymology, syntax,stylistics,and lexicology of Spanish);
• Günther HaenschandArnald Steiger(Arabic influences on Spanish,Mozarabic language);
• Karl Vossler(stylistics, characterization of the Spanish language, studies of Spanish literature and culture);
• Edmund Schramm(author of abiographyofJuan Donoso Cortésand anUnamunoscholar);
• Max Leopold Wagner(Spanish of the Americas, studies on Gypsy dialect and slang, dialectology);
• Adolf Zauner(author ofAltspanisches Elementarbuch(manual of Old Spanish, 1907).

Fritz Krügercreated the famousHamburg School(not to be confused with thepop music genreof the 1980s, of the same name), which applied the principles of theWörter und Sachenmovement, founded earlier by Swiss and German philologists such asHugo Schuchardt,Ruduolf Meringer, andWilhelm Meyer-Lübke,aptly combining dialectology and ethnography. Between 1926 and 1944 Krüger directed the journalVolkstum und Kultur der Romaneand its supplements (1930–1945). It totaled 37 volumes, in which many of his students published their works. Krüger wrote mainly on Hispanic dialectology, especially on that of western Spain (Extremadura and Leon) and the Pyrenees, and he traveled on foot to gather the materials for his monumental workDie Hochpyrenäen,in which he meticulously described the landscape, flora, fauna, material culture, popular traditions and dialects of the Central Pyrenees. The versatile Romance scholarGerhard Rohlfsinvestigated the languages and the dialects of both sides of the Pyrenees and their elements in common, as well as pre-Roman substrate languages of the Iberian Peninsula andGuancheloanwords.

The works ofKarl Vossler,founder of the linguistic school ofidealism,include interpretations of Spanish literature and reflections on the Spanish culture. Vossler, along withHelmut HatzfeldandLeo Spitzer,began a new school of stylistics based on aesthetics, which focused on the means of expression of various authors.

The early twentieth century marked the founding of two German institutions dedicated to Hispanic Studies (including Catalan, Galician and the Portuguese), in Hamburg and Berlin respectively. The University of Hamburg's Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut (Ibero-American Research Institute) was, from its founding in 1919 until the 1960s, almost the only German university institution dedicated to Spanish and other languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The Institute published the journalVolkstum und Kultur der Romanen(1926–1944), devoted specifically to works on dialectology and popular culture, following, in general, patterns of theWörter und Sachenschool. Meanwhile, Berlin'sIbero-Amerikanisches Institutwas founded in 1930. Today, the Berlin institute houses Europe's largest library dedicated to studies of Spain, Portugal, and Latin America, and to the languages of these countries (including Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Basque, and the indigenous languages of the Americas). The Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut in Berlin is engaged in research in the fields of literature, linguistics, ethnology, history, and art history.

Under theNazi regime(1933–1945), German philology went through a difficult time. Some Romanists, through their work, praised and propagated the Nazi ideology. Meanwhile, others lost their professorships or underwent anti-Jewish persecution (such asYakov MalkielandLeo Spitzer,both of whom emigrated), by falling into disfavor with the regime or actively opposing it (for exampleHelmut Hatzfeld,who fled from Germany, and Werner Krauss (not to be confused with theactorof the same name), who lost his academic position in 1935).

Laboriously reconstructed after World War II, the Hispanic philology of the German-speaking countries contributed the works ofCarolina Michaëlis de VasconcellosandErnst Robert Curtius.Also:

• Rudolph Grossmannproduced a Spanish-German dictionary and an anthology of Spanish lyric poetry.
• Hans Juretschkecontributed studies onSpanish Romanticismand onGerman culture in Spain.
• Werner Beinhauerwrote several books on colloquial Spanish.
• Torsten Rox studiedMariano José de Larraand the Spanish nineteenth-century media.
• Hans Magnus Enzensbergerpublished a new translation ofFederico García Lorca.

TheDeutscher Hispanistenverband(German Association of Hispanists) was established in 1977 and since then has held a congress biennially. Currently in Germany, Spanish often surpasses French in number of students. About forty university departments of Romance philology exist in Germany, and there are more than ten thousand students of Spanish.

Today in Germany there are publishers specialized in Hispanic Studies, such asEdition Reichenberger,inKassel,which is devoted to the Golden Age, and Klaus Dieter Vervuert'sIberoamericana Vervuert Verlag,which has branches in Frankfurt and Madrid and facilitates collaboration among Hispanists.

In Austria,Franz Grillparzerwas the first scholar of Spanish and a reader of the theater of the Golden Age. Anton Rothbauer also distinguished himself, as a translator of modern lyric poetry and scholar of theBlack Legend.Rudolf Palgenand Alfred Wolfgang Wurzbach (for example withhis studyofLope de Vega) also contributed to Hispanism in Austria.

France and Belgium

Hispanism in France dates back to the powerful influence ofSpanish Golden Ageliterature on authors such asPierre CorneilleandPaul Scarron.Spanish influence was also brought to France by Spanish Protestants who fled theInquisition,many of whom took up teaching of the Spanish language. These includedJuan de Luna,author of a sequel toLazarillo de Tormes.N. Charpentier'sParfaicte méthode pour entendre, écrire et parler la langue espagnole(Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597) was supplemented by the grammar ofCésar Oudin(also from 1597) that served as a model to those that were later written in French.Michel de Montaigneread the chroniclers of theSpanish Conquestand had as one of his modelsAntonio de Guevara.Molière,Alain-René Lesage,andJean-Pierre Claris de Florianborrowed plots and characters from Spanish literature.

French travelers to Spain in the 19th century who left written and artistic testimony include painters such asEugène DelacroixandHenri Regnault;well-known authors such asAlexandre Dumas,Théophile Gautier,George Sand,Stendhal,Hippolyte TaineandProsper Mérimée;and other writers, includingJean-François de Bourgoing,Jean Charles Davillier,Louis Viardot,Isidore Justin Séverin,Charles Didier,Alexandre de Laborde,Antoine de Latour,Joseph Bonaventure Laurens,Édouard Magnien,Pierre Louis de CrusyandAntoine Frédéric Ozanam.

Victor Hugowas in Spain accompanying his father in 1811 and 1813. He was proud to call himself a "grandeeof Spain ", and he knew the language well. In his works there are numerous allusions toEl Cidand the works ofMiguel de Cervantes.

Prosper Mérimée,even before his repeated trips to Spain, had shaped his intuitive vision of the country in hisThéatre de Clara Gazul(1825) and inLa Famille de Carvajal(1828). Mérimée made many trips between 1830 and 1846, making numerous friends, among them theDuke of RivasandAntonio Alcalá Galiano.He wroteLettres addressées d'Espagne au directeur de la Revue de Paris,which arecostumbristasketches that feature the description of a bullfight. Mérimée's short novelsLes âmes du purgatoire(1834) andCarmen(1845) are classic works on Spain.

Honoré de Balzacwas a friend ofFrancisco Martínez de la Rosaand dedicated his novelEl Verdugo(1829) to him. (And Martínez de la Rosa's playAbén Humeyawas produced in Paris in 1831.)

The Spanishromancerois represented in the FrenchBibliothèque universelle des romans,which was published in 1774.Auguste Creuzé de Lesserpublishedfolk balladsaboutEl Cidin 1814, comparing them (asJohann Gottfried Herderhad done before him) with the Greek epic tradition, and these were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, providing much raw material to the French Romantic movement. The journalist and publisherAbel Hugo,brother ofVictor Hugo,emphasized the literary value of theromancero,translating and publishing a collection ofromancesand a history of King Rodrigo in 1821, andRomances historiques traduits de l'espagnolin 1822. He also composed a stage review,Les français en Espagne(1823), inspired by the time he spent with his brother at the Seminario de Nobles in Madrid during the reign ofJoseph Bonaparte.

Madame de Stäelcontributed to the knowledge of Spanish Literature in France (as she did also for German literature), which helped introduce Romanticism to the country. To this end she translated volume IV ofFriedrich Bouterwek'sGeschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhundertsin 1812 and gave it the title ofHistoire de la littérature espagnole.

Spanish literature was also promoted to readers of French by the Swiss authorSimonde de Sismondiwith his studyDe la littérature du midi de l'Europe(1813).

Also important for French access to Spanish poetry was the two-volumeEspagne poétique(1826–27), an anthology of post-15th-century Castilian poetry translated byJuan María Maury.In Paris, the publishing house Baudry published many works by Spanish Romantics and even maintained a collection of "best" Spanish authors, edited byEugenio de Ochoa.

Images of Spain were offered by the travel books ofMadame d'AulnoyandSaint-Simon,as well as the poetThéophile Gautier,who travelled in Spain in 1840 and publishedVoyage en Espagne(1845) andEspagne(1845). These works are so full of color and the sense of the picturesque that they even served as inspirations to Spanish writers themselves (poets such asJosé Zorrillaand narrators such as those of theGeneration of '98), as well as toAlexandre Dumas,who attended the production of Zorrilla'sDon Juan Tenorioin Madrid. Dumas wrote his somewhat negative views of his experience in hisImpressions de voyage(1847–1848). In his playDon Juan de Marana,Dumas revived the legend ofDon Juan,changing the ending after having seen Zorrilla's version in the edition of 1864.

François-René de Chateaubriandtraveled through Iberia in 1807 on his return trip from Jerusalem, and later took part in theFrench intervention in Spainin 1823, which he describes in hisMémoires d'Outre-tombe(1849–1850). It may have been at that time that he began to writeLes aventures du dernier Abencerraje(1826), which exalted Hispano-Arabic chivalry. Another work that was widely read was theLettres d'un espagnol(1826), byLouis Viardot,who visited Spain in 1823.

Stendhalincluded a chapter "De l'Espagne" in his essayDe l'amour(1822). Later (1834) he visited the country.

George Sandspent the winter of 1837–1838 withChopininMajorca,installed in theValldemossa Charterhouse.Their impressions are captured in Sand'sUn hiver au midi de l'Europe(1842) and in Chopin'sMemoirs.

Spanish classical painting exerted a strong influence onManet,and more recently, painters such asPicassoandDalíhave influenced modern painting generally.

Spanish music has influenced composers such asGeorges Bizet,Emmanuel Chabrier,Édouard Lalo,Maurice Ravel,andClaude Debussy.

At present the most important centers for Hispanism in France are at the Universities ofBordeauxandToulouse,and in Paris, with the Institut des Études Hispaniques, founded in 1912. Journals includeBulletin Hispanique.

Prominent Hispanists in Belgium includePierre GroultandLucien-Paul Thomas.Groult studiedCastilian mysticismin relation to its Flemish counterpart.A Comprehensive Spanish Grammar(1995)—an English translation of the original DutchSpaanse Spraakkunst(1979)—was written by Jacques de Bruyne, a professor atGhent University.

United States and Canada

Hispanism in the United States has a long tradition and is highly developed. To a certain extent this is a result of the United States's own history, which is tied closely to the Spanish empire and its former colonies, especiallyMexico,Puerto Rico,thePhilippines,andCuba.Historically, many Americans have romanticized the Spanish legacy and given a privileged position to the Castilian language and culture, while simultaneously downplaying or rejecting the Latin American and Caribbean dialects and cultures of the Spanish-speaking areas of U.S. influence. There are now more than thirty-five million Spanish-speakers in the United States, making Spanish the second most spoken language in the country and Latinos the largest national minority. Spanish is used actively in some of the most populous states, includingCalifornia,Florida,New Mexico,andTexas,and in large cities such asNew York,Los Angeles,Miami,San AntonioandSan Francisco.TheAmerican Association of Teachers of Spanishwas founded in 1917 and holds a biennial congress outside the United States;Hispaniais the association's official publication. (Since 1944, it is theAmerican Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese.) TheNorth American Academy of the Spanish Languagebrings together Spanish speakers in North America.

The first academic professorships of Spanish at United States universities were established atHarvard(1819),Virginia(1825), andYale(1826). The U.S. consul inValencia,Obadiah Rich,imported numerous books and valuable manuscripts that became the Obadiah Rich Collection at theNew York Public Library,and numerous magazines, especially theNorth American Review,published translations. Many travelers published their impressions on Spain, such asAlexander Slidell Mackenzie(A Year in Spain[1836] andSpain Revisited[1836]). These were read byWashington Irving,Edgar Allan Poe,and other travelers like the Sephardic journalistMordecai M. Noahand the diplomatCaleb Cushingand his wife. Poe studied Spanish at the University of Virginia and some of his stories have Spanish settings. He also wrote scholarly articles onSpanish literature.

The beginnings of Hispanism itself are found in the works ofWashington Irving,who metLeandro Fernández de MoratíninBordeauxin 1825 and was in Spain in 1826 (when he frequented the social gatherings of another American,Sarah Maria Theresa McKean(1780–1841), the marquise widow ofCasa Irujo), as well as in 1829. He went on to become ambassador between 1842 and 1846. Irving studied in Spanish libraries and metMartín Fernández de NavarreteinMadrid,using one of the latter's works as a source for hisA History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(1828), and made friends and corresponded withCecilia Böhl de Faber,from where a mutual influence was born. His Romantic interest in Arab topics shaped hisChronicle of the Conquest of Granada(1829) andAlhambra(1832). McKean's social gatherings were also attended by the children of the Bostonian of Irish origin John Montgomery, who was the consul of the United States inAlicante,and particularly by the Spanish-born writerGeorge Washington Montgomery.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's translations of Spanish classics also form part of the history of North American Hispanism; he went throughMadridin 1829 expressing his impressions in his letters, a diary and inOutre-Mer(1833–1834). A good connoisseur of the classics, Longfellow translatedJorge Manrique'scouplets.In order to fulfill his duties as a Spanish professor, he composed hisSpanish Novels(1830), which are story adaptations of Irving and published several essays on Spanish literature and a drama, includingThe Spanish Student(1842), where he imitates those of theSpanish Golden Age.In his anthologyThe Poets and Poetry of Europe(1845) he includes the works of many Spanish poets.William Cullen BryanttranslatedMoriscoromances and composed the poems "The Spanish Revolution" (1808) and "Cervantes" (1878). He was linked in New York to Spaniards and, as director of theEvening Post,included many articles on Iberian subjects in the magazine. He was in Spain in 1847, and narrated his impressions inLetters of a traveller(1850–1857). In Madrid he metCarolina Coronado,translating into English her poem "The Lost Bird" and novelJarilla,both of which were published in theEvening Post.But the most important group of Spanish scholars was one from Boston. The work ofGeorge Ticknor,a professor of Spanish at Harvard who wroteHistory of Spanish Literature,andWilliam H. Prescott,who wrote historical works on the conquest of America, are without doubt contributions of the first order. Ticknor was a friend ofPascual de Gayangos y Arce,whom he met inLondon,and visitedSpainin 1818, describing his impressions inLife, letters and journals(1876). In spite of significant difficulties with his vision, Prescott composed histories of the conquest ofMexicoandPeru,as well as ahistory of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.

In the United States there are important societies that are dedicated to the study, conservation and spread of Spanish culture, of which theHispanic Society of Americais the best known. There are also libraries specialized in Hispanic matter, including ones at Tulane University, New Orleans. Important journals includeHispanic Review,Revista de las Españas,Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica,Hispania,Dieciocho,Revista Hispánica ModernaandCervantes.

Russia

The history of Hispanism inRussia—before, during, and after theSovietperiod—is long and deep, and it even survived the rupture of relations between Russia and Spain caused by theSpanish Civil War.This history started in the 18th century, and in the 19th century the influence ofMiguel de Cervantesonrealistnovelists (such asDostoyevsky,Turgenev,andTolstoy) was profound.

Romantic travellers, such asSergei Sobolevski,accumulated great libraries of books in Spanish and helped Spanish writers who visited Russia, such asJuan Valera.The Russian realist dramatistAlexander Ostrovskytranslated the theater ofCalderónand wrote texts on Spanish Golden Age theater.Yevgeni Salias de Tournemirvisited Spain and publishedApuntes de viaje por España(1874), shortly beforeEmilio Castelarpublished his La Rusia contemporánea(1881).

The Russian Association of Hispanists, founded in 1994, is currently supported by theRussian Academy of Sciences.The field of Spanish-American studies has undergone a great increase recently. A survey in 2003 revealed that there are at least four thousand students of Spanish in Russian universities.

Twentieth-century Spanish scholars includeSergei Goncharenko(mentor of a whole generation of Spanish scholars), Victor Andreyev, Vladimir Vasiliev, Natalia Miod, Svetlana Piskunova, and Vsevolod Bagno (El Quijote vivido por los rusos). Recently, a Russian Hernandian Circle was founded, devoted to studying the work ofMiguel Hernández,who visited the USSR in September 1937.

Poland

Records of visits to Spain by Poles begin in the Middle Ages, with pilgrimages toSantiago de Compostela.According to one estimate, more than 100 Poles made the pilgrimage during that era.

In the 16th century, the humanistJan Dantyszek(1485–1548), ambassador of KingSigismund I the OldtoCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor,traveled to the Iberian Peninsula three times and remained there for nearly ten years, becoming friends with outstanding figures such asHernán Cortésand leaving letters of his travels. The bishopPiotr Dunin-Wolskitook 300 Spanish books to Poland, and these were added to theJagiellonian Libraryof Kraków under the name ofBibliotheca Volsciana.Several professors from Spain worked in the Academy of Kraków (today known as theJagiellonian University), including the Sevillian Garsías Cuadras and the Aragonese juristPedro Ruiz de Moros(1506–1571), known in Poland as Roizjusz, who mainly wrote in Latin and was adviser to the king. TheSociety of Jesuswas active in Poland, promoting not only Spanish ideas of theology, but also Spanish theater, which they considered a teaching tool.In the 16th century, the travelersStanisław Łaski,Andrzej Tęczyński,Jan Tarnowski,Stanisław Radziwiłł,and Szymon Babiogórski visited Spain, among others. An anonymous traveler who arrived in Barcelona in August 1595 left an account of his impressions in a manuscript calledDiariusz z peregrynacji włoskiej, hiszpańskiej, portugalskiej(Diary of the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Pilgrimages).

In the 17th century, the Polish noblemanJakub Sobieskimade thepilgrimage to Santiago de Compostelaand wrote an account of his journey. In the years 1674–1675, CanonAndrzej Chryzostom Załuski,Jerzy Radziwiłł, and Stanisław Radziwiłł visited Spain, and all left written testimony of their travels.

Modern Polish Hispanic Studies begin with the Romantic poetAdam Mickiewicz.He was followed in the 19th century byJoachim Lelewel,Wojciech Dzieduszycki,Leonard Rettel,and Julian Adolf Swiecicki.Karol Dembowskiwrote, in French, abook on his travelsin Spain and Portugal duringFirst Carlist War.

Felix Rozanski,Edward Porebowicz andZygmunt Czernywere enthusiastic translators who taught in Poland at that time. Maria Strzałkowa wrote the firstoutline of history of Spanish literaturein Polish. Other important translators include Kazimierz Zawanowski, Zofia Szleyen, Kalina Wojciechowska, and Zofia Chądzyńska.

The poet and HispanistFlorian Śmiejataught Spanish and Spanish American literature in London, Ontario. In 1971 the first professorship of Hispanic Studies not subordinate to a department of Romance literature was created at theUniversity of Warsaw,and in the following year a degree program in Hispanic Studies was instituted there. Today it is called the Institute of Iberian and Latin American Studies. Those who have taught in it include Urszula Aszyk-Bangs, M.-Pierrette Malcuzynski (1948–2004), Robert Mansberger Amorós, Víctor Manuel Ferreras, and Carlos Marrodán Casas. In Kraków the first National Symposium of Spanish Scholars was held in 1985. The historiansJanusz Tazbirand Jan Kienewicz wrote on Spanish themes, as did the literary scholars Gabriela Makowiecka, Henryk Ziomek, Beata Baczynska,Florian Śmieja,Piotr Sawicki, and Kazimierz Sabik. Grzegorz Bak studied the image of Spain in 19th-century Polish literature.

Brazil

The integration of Brazil intoMercosurin 1991 created a need for closer relations between Brazil and the Hispanic world, as well as better knowledge of the Spanish language within Brazil. For this reason, Brazil has promoted the inclusion of Spanish as a required subject in the country's education system. A large core of Spanish scholars formed at theUniversity of São Paulo,includingFidelino de Figueiredo,Luis Sánchez y Fernández, and José Lodeiro. The year 1991 also marks the creation of theAnuario Brasileño de Estudios Hispánicos,whoseSuplemento: El hispanismo en Brasil(2000),traces the history of Hispanic Studies in the country. In 2000 the first Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas took place, and its proceedings were published under the titleHispanismo 2000.At that meeting, the Associação Brasileira de Hispanistas was established. The organization's second congress took place in 2002, and since then it has been held every two years.

Portugal

Compared to Brazil, Portugal has shown less interest in Hispanism; it was not until 2005 that a national association for it was founded. Portuguese activities in this field are mostly of acomparatistnature and focus on Luso-Spanish topics, partly because of academic and administrative reasons. The journalPenínsulaArchived10 June 2012 at theWayback Machineis one of the most important Hispanist journals in the country. Portuguese Hispanism appears somewhat limited, and to an extent there is a mutual distrust between the two cultures, motivated by a history of conflicts and rivalry. Nevertheless, Portuguese writers of the Renaissance—such as the dramatistGil Vicente,Jorge de Montemayor,Francisco Sá de Miranda,and the historianFrancisco Manuel de Mello—wrote in both Spanish and Portuguese.

Italy

The cultural relationship between Spain and Italy developed early in the Middle Ages, especially centered inNaplesthrough the relation that it had with theCrown of Aragonand Sicily, and intensified during the Spanish Pre-Renaissance and Renaissance through Castile.Garcilaso de la Vegaengaged members of theAccademia Pontanianaand introduced thePetrarchianmetrical style and themes to Spanish lyric poetry. This close relation extended throughout the periods ofMannerismand theBaroquein the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 18th century the poet Giambattista Conti (1741–1820) was perhaps the foremost Spanish scholar, translator and anthologist of Europe. Dramatist, critic, and theater historiographerPietro Napoli Signorelli(1731–1815) defended Spanish literature against critics such asGirolamo TiraboschiandSaverio Bettinelli,who accused it of "bad taste", "corruption", and "barbarism".Giacomo CasanovaandGiuseppe Barettitraveled throughout Spain, leaving interesting descriptions of their experiences: Baretti was fluent in Spanish. The critic Guido Bellico was in theReales Estudios de San Isidrowith the eminent Arabist Mariano Pizzi. Among other prominent Italian Hispanists were Leonardo Capitanacci, Ignazio Gajone, Placido Bordoni, Giacinto Ceruti, Francesco Pesaro, Giuseppe Olivieri, Giovanni Querini and Marco Zeno.

In the 19th century, Italian Romanticism took great interest in the Spanishromancero,with translations byGiovanni Berchetin 1837 andPietro Montiin 1855.Edmondo de Amicistraveled throughout Spain and wrote abookof his impressions.Antonio Restori(1859–1928), a professor at the Universities of Messina and of Genoa, published some works of Lope de Vega and dedicated hisSaggi di bibliografia teatrale spagnuola(1927) to the bibliography of the Spanish theater; he also wroteIl Cid, studio storico-critico(1881) andLe gesta del Cid(1890).Bernardo Sanvisenti,a professor of Spanish language and literature at the University of Milan, wroteManuale di letteratura spagnuola(1907), as well as astudy(1902) on the influence ofBoccaccio,DanteandPetrarchin Spanish literature.

Italian Hispanism arose from three sources, already identifiable in the 19th century. The first of these was the Spanish hegemonic presence in the Italian peninsula, which sparked interest in the study of Spain and in the creation of works about Spain. Secondly, Italian Hispanism was encouraged by acomparatistapproach, and in fact the first Italian studies on literature in Spanish were of a comparative nature, such asBenedetto Croce'sLa Spagna nella vita italiana durante la Rinascenza(1907) and the works ofArturo Farinelliand Bernardino Sanvisenti, which were dedicated to the relationships between Spain and Italy, Italy and Germany, and Spain and Germany. Thirdly, the development of Italian Hispanism was supported by Romance philology, especially through the works ofMario Casella(author ofCervantes: Il Chisciotte[1938]),Ezio Levi,Salvatore Battaglia,andGiovanni Maria Bertini(translator of Spanish modern poetry, especially the poems ofLorca).Cesare de Lollisalso made important contributions to Cervantes studies.

The field of modern Hispanic Studies originated in 1945, with the trio ofOreste Macrì(editor of works ofAntonio Machadoand of FrayLuis de León),Guido Mancini,andFranco Meregalli.Eventually Spanish-American studies emerged as an area of independent of the literature of Spain. Between 1960 and 1970 the first professorships of Spanish-American language and literature were created, pioneered by Giovanni Meo Zilio, who occupied the first chair of that sort created at theUniversity of Florencein 1968. He was followed byGiuseppe Bellini(historian of Spanish-American literature, translator ofPablo Neruda,and student ofMiguel Ángel Asturias);Roberto Paoli(Peruvianist and translator ofCésar Vallejo); andDario Puccini(student of the lyric poetry of SorJuana Inés de la Cruz,as well as that of the 20th century).

TheAssociation of Italian Hispanists(AISPI) was created in May 1973 and has held numerous congresses almost annually since then. Italian Hispanists includeSilvio Pellegrini,Pio Rajna,Antonio Viscardi,Luigi Sorrento,Guido Tammi,Francesco Vian,Juana Granados de Bagnasco,Gabriele Ranzato,Lucio Ambruzzi,Eugenio Mele,Manlio Castello,Francesco Ugolini,Lorenzo Giussi,Elena Milazzo,Luigi de Filippo,Carmelo Samonà,Giuseppe Carlo Rossi,the poetsGiuseppe Ungaretti(who translatedGóngora) andPier Paolo Pasolini,Margherita Morreale,Giovanni Maria Bertini,Giuliano Bonfante,Carlo Bo(who worked with the poetry ofJuan Ramón Jiménez),Ermanno Caldera,Rinaldo Froldi,andGuido Mancini(author of aStoria della letteratura spagnola.

Israel

At the time of its founding in 1948, the modern state of Israel already included a substantial Spanish-speaking community. Their language,Judeo-Spanish,was derived fromOld Spanishalong a path of development that diverged from that of the Spanish of Spain and its empire, beginning in 1492, when theJewswereexpelledfrom Spain. Between the 16th and 20th centuries many of them lived in the oldOttoman Empireand North Africa. There are some 100,000 speakers of Judeo-Spanish in Israel today.

At present there are several Israeli media outlets in (standard Castilian) Spanish, some of which have a long history. The newsweeklyAurora,for example, was founded in the late 1960s, and today it also has anonline edition.Israel has at least three radio stations that broadcast in Spanish.

Modern Israeli Hispanists includeSamuel Miklos Stern(the discoverer of the Spanishkharjasand a student of theSpanish Inquisition), professorBenzion Netanyahu,and Haim Beinart. Other Israeli scholars have studied the literature and history of Spain, frequently influenced by the theses ofAmérico Castro.Don Quixotehas been translated into Hebrew twice, first by Natan Bistritzky and Nahman Bialik (Jerusalem, Sifriat Poalim, 1958), and later (Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuchad, 1994) by Beatriz Skroisky-Landau and Luis Landau, the latter a professor in the Department of Hebrew Literature atBen-Gurion University of the Negevand author ofCervantes and the Jews(Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University Press, 2002). The historianYosef Kaplanhas written numerous works and has translatedIsaac Cardoso'sLas excelencias y calumnias de los hebreosinto Hebrew. TheAsociación de Hispanistas de Israelwas created on 21 June 2007 at theInstituto Cervantes de Tel Aviv,consisting of over thirty professors, researchers and intellectuals linked to the languages, literatures, history and cultures of Spain, Portugal, Latin America and the Judeo-Spanish Sephardic world. Its first meeting was convened by professorsRuth Fine(Hebrew University of Jerusalem), who was appointed the first president of the association; Raanán Rein (Tel Aviv University); Aviva Dorón (University of Haifa); and Tamar Alexander (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev).

Arab world

Spain's links with the Arab world began in the Middle Ages with theMoorish conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.Arabic-speakingMoorish kingdomswere present in Spain until 1492, when theReconquistadefeated theEmirate of Granada.Many Moors remained in Spain until their final expulsion in 1609. TheSpanish Empire,at its height, included a number of Arabic-speaking enclaves in theMaghreb,such asSpanish SaharaandSpanish Morocco.

The Moroccan historianAhmed Mohammed al-Maqqari(c. 1591 – 1632) wrote about the Muslim dynasties in Spain. The Egyptian poetAhmed Shawqi(1869–1932) spent six years of exile in Andalusia. Perhaps the first "scientific" Arab Hispanist was the Lebanese writerShakib Arslan(1869–1946), who wrote a book about his trips to Spain in three volumes. The Egyptian writerTaha Husayn(1889–1973) promoted the renewal of relations with Spain, among other European countries of the Mediterranean, and led the creation of an edition of the great 12th-century Andalusian literary encyclopediaAl-Dakhira,ofIbn Bassam.Other important figures were 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Ahwani, 'Abd Allah 'Inan, Husayn Mu'nis, Salih al-Astar, Mahmud Mekki, and Hamid Abu Ahmad. Linked to theEgyptian Institute of Madridare Ahmad Mukhtar al-'Abbadi (who specialized in the history of Moorish Granada), Ahmad Haykal, Salah Fadl, As'ad Sharif 'Umar, and Nagwa Gamal Mehrez. TheAsociación de Hispanistas de Egiptowas formed in 1968. The First Colloquium of Arab Hispanism took place in Madrid in 1975.

Netherlands

In spite ofa bitter warbetween Spain and the United Provinces in the late 16th century, Hispanism has deep roots in the Netherlands. The influence ofSpanish Golden Ageliterature can be seen in the work of the Dutch poet and playwrightGerbrand Brederoand in the translations ofGuilliam de Bayin the 17th century. Nineteenth-centuryRomanticismaroused Dutch curiosity about the exoticism of things Spanish. The ArabistReinhart Dozy(1820–1883) made important contributions to the study of the Moorish domination in Spain, includingHistoire des Musulmans d'Espagne(1861) and the continuationRecherches sur l'Histoire et littérature de l'Espagne,which was published in its definitive form in 1881. A few years later, the Dutch scholarFonger de Haan(1859–1930) held the chair of Spanish literature atBoston University.Two of his publications,Pícaros y ganapanes(1899) andAn Outline of the History of theNovela Picarescain Spain(1903) still serve as starting points for research today. In 1918 he tried in vain to spark the interest of the StateUniversity of Groningenin Hispanic Studies, but nevertheless donated his library of Hispanic Studies to it a few years later.

Serious studies of literature gained new impetus thanks to the work ofJan te Winkelof theUniversity of Amsterdamwho, with his seven-volume De Ontwikkelingsgang der Nederlandsche Letterkunde(1908–1921), drew attention to the influence that Spanish literature exerted on Dutch literature in the 17th century. Other researchers, such asWilliam Davids(1918),Joseph Vles(1926) andSimon Vosters(1955), continued in the same direction as te Winkel. Two Romanists who were of great importance to Dutch Hispanism were Salverda de Grave and Sneyders de Vogel.Jean Jacques Salverda de Grave(1863–1947) became a professor of Romance philology at theUniversity of Groningenin 1907, and he was succeeded byKornelis Sneyders de Vogel(1876–1958) in 1921. In 1906, for the first time since 1659, a Spanish/Dutch dictionarywas published, followed in 1912 by aDutch/Spanish dictionary,both composed byA. A. Fokker.Since then many such dictionaries have been published, including one byC. F. A. van Dam and H. C. Barrauand another byS. A. Vosters.Many Spanish grammars in Dutch also have been published, includinga grammarbyGerardus Johannes Geers(1924), one byJonas Andries van Praag(1957) and one byJos Hallebeek, Antoon van Bommel, and Kees van Esch(2004). Doctor W. J. van Baalen was an important popularizer of the history, customs, and wealth of Spanish America, producing ten books in those areas. Along with C. F. A. Van Dam, he founded the Nederlandsch Zuid-Amerikaansch Instituut in order to promote commercial and cultural contact between both worlds. The Groningen poetHendrik de Vries(1896–1989) travelled twelve times to Spain between 1924 and 1936 and—although his father, an eminent philologist and polyglot, always refused to study Spanish because of theEighty Years' War—the poet dedicated his book of poemsIberia(1964) to Spain.

In the Netherlands, the Institute of Hispanic Studies at theUniversity of Utrechtwas founded in 1951 byCornelis Frans Adolf van Dam(who was a student ofRamón Menéndez Pidal) and has since been an important center for Spanish scholars. The Mexican Training Center at theUniversity of Groningenwas established in 1993.

Johan Brouwer, who wrote his thesis on Spanish mysticism, produced twenty-two books on Spanish subjects, as well as numerous translations.Jonas Andries van Prague,a professor at Groningen, studied Spanish Golden Age theater in the Netherlands and theGeneration of '98,as well as theSephardicrefugee writers in the Netherlands.Cees Nooteboomhas written books about travel to Spain, includingRoads to Santiago.Barber van de Polproduced a Dutch translation ofDon Quixotein 1994, and Hispanism continues to be promoted by Dutch writers such as Rik Zaal (Alles over Spanje),Gerrit Jan Zwier, Arjen Duinker, Jean Pierre Rawie, Els Pelgrom (The Acorn Eaters), Chris van der Heijden (The Splendour of Spain from Cervantes to Velázquez),"Albert Helman",Maarten Steenmeijer, and Jean Arnoldus Schalekamp (This is Majorca: The Balearic Islands: Minorca, Ibiza, Formentera).

Scandinavia

Denmark

Miguel de Cervanteshad an impact in Denmark, where hisDon Quixotewas translated intoDanish(1776–1777) byCharlotte Dorothea Biehl,who also translated hisNovelas ejemplares(1780–1781).Hans Christian Andersenmade a trip to Spain and kept a diary about his experiences. Other prominent Danish Hispanists includeKnud Togeby;Carl Bratli (Spansk-dansk Ordbog[Spanish/Danish dictionary], 1947); Johann Ludwig Heiberg (1791–1860,Calderónstudies); Kristoffer Nyrop (1858–1931,Spansk grammatik); and Valdemar Beadle (Middle Ages and the Spanish and Italian Baroque).

Sweden

InSweden,prominent Hispanists includeErik Staaf;Edvard Lidforss(translator ofDon Quixoteinto Swedish);Gunnar Tilander(publisher of medieval Spanishfueros);Alf Lombard;Karl Michaëlson;Emanuel Walberg;Bertil Maler (who editedTratado de las enfermedades de las aves de caza);Magnus Mörner;Bengt Hasselrot;andNils Hedberg.Inger Enkvistresearched Latin American novels andJuan Goytisolo.Mateo López Pastor, author ofModern spansk litteratur(1960), taught and published in Sweden.

Norway

Hispanism was founded inNorwayby professorMagnus Gronvold,who translatedDon Quixoteinto Norwegian in collaboration withNils Kjær.Leif Sletsjoe (author ofSancho Panza, hombre de bien) and Kurt E. Sparre (aCalderónscholar) were both professors at theUniversity of Oslo.Currently there is a strong and renewed interest in Hispanism among Norwegian youth, and the 21st century has seen the publication of at least three Spanish grammars for Norwegians—one byCathrine Grimseid(2005); another byJohan Falk, Luis Lerate, and Kerstin Sjölin(2008); and one byAna Beatriz Chiquito(2008). There is an Association of Norwegian Hispanism, a National Association of Professors of Spanish, and several journals, includingLa Corriente del Golfo (Revista Noruega de Estudios Latinoamericanos,Tribune,andRomansk forum.

Finland

InFinland,at the beginning of the 20th century there was an important group of Hispanists inHelsinki,includingOiva J. Tallgren(1878–1941; he adopted the surname Tuulio in 1933); his wifeTyyni Tuulio(1892–1991);Eero K. Neuvonen(1904–1981), who studiedArabisms in Old Spanish;and Sinikka Kallio-Visapää (translator ofOrtega y Gasset).

Romania

In Romania, the initiator of Hispanism wasȘtefan Vârgolici,who translated a great part of the early 17th-centuryMiguel de CervantesnovelDon Quixoteinto Romanian and published—under the titleStudies on Spanish Literature(Jasi, 1868–1870)—works onCalderón,Cervantes, andLope de Vega,which had appeared in the journalConvorbiri literare(Literary Conversations).Alexandru Popescu-Telega(1889–1970) wrote a book onUnamuno(1924), a comparison between Romanian and Spanishfolklore(1927), a biography of Cervantes (1944), a translation from theromancero(1947), abook on Hispanic Studies in Romania(1964), and an anthology in Romanian.Ileana Georgescu,George Călinescu(Iscusitul hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha), andTudor Vianu(Cervantes) have published books on Cervantes.

Asia and the Pacific

There is an Asian Association of Spanish Scholars (Asociación Asiática de Hispanistas), which was founded in 1985 and meets every three years.

Former East Indies

Hispanism in Asia and the Pacific is mostly related to the literature and languages of the Spanish/Novohispanicadministration’s legacy in the Philippines, Mariana Islands, Guam and Palau, where Spanish has a history as a colonial language. In 1900, less than a million Filipinos spoke Spanish;estimates of the number of Filipinos whose first language is Spanishtoday vary widely, ranging from 2,660 to 400,000. Spanish remains perceivable in somecreole languages,such asChabacano.InManila,theInstituto Cervanteshas given Spanish classes for years, and thePhilippine Academy of the Spanish Languageis involved in the teaching and standard use of Spanish in the Philippines. But there is no institution or association that brings together and defends the interests of Hispanicity. The most important Spanish scholars—aside from the national hero, poet and novelistJosé Rizal(who wrote in Spanish)—are Antonio M. Molina (not the composerAntonio J. Molina), José María Castañer,Edmundo Farolan,Guillermo Gómez,Miguel Fernández Passion, Alfonso Felix, and Lourdes Castrillo de Brillantes. The weeklyNueva Era,edited byGuillermo Gómez Rivera,is the only newspaper in Spanish still published in the Philippines, although the quarterly journalRevista Filipina,edited by Edmundo Farolán, also exists, in print and online.

Japan

The first Japanese institution to offer Spanish language classes, in 1897, was the Language School of Tokyo, known today as theTokyo University of Foreign Studies.There,Gonzalo Jiménez de la Espadamentored the first Japanese Hispanists, including Hirosada Nagata (1885–1973, now considered a "patriarch" of Hispanism in Japan) and Shizuo Kasai. Meanwhile, theOsaka University of Foreign Studiesestablished Hispanic Studies in its curriculum in 1921, but most university Hispanic Studies departments were founded in the 1970s and '80s. Translations ofDon Quixoteinto Japanese are at first incomplete and by way of an English version (e.g. one by Shujiro Watanabe in 1887, and others in 1893, 1901, 1902, and 1914). Japanese versions ofDon Quixotein its entirety—although still based on an English translation—were published in 1915 (by Hogetsu Shimamura and Noburu Katakami) and in 1927–28 (by Morita). In 1948, Hirosada Nagata published a nearly-complete direct (from the Spanish) Japanese translation. It fell to Nagata's student, Masatake Takahashi (1908–1984), to complete that translation (published in 1977). Meanwhile, an entire, direct Japanese translation ofDon Quixotewas also produced (the two parts in 1958 and 1962) by Yu Aida(1903–1971).

TheAsociación Japonesa de Hispanistaswas founded in Tokyo in 1955, consisting mostly of university professors. The association publishes the journalHispánica.The journalLingüística Hispánicais published by the Círculo de Lingüística Hispánica de Kansai.

Japanese Hispanism was surveyed by Ryohei Uritani in the article "Historia del hispanismo en el Japón", which was published in the journalEspañol actual: Revista de español vivo(48 [1987], 69–92).

Korea

The relations between Spain andKoreabegan withGregorio Céspedesin the 16th century, who was studied byChul Park.Spanish education in Korea has continued for the past fifty years, and there is currently a strong demand for it. Since 2001, Spanish has been an optional language in secondary education. The Asociación Coreana de Hispanistas was founded in 1981 and holds two annual congresses, one in June and another in December. It also publishes the journalHispanic Studies.

Associations of Hispanists

The Spanish-language portalrun by theInstituto Cervanteslists over 60 associations of Hispanists around the world, including the following:

• Asociación Hispánica de Literatura Medieval (Hispanic Association of Medieval Literature)
• Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas (International Association of Hispanists)
• Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (AHGBI)
• Women in Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin-American Studies (WiSPS)
• Asociación de Hispanismo Filosófico (AHF) (Philosophical Hispanism Association)
• Asociación Canadiense de Hispanistas (ACH) (Canadian Association of Hispanists)

Leading Hispanists

• Ida Altman(born 1950)
• Gerald Brenan(1894–1987)
• Raymond Carr(1919–2005)
• Alan Deyermond(1932–2009)
• J.H. Elliott(born 1930)
• Ian Gibson(born 1939)
• Guillermo Gómez(born 1936)
• Archer M. Huntington(1870–1955), founder of theHispanic Society of America
• Gabriel Jackson(1921–2019)
• Juan López-Morillas(1913–1997), (Brown University)
• Angus Mackay(born 1939)
• Edward Malefakis(1932–2016)
• Erwin Kempton Mapes(1884–1961), (University of Iowa)
• Eric Woodfin Naylor(1936–2019), (University of the South)
• Geoffrey Parker (historian)(born 1943)
• Stanley G. Payne(born 1943)
• Edgar Allison Peers(1891–1952)
• Paul Preston(born 1946)
• John D. Rutherford(born 1941)
• Dorothy Severin(born 1942)
• Alison Sinclair
• Robert Southey(1774–1843)
• Walter Starkie(1894–1976)
• Hugh Thomas(1931–2017)
• George Ticknor(1791–1871)
• John Brande Trend(1887–1958)
• Leslie Walton(c.1894–1960)

See also

• Instituto Cervantes
• Hispanist
• Hispagnolisme
• Hispaniaquarterly published by theAmerican Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese(AATSP).

Bibliography

• Bak, Grzegorz (2002),La imagen de España en la literatura polaca del siglo XIX(PDF),Madrid: doctoral thesis, Universidad Complutense
• Quinziano, Franco (2003), "'Caro Soggiorno': Pietro Napoli Signorelli: Un hispanista en la España del XVIII ", in González Martín, Vicente (ed.),La filología italiana ante el nuevo milenio,Universidad de Salamanca, pp. 551–574
• Serrano Vélez, Manuel (2005),Locos por el Quijote,Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad de Zaragoza, Aragon y Rioja,ISBN9788483241981
• Utray Sardá, Francisco (n.d.),Un enlace de culturas: Relaciones de España con los países árabes(PDF),archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 March 2012,retrieved4 July2011{{citation}}:CS1 maint: year (link)

Further reading

• Richard L. Kagan has edited a volume on Hispanism in the United States
• Hispanist historianJ.H. Elliothas discussed it in his volumeHistory in the Making.

External links

• History of the Spanish Literature, Arts, Architecture, Music
• Hispanic Society of America