Holyoke, Massachusetts

"Holyoke" redirects here. For other uses, seeHolyoke (disambiguation).

Holyokeis a city inHampden County, Massachusetts,United States, that lies between the western bank of theConnecticut Riverand theMount Tom Range.As of the2020 census,the city had a population of 38,247.Located 8 miles (13 km) north ofSpringfield,Holyoke is part of theSpringfield Metropolitan Area,one of the two distinct metropolitan areas in Massachusetts.

Holyoke, Massachusetts
City
Clockwise from top: The Holyoke skyline with the clock tower ofCity HallandMount Tom Rangein the background,Holyoke Heritage State Parkand theCanalwalk,theHolyoke Dam,the Beech Street landscape in spring, andNorth High Street Historic District
Flag Seal Wordmark
Nickname(s): The Paper City Birthplace of Volleyball The Venice of America
Motto(s): Industria et Copia(Latin) "Industry and Abundance"
Location in Hampden County in Massachusetts
Holyoke, Massachusetts Location in the United States Holyoke, Massachusetts Holyoke, Massachusetts (the United States)
Coordinates:42°12′26″N72°36′27″W
Country	United States
State	Massachusetts
County	Hampden
Settled	1655
Incorporated (parish)	July 7, 1786
Incorporated (town)	March 14, 1850
Incorporated (city)	April 7, 1873
Founded by	George C. Ewing Boston Associates
Named for	Elizur Holyoke
Government
• Type	Mayor-council city
•Mayor	Joshua A. Garcia
Area
• Total	22.80 sq mi (59.05 km2)
• Land	21.17 sq mi (54.83 km2)
• Water	1.63 sq mi (4.23 km2)
Elevation	200 ft (60 m)
Highest elevation (Mount Tom)	1,202 ft (366 m)
Population (2020)
• Total	38,328
• Density	1,806.32/sq mi (697.43/km2)
Demonym(s)	Holyoker Holyokian(rare)
Time zone	UTC−5(Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4(Eastern)
ZIP Codes	01040, 01041 (P.O.)
Area code	413
FIPS code	25-30840
GNISfeature ID	0617679
Website	www.holyoke.org

Holyoke is among the earlyplanned industrial citiesin the United States. Built in tandem with theHolyoke Damto utilize the water power of Hadley Falls, it is one of a handful of cities inNew Englandbuilt on thegrid plan.During the late 19th century the city produced an estimated 80% of the writing paper used in the United States and was home to thelargest paper mill architectural firmin the country,as well as the largest paper, silk, andalpaca woolmills in the world.Although a considerably smaller number of businesses in Holyoke work in the paper industry today,it is still commonly referred to as "The Paper City".Today the city contains a number of specialty manufacturing companies,as well as theMassachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center,an intercollegiate research facility which opened in 2012.Holyoke is also home to theVolleyball Hall of Fameand known as the "Birthplace of Volleyball", as the internationally playedOlympic sportwas invented and first played at the localYMCAchapter byWilliam G. Morganin 1895.

While managing theHolyoke Testing Flumein the 1880s, hydraulic engineerClemens Herschelinvented theVenturi meterto determine the water use of individual mills in theHolyoke Canal System.This device, the first accurate means of measuring large-scale flows, is widely used in a number of engineering applications today, includingwaterworksandcarburators,as well as aviation instrumentation.Powered by these municipally-owned canals, Holyoke has among the lowest electricity costs in the Commonwealth,and as of 2016 between 85% and 90% of the city's energy wascarbon neutral,with administrative goals in place to reach 100% in the future.

History

See also:History of papermaking in Massachusetts;List of mills in Holyoke, Massachusetts;andTimeline of Holyoke, Massachusetts

Mount Tom,c. 1865,by Thomas Charles Farrer, oil on canvas, as seen at the National Gallery of Art

The Indigenous people of Holyoke and South Hadley Falls were theAlgonquian peoples.Though records are incomplete, the area was settled by thePocomtuc,sometimes referred to as theAgawamor Nonotuck.

English colonists arrived in theConnecticut River Valleyin 1633, when traders from thePlymouth Plantationestablished a post atWindsor, Connecticut.In 1636,Massachusetts Bay Colonyassistant treasurer and Puritan iconoclastWilliam Pynchonled a group of settlers fromRoxbury, Massachusettsto the Valley to establish Springfield on land scouts had found to be advantageous for farming and trading. This settlement was built north of the Connecticut River's first major falls,Enfield Falls,where seagoing vessels had to transfer cargo into smaller shallops to continue northward on the river. Due to its proximity to the banks of the river Springfield quickly became a successful settlement on the Bay Path to Boston, as well as the Massachusetts Path to Albany. Originally, the settlement spanned both sides of the river but was partitioned in 1774 with the land on the western bank becomingWest Springfield, Massachusetts.This area, previously allotted to landowners on the east side of the river in Springfield, was settled by colonists by 1655, and included what is now Holyoke.Holyoke as a geographic entity was initially incorporated as the 3rd parish of West Springfield on July 7, 1786, and was called "Ireland" or "Ireland Parish".The area's firstpost office,"Ireland", was established June 3, 1822, with Martin Chapin as first postmaster; it was discontinued in 1883. Another, "Ireland Depot", was established February 26, 1847, with John M. Chapin as first postmaster, and assumed the town name upon Holyoke's incorporation.Though the name Hampden was considered, the area was subsequently named for earlier Springfield settlerWilliam Pynchon's son-in-law,Elizur Holyoke,who had first explored the area in the 1650s.Following land acquisitions and development by the Hadley Falls Company, the town of Holyoke was officially incorporated on March 14, 1850.The first official town meeting took place a week later, on March 22, 1850.

The last stone is laid at theHolyoke Dam,3 p.m., January 5, 1900.

A part ofNorthamptonknown asSmith's Ferrywas separated from the rest of the town by the creation ofEasthamptonin 1809. The shortest path to downtown Northampton was on a road near the Connecticut River oxbow, which was subject to frequent flooding. The neighborhood became the northern part of Holyoke in 1909.

Holyoke had few inhabitants until the construction of thedamand theHolyoke Canal Systemin 1849 and the subsequent construction of water-powered mills, particularlypaper mills,the first and last to operate in the city, being those of theParsons Paper Company.At one point over 25 paper mills were in operation in the city. TheHolyoke Machine Company,manufacturer of the Hercules water turbine, was among many industrial developments of the era.

AWasonstreetcar operated by theHolyoke Street Railwayinterurban system,shortly before its dismantlement in 1937. The railway was first in the nation to usethermite weldingfor its tracks.

Holyoke's population rose from just under 5,000 in 1860 to over 60,000 in 1920. Due to this staggering growth the municipality was officially incorporated as a city on April 7, 1873, only 23 years after its initial incorporation as the "Town of Holyoke".Later that year the city elected its first mayor,William B. C. Pearsons,who, a quarter-century earlier, had established himself among the first lawyers in the city, and was the first editorial writer of the area newspaper-of-record, theHampden Freeman,best known as theHolyoke Transcript-Telegram.

High Street,c. 1920

By 1885, Holyoke was the largest single producer of paper of any city in the United States, producing around 190 tons per day, more than double the next-largest producer,Philadelphia,producing 69 tons per day despite having a population nearly 40 times its size. Before 1900 Holyoke would produce 320 tons per day, predominantly of writing paper.In 1888, Holyoke's paper industry spurred the foundation of theAmerican Pad & Paper Company (AMPAD),which as of 2007was one of the largest suppliers of office products in the world. Holyoke was also previously the location of the headquarters of theAmerican Writing Paper Company,atrust companyestablished in 1899 with the merging of 23rag papermills, 13 of which were located in Holyoke. At one point the company was the largest producer offine papersin the world, but leadership lacking technical knowledge of the industry led the company to fold by 1963.The availability of water power enabled Holyoke to support its own electric utility company and maintain it independently of America's major regional utilities. The city was thus a rare unaffected area in theNortheast blackout of 1965,for example.

In addition to developments in the paper and textile industries, a number of industrial inventions would arise out of the city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first and most prominent hydraulic testing lab in the United States, theHolyoke Testing Flumeperformed 3,176 tests to establish turbine efficiency from 1870 to 1932.Among the flume's resulting developments wereClemens Herschel'sVenturi meterin 1888,the first accurate way to measure large-scale flows, as well as the Hercules turbine byJohn B. McCormickin 1899, the first mixed flow turbine.Other pioneering developments included the first use ofHans Goldschmidt'sexothermic weldingprocess in the Americas in 1904, by George E. Pellissier and theHolyoke Street Railway.In electronics, the world's first commercialtoll line,between the city's Hotel Jess and a location in Springfield, entered service on June 15, 1878.The city was also home toThaddeus Cahill's New England Electric Music Company which, on March 16, 1906, demonstrated theTelharmonium,the world's first electromechanical instrument, a predecessor of thesynthesizer.

Geography

Media related toMaps of Holyoke, Massachusettsat Wikimedia Commons

Smith's Ferry

Highland Park

Highlands

Jarvis

Avenue

Oakdale

The

Flats

Downtown

Churchill

South

Holyoke

Springdale

Rock Valley

Elmwood

Homestead

Avenue

Whiting

Farms

Ingleside

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Neighborhoods of Holyoke, Massachusetts

Holyoke is located at42°12′11″N72°37′26″W(42.203191, −72.623969).According to theUnited States Census Bureau,the city has a total area of 22.8 square miles (59 km²), of which 21.3 square miles (55 km²) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km²) (6.70%) is water. The city is bordered bySouthamptonand Westfield to the west,Easthamptonto the north, Hadley,South HadleyandChicopeeas river borders to the east, andWest Springfieldto the south.

Holyoke is the location ofEast Mountain,theMount Tom Range,andMount Tom,at 1,202 feet (366 m) the highesttraprockpeak on theMetacomet Ridge,a linear mountain range that extends fromLong Island Soundto theVermontborder. The most densely populated area, lying between the Mount Tom Range and the Connecticut River, is characterized by a series of terraces separated by wooded ravines, known asdingles,which drain to the river.Mount Tom is characterized by its high cliffs, sweeping vistas, andmicroclimateecosystems. The 110-mile (180 km)Metacomet-Monadnock Trailtraverses the Mount Tom Range and East Mountain. Fossilized dinosaur tracks and specimens can be found at the foot of these mountains due to their unique geology. A species of dinosaur,Podokesaurus holyokensis,whose fossils were first discovered across the river inSouth Hadley,was given its name for the area,and the city has in recent years passed measures to try to protect fossils in parks from theft or vandalism.

Neighborhoods

The city of Holyoke contains 15 distinct neighborhoods. Some, likeSpringdaleandOakdale,were conceived by individual developers asstreetcar suburbsfor mill workers in the 19th century, whereas others likeRock ValleyandElmwoodwere villages withinWest Springfieldthat predate the city. Additionally a number of names such asEwingvilleand Elmwood Heightshave been used historically but have become defunct as separate entities. In alphabetical order, Holyoke's neighborhoods are:

• Churchill– featuresWistariahurstand the Holyoke Senior Center.
• Downtown – featuresCity Halland theVolleyball Hall of Fame.
• Elmwood– the city's oldest neighborhood; predating Holyoke, it was originally known as "Baptist Village"
• The Flats– features theHolyoke Canal Systemand many prominent structures built by the Hadley Falls Company in the mid-19th century, as well as the Holyoke Innovation District
• Highlands
• Highland Park
• Homestead Avenue – features theAshley Reservoir,Holyoke Community College.
• Ingleside– features theHolyoke MallandNuestras Raices.
• Jarvis Avenue
• Oakdale– featuresForestdale Cemetery,Rohan Park, and theHolyoke Medical Center.
• Rock Valley
• Smith's Ferry– features theDinosaur Footprints Reservation.Annexed from Northampton in 1909.
• South Holyoke– features the Puerto Rican-Afro Caribbean Cultural Center and the Holyoke Turner Hall
• Springdale– features Springdale Park, the city's largest flagship park designed by theOlmsted Brothers
• Whiting Farms

Architecture

Media related toBuildings in Holyoke, Massachusettsat Wikimedia Commons

The Casper Ranger House, a rare example of a building designed by its namesake contractor, whose construction work encompassed many of Holyoke's neighborhoods as well as prominent buildings onMount Holyoke College'scampus.

Gauthier Block, one of severalItalianatebrick tenements designed by architectOscar Beauchemin

The Albion Paper Mill, designed by internationally renowned mill architectDavid H. Tower,c. 1869,an example ofSecond Empireindustrial architecture in the city

Holyoke's industrial development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to a massive demand for new housing as the population grew by more than 1000% from the years from 1850 to 1890.Initially this demand was filled by company housing, including such examples as theHadley Falls Company Housing District,whose structures were built in 1847–1848. Gradually the Holyoke Water Power Company began building housing on its land holdings to sell to working families,and by the end of the 19th century more private developments had begun to appear. Holyoke's architecture can be characterized by a mixture ofItalianate,Gothic Revival,Queen AnneandSecond Empire,with someTudor revivalexamples throughout its neighborhoods.The city is also home to at least two examples of works by national architects, theHolyoke City Halldesigned in theGothic Revivalstyle byCharles B. Atwood,and the now-defunctConnecticut River Railroad Stationdesigned by eminent architectH. H. Richardson.Philadelphia rowhousesare also a common feature among residential streets in downtown area.

Throughout its history Holyoke has been home to a number of architects who shaped its unique urban landscape. The most prominent includedGeorge P. B. Alderman,who designed industrial buildings as well as theHolyoke Post Office,apartment blocks, and many of the city's iconicVictorianestates. Alderman started his independent practice after being an apprentice toJames A. Cloughof Clough & Reid, who is best known as the architect of the former iconic Mount Tom Summit Houses as well as the Holyoke Public Library. ArchitectOscar Beauchemin's work shaped both the Main Street landscape ofSpringdaleand many large multi-colored brick tenements built in mixed density housing can be attributed to him, often withRenaissance Revivalarchitectural motifs.

Holyoke's own millwright engineers and architects David and Ashley Tower, doing business asD. H. & A. B. Tower,would go on to design more than 100 mills in the latter half of the 19th century, and in many respects made Holyoke synonymous with its present-day handle "The Paper City". Holyoke's paper mills from this period were largely the work of the brothers, who designed mills on five continents and among the first ofKimberly-ClarkandCrane Currency.In sum they would design 16 factories and mills in Holyoke and, including minor design roles, performed engineering work in some capacity on 25 of the city's in total.

Planned industrial community

The town seal used from 1850 to 1874; it contains abeehive,in heraldry symbolizing industriousness and cooperation.

Early plan of Holyoke, its canal system and roads, drafted by the Hadley Falls Company in 1853 and designed by Philander Anderson and assistant Samuel Chase

As one of the first planned industrial communities in the United States, downtown Holyoke featuresrectilinear street grids—a novelty inNew England.This street hierarchy was seen as an economic development tool as it lends well to high-rise buildings, and the surrounding canals could be landscaped for recreation. Whereas New York'sCommissioner's Plan of 1811lays out a system of numbered streets and avenues, engineer Philander Anderson laid out the names of routes in Holyoke's grid system alternating between tree species for North to South streets (Sycamore, Locust, Linden, Oak, Beech, Pine, Walnut, Elm, Chestnut, Maple), and the names of the Hadley Falls Company founders (Lyman,Dwight,Appleton,Cabot,Sargeant,Jackson), as well as several Massachusetts counties (Hampden,Suffolk,Essex,Hampshire,Franklin) for thoroughfares running east to west.The city's advantageous location on the Connecticut River—the largest river inNew England—beside Hadley Falls, the river's steepest drop (60 feet), attracted theBoston Associates,who had successfully developedLowell, Massachusetts'textileindustry.From the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, Holyoke was the world's biggestpapermanufacturer.The elaborateHolyoke Canal System,built to power paper and textile mills, distinguishes it from other Connecticut River cities. A series of railways running parallel to these canals also provided easy access to freight, a number of which remain operational today under thePioneer Valley Railroad.

Demographics

Main article:Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1850	3,245	—
1860	4,997	+54.0%
1870	10,733	+114.8%
1880	21,915	+104.2%
1890	35,637	+62.6%
1900	45,712	+28.3%
1910	57,730	+26.3%
1920	60,203	+4.3%
1930	56,537	−6.1%
1940	53,750	−4.9%
1950	54,661	+1.7%
1960	52,689	−3.6%
1970	50,112	−4.9%
1980	44,678	−10.8%
1990	43,704	−2.2%
2000	39,838	−8.8%
2010	39,880	+0.1%
2020	38,247	−4.1%
2022	37,720	−1.4%
Source: U.S. Decennial Census

As of thecensusof 2020, there were 38,247 people in 15,062 households. There were 16,874 housing units in the city.

The racial makeup in 2017 was 84.9%white(33.0%non-Hispanic white), 21.8%black,0.4%Native American,1.6%Asian(0.4%Cambodian,0.4%Indian,0.3%Chinese,0.3%Korean,0.1%Pakistani), 0.1%Pacific Islander,6.6% some other race, and 4.6% frommixed race.Hispanics and Latinosof any race were 51.2% of the population (40.7%Puerto Rican,7.3%Dominican,6.4%Venezuelan,1.8%Mexican,1.5%Colombian,1.9%Cuban,0.3%Salvadoran,0.2%Argentine,0.1%Honduran,0.1%Guatemalan). The ten largest ancestry groups in the city wereIrish(13.4%),Polish(8.3%),French(7.2%),German(4.4%),Italian(3.8%),English(3.6%),French-Canadian(3.3%),American(2.8%),Scottish(1.0%), andsub-Saharan African(0.9%).Immigrantsaccounted for 28.8% of the population. The ten most common countries of origin for immigrants in the city were theDominican Republic,Poland,Germany,China,El Salvador,theUnited Kingdom,Colombia,Kenya,andMexico.

There were 15,361 households in 2010, out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.5% were headed bymarried couplesliving together, 24.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. Of all households, 32.0% were made up of individuals, and 12.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 3.16.

In the city, 26.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% were from 18 to 24, 25.5% were from 25 to 44, 23.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.

The city reached a peak rank as the 82nd largest city in the United States by 1900, comparable to the standing of Buffalo (83rd) or Scottsdale (85th) among cities in 2018.Holyoke reached its peak population before the end of theFirst World Warwith an estimated 62,300 residents according reported in 1913 by the school superintendent at that time, and 65,286 reported for 1916 by theWorld Book.Following a period of de-industrialization after the war and into the end of the 20th century, the population briefly stabilized during the first decade of the 21st century before continuing to decline during the 2010s.

Employment and income

For the period 2013–2017, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $37,954, and the median income for a family was $46,940. Male full-time workers had a median income of $46,888 versus $41,406 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $22,625. About 24.7% of families and 28.6% of the population were below thepoverty line,including 45.6% of those under age 18 and 19.8% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2017, the city had the most recipients ofSupplemental Nutrition Assistanceper capita of any in Massachusetts, with 37% of residents receiving such benefits. Of all ZIP codes in the Commonwealth, including those of Boston, Holyoke had the third highest total households receiving such assistance, with the highest per capita of any of the state's 351 municipalities, representing 54% of all households.A 2020 study by theUrban Institutefound Holyoke to be the least socio-economically inclusive city in New England for minorities, despite them representing the largest group demographically. The report found between 2010 and 2015 the racial educational attainment gap narrowed by 30%, but homeownership declined slightly, and the proportion ofworking poormarginally increased.

Ethnicity and immigration

Main article:Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts § Ethnography

Further information:History of the French in Holyoke,Germans in Holyoke,History of the Irish in Holyoke,andPuerto Ricans in Holyoke

A High Street laundry shop owned and operated by Mr. Lee Wong Hing, aChinese Americanmerchant,c. 1904;populations of foreign-born nationals residing in Holyoke during theSecond Industrial Revolution

Throughout its history Holyoke has undergone fluctuations in different foreign-born demographics. In the1890 census,Holyoke had the third most foreign-born residents, per capita, of any city in the United States, with 47% of residents born in another country; this was exceeded only byFall River, MassachusettsandDuluth, Minnesota.Later waves of immigration led to significant growth and cultural influence of communities of Germans, Italians, Jews, Poles, and Scots into the first half of the 20th century, and Puerto Ricans, Greeks, Colombians, and Dominicans in the subsequent decades.

Historically, a city of working-class immigrants, the first wave of millworkers was predominantlyIrish.Irish immigrants began settling in the region before the construction of the dam and industrialization that followed, granting the area the name "Ireland" or "Ireland Parish." While colonists had claimed lands by 1655, it was only in the following decade that homesteads would appear. Traditional accounts refer to John Riley as the first permanent settler of Holyoke,but while Riley owned 28 acres along "Riley's Brook" (Tannery Brook in modern-dayIngleside), his daughters Mary and Margaret, and theirIrish Protestanthusbands, Joseph Ely and William MacCranny, first resided there beginning in 1667.By the time West Springfield was partitioned in 1707, a number of Irish families had moved to the Parish. With the emergence of Holyoke's industrial base, a new wave ofIrish Catholicimmigration occurred and by 1855 a third of residents were of Irish heritage. Holyoke's Irish roots are celebrated today in its annualSt. Patrick's Day Parade.

In the 1850s, mill owners began to recruitFrench-Canadians,regarded as docile and less likely to createlabor unionsdue to their agrarian backgrounds and anti-unionism promoted by Québecois clergy at that time.Many Québecois workers were first recruited by Nicholas Proulx (anglicized as Prew) who hailed fromSaint-Ours, Quebecand arrived in Holyoke in 1856. He and his sons would import a number of line workers forLyman Mills,including his son John J. Prew, who foundedSpringdaleand became the first French member of the city council, then the board of aldermen.By 1900, one in three residents were French or French Canadian descent,and when the city reached its peak population of 62,300 in 1913, this number had become one in four, while the city contained the 7th largest French or French Canadian immigrant population in the country, exceeding Chicago's at that time.By 1980, reflecting economic and cultural changes, this population comprised 10% of the population, a similar figure to those who identified as French or French Canadian in the 2010 census.

The HolyokeTurner Hall(2018), a vestige of the former Germania Millseinwandererkolonie(lit.immigrant colony); the former Germania Park with worker housing and Lutheran Church (1941), now Bonin Field

Beginning at the end ofWorld War II,an influx ofPuerto Ricansand other Latino groups began to migrate to theNortheast United States,driven largely by theFarm Labor Programinitiated by theUS Department of Labor.Not unlike theBracero program,in the following decades the agency recruited Puerto Rican laborers to work on agricultural land in the continental United States; in the case of Holyoke, many worked on valley tobacco farms,and arrived in the city in search of better job opportunities at the mills as previous generations had.The first permanent Puerto Rican resident was said to have been Domingo Perez; a landlord who later became among the first to be appointed in city government, he was reported to have arrived in Holyoke around 1955.By 1970 the number of Puerto Rican residents numbered around 5,000;however, by that time, many faced a city economy in free fall. Holyoke's mills had closed due to the changing economic landscape of earlyglobalizationanddeindustrialization;from 1955 to 1970, one of every two industrial jobs vanished.Despite economic and social difficulties the population grew significantly during the 1980s, and from 1990 to 2016, the buying power of the Latino community at-large increased by nearly 300%.Today Latinos form the city's largest minority group, with the largest Puerto Rican population per capita of any American city outside Puerto Rico proper, at 44.7%.The entire Latino population of Holyoke, as of the 2010 census, was 19,313, or 48.4% of the city's population of 39,880.

Religion

Mater Dolorosa Parish

Holyoke is home to houses of worship for numerous denominations of Christianity and Judaism. One of the city's oldest monikers wasBaptist Villageas the first congregation established there was the First Baptist Church of Holyoke, which first erected a meetinghouse in 1792, traces its origins to five baptisms on the shores of the Connecticut in 1725, and continues as a congregation today.

As of 2010 an estimated 60% of Holyoke was religious, with the largest demographic being Christians, more specificallyRoman Catholics,who comprised 49% of the city's population.In 2011, two Catholic parishes,Holy CrossandMater Dolorosawere merged into Our Lady of the Cross Parish.A number of other Catholic parishes, including Our Lady of Guadalupe, St. Jerome's, Blessed Sacrament and Immaculate Conception Parish also reside in the city.

In addition to its parishes, the city has a number of convents ofsistersincluding theSisters of Providence of HolyokeinIngleside,theSisters of St. Joseph of Springfieldwho maintain group homes there, and theSisters of St. Francis of AssisiinHighland Park.

Protestantcongregations have played a significant role in Holyoke's civic life since its founding, including the First Congregational Church of Holyoke, founded in 1850,the First Lutheran Church of Holyoke, founded in 1867,and the United Methodist Church of Holyoke, South Hadley, and Granby, which meets inSouth Hadley,which was founded in 1810.

AGreek Orthodoxchurch, Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, has also existed in the city since its founding in 1917.

Holyoke is also home to a significant Jewish population. As one of 35 municipalities in Massachusetts with more than 100 Jewish residents, Holyoke is home to an estimated 1,300 residents observing the faith and two synagogues, Congregation Sons of Zion, a Conservative congregation, and Congregation Rodphey Sholom, practicingOrthodoxy.Both congregations originated in the 19th century, with Rodphey Sholom founded in 1903 but tracing its heritage to the Paper City Lodge of the Order Brith Abraham, founded in 1899, and Sons of Zion being founded in 1901. Today both congregations hold joint services during certain holidays.

Economy

From top to bottom: A sample of "Skinner's Satins" silk in theSmithsonian,produced byWilliam Skinner and Sons,c. 1950.A ream of Holyoke "Eagle A" paper made by theAmerican Writing Paper Company,and subsequently theBrown Company;c. 1970.

Manufacturing

Known by its moniker, the "Paper City", Holyoke's economic base was developed almost entirely around the paper industry for the better part of the late 19th and early 20th century; at one time the city was reportedly the largest producer of stationery, writing, and archival goods in the world.While writing paper production has left the city, Holyoke is still home to a number of specialty paper manufacturers and converters, including companies likeEureka Lab Book,Hampden Paper,Hazen Paper,United Paper Box,andUniversity Products.Several international companies also maintain manufacturing facilities in the area, including a power transmission factory forU.S. TsubakiinSpringdale,and aSonococardboard recycling plant inSouth Holyoke.Some former mills have in the past been used as incubators for new manufacturing businesses as well; from 1973 until 1983, when it relocated to a newly constructed factory inDeerfield,Yankee Candle'sfirst factory was located in one such building in the canal district.

Today the City of Holyoke has one of threeforeign-trade zonesin the Commonwealth, the other two being thePort of New Bedfordand theMassachusetts Port Authorityof Boston.Though the number of service-based jobs overtook Holyoke manufacturing jobs in 1972,the city is still home to an array of manufacturing concerns outside of the paper and textile industries, including several producing industrial machinery and components. Until 2017, its oldest manufacturer was the Holyoke Machine Company which, incorporated in 1863, served large mills and factories with specialty roll parts and service; the firm manufactured a number of different products. At one time the company produced the "Holyoke Hercules" model of water turbine which served the city's industries on the canal system, and previously their shops cast bronze doors for theU.S. Capitol Building.Today the city is still home to a number of firms specializing in such equipment as medical devices, industrial vacuums, solid waste containers, plastics and rubber manufacturing, bookbinding agents and archival supplies.

In recent years the city has also seen a handful of food manufacturing firms, due to its proximity to large metropolitan areas like New York City and Boston. In 1996 the Paper City Brewing Company opened out of one of the former Farr Alpaca Company's facilities, following a period of financial difficulties in 2017, the brewery closed temporarily, with plans in place to reopen in the future.Another notable firm, Dan's Power Plant, produces nut-based cheese substitutes known as "Fauxmaggio", as a vegan alternative, selling many of their products in upscale markets in New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts.

Main campus of theMassachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center,the newest building constructed to draw power from theHolyoke Canal System

Technology

In recent years there have been successful efforts to attract high-tech jobs to Holyoke and diversify its economic base. For example, a coalition of universities and tech companies have built theMassachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center,an energy-efficient, high-performance computing center, in Holyoke which opened in 2012. Partners in this project includeCisco Systems,Harvard University,theMassachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT,) theUniversity of Massachusetts,Boston University,Northeastern University,EMC Corporation,andAccenture PLC.The data center has been built in Holyoke in part due tohydropoweraccessibility as well as the city's extensive fiber network.In 2015, the editors ofPopular Mechanicsranked Holyoke as 6th on a list of 14 cities they considered to be best for startups in the United States, citing these factors.ISO New England,one of the United States' eight electricityregional transmission organizations,is based in Holyoke, utilizing the city's central location for easy access to metropolitan areas in New England and New York.

Services

The retail sector has been a major employer since the construction of theHolyoke Mall,thethird largest shopping mall in New England,in 1979. Retail has provided the city with a large and steady tax base, contributing over $7 million in taxes annually.

The city also features the corporate headquarters ofPeoplesBank,the largest bank in Western Massachusetts, as well as the localHolyoke Credit Unionwhich was originally started as a credit union for the students of a former parochial school.

Urban agriculture

Converted shipping containers used for training in hydroponic agriculture, a collaborative project betweenHolyoke Community College,Nuestras Raices, and MassDevelopment

Despite a reputation as an industrial city, agriculture has played a continuing role in the Holyoke's livelihood throughout its history. On July 24, 1917, it became the first city in Western Massachusetts to open a modernfarmers market,a novelty at the time, bringing producers directly to consumers.The current farmers market, which began in 1979, is regularly held outside city hall on Thursdays from 10 to 2 from May to October.As late as the 1950s, the city maintained a poor farm while, in contrast, during the late 19th century a number of wealthy manufacturers raised thoroughbredJersey cattle.This trend began in 1881, when the city went from a population of zero to fifty head of registered Jerseys, the largest herd in the Connecticut Valley being that ofWilliam Whiting.Thisprize-winningherd, then 75 head, was lost, however, to an incendiary fire that destroyed Whiting Farm's stock barn in 1919.Conventional dairy and cattle farming remained extant through most of the 20th century, with the last conventional livestock farm closing in 1982.

Nevertheless smallermarket agricultureoperations, which began in the 20th century, endure today. Among Holyoke's most notable contemporary agricultural organizations isNuestras Raices.Established in 1992 by members of the La Finquita community garden ofSouth Holyoke,the nonprofit organization has worked with state and federal agencies to help new farmers build skills and expertise, particularly in the Puerto Rican community, throughmicroloans,direct marketing, and land leasing.

Holyoke also has a prominent example of ecosystem gardenpermaculture—the Holyoke Edible Food Forest Garden, established in 2004 by Eric Toensmeier and Jonathan Bates. In the following decade the two designed and developed their tenth of an acre backyard into a year-round food producing garden, with over 100 perennial plant species which sustain limited wildlife populations, and have remediated soil on the site.Their permaculture garden has been featured inThe New York Times,as well as lectures atHarvardandYale University.A detailed account of the design and management of this space and the principles behind it can be found in the book by the two, "Paradise Lot", released in 2013 byChelsea Green Publishing.

Soon after medical marijuana was legalized in Massachusetts, MayorAlex Morsebegan promoting the city as a growth and distribution center for the new industry, due to its low energy costs and proximity to several metropolitan markets.Since thelegalization of recreational weed in Massachusettsin 2016, the city has been approached by several cultivation businesses hoping to establish themselves in former mills.In 2018, the firstcannabis cultivationoperation, a $10 million investment, opened in the city, with plans to open a dispensary in the future.

Education

The city's educational needs are served byHolyoke Public Schools,includingHolyoke High School,and a number of private institutions. The school system is currently in receivership and managed by Dr. Stephen Zrike,a receiver appointed by the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education; as superintendent, the receiver presides over school curriculum and practices. The city's private schools includeFirst Lutheran Schooland Mater Dolorosa Catholic School.

The city is also home toHolyoke Community College,the first community college in the state, which was initially created by the city's school board. Today the 2-year college selectively allows high school seniors to enroll in its coursework for transferable college credit,and has the highest percentage of student graduates completing associate degrees and certificate programs among the state's community colleges.With the aid of state and federal education grants the college opened the HCC MGM Culinary Arts Institute in cooperation withMGM Springfieldin April 2018.

In 2016,Bard Collegeestablished the first of its microcolleges in Holyoke, its other being based out of Brooklyn. Bard Microcollege Holyoke operates in partnership with local nonprofit The Care Center, which provides educational and career opportunities to pregnant and parenting teens. Associates of Arts degrees are granted to a small class of young mothers who have completed The Care Center's own educational programs in addition to those by Bard.

Library

The front facade Holyoke Public Library completed in 1902, as seen from Maple Street, and the 2013 expansion

Holyoke Public Library, found at 335 Maple Street, is one of the very few examples ofneoclassical architecturein the city of Holyoke, designed by prominent local architectJames A. Clough.It sits on Library Park, which was donated by the Holyoke Water Power Company in 1887. The library established in 1870 was originally a room in the old Appleton Street School, and by 1876 moved to a central room on the main floor of City Hall. It remained there until its collections had outgrown this space and a modern facility was required.

Holyoke's citizens were charged to raise money to construct the library building and provide additional books. Under the leadership of Henry Chase, $95,000 was raised.William Whitingand William Skinner, each gave $10,000. Clough, the architect who designed the building, gave his services gratis because his daughter was a faithful patron of the library. It opened officially in 1902.

At the dedication ceremony William Whiting, library president at the time, referred to the library as the "people's college" and added that: "A library is as much a part of the intellectual life of a community as its schools, and should be supported generously as part of our educational system. Within these walls you will find authors devoted to literature, arts and science, and they are free to any who will ask. We can say to the citizens of Holyoke you have only to ask her and you will find knowledge to make your life useful and happy."

Culture

See also:Holyoke Publishing,The Nautilus (magazine),andNotre Dame Victory March

TheHolyoke Opera House,built in 1878 by founder of Whiting Paper and then-MayorWilliam Whiting,it hosted numerous Vaudeville acts, as well as international music acts like the Royal Hungarian Court Orchestra, and thesilent filmsofLyman H. Howe.Later converted to a full-time movie theater, the structure burned down in 1967.

A number of artists have been associated with the city since its founding, including Irish-American sculptorJerome Connor,who moved to the city at the age of 14, and became best known for his sculptures inWashington, D.C.includingNuns of the Battlefield,one of only two such memorials in the capital to honor the role of women in theAmerican Civil War.

On May 2, 1885,Clark W. Bryan,a publisher and stakeholder inThe Republican,launchedGood Housekeepingmagazine, originally described as "not to be a bi-monthly cookbook" but "a family journal conducted in the interests of the higher life of the household". The magazine was subsequently published in Springfield after March 1887, and moved to New York following its acquisition in 1911 by theHearst Corporation.In literature, Holyoke was the hometown ofJohn Clellon Holmes,whose novelGois considered to be the first published novel depicting theBeat Generation,predating works of his contemporariesJack KerouacandAllen Ginsberg.Though not as well known as Holmes, the critically acclaimed novelistRaymond Kennedyset a number of his works in a fictional Holyoke, referred to as "Ireland Parish".Several acclaimed photographers originate from Holyoke, includingRay D'Addario,chief photographer of theNuremberg trials,William Wegman,known nationally for his compositions of costumedweimaraners,andMitch Epstein,whosephoto essayFamily Businessreceived the United Kingdom's Kraszna-Krausz Photography Book Award in 2004. The 2003 book covered the final days of his father's furniture and real estate businesses in the city, mirroring its deindustrialization and decline.Similarly, the city's struggles with race, inequity, and deindustrialization were chronicled in Pulitzer Prize winnerTracy Kidder's 1989 book,Among Schoolchildren,after Kidder spent a year following a fifth-grade class at Marcella Kelly Elementary.

The stage of theVictory Theater,closed since 1979. An ongoing attempt to revive the theater is being overseen by the Massachusetts International Festival of the Arts (MIFA).

During the height of its industrial prowess Holyoke was a regular stop onVaudevillecircuits, with its most famous actress,Eva Tanguay,known as "The Girl Who Made Vaudeville Famous". Tanguay moved to Holyoke at a young age, spending her childhood in the city where she began performing songs at an amateur show at the local Parsons Hall in the 1880s. Tanguay was soon discovered by a Pennsylvania touring company, and went on to become the first American popular musician to achieve mass-media celebrity.During her career her name was known from coast-to-coast and she would out-earn such celebrities asEnrico CarusoandHarry Houdini.Edward Bernays,the "father of public relations" went on to describe her celebrity as "our first symbol of emergence from the Victorian age".Tanguay's was just one of many acts associated with the city's history, it was in Holyoke that vaudevillianSophie Tuckerwas found by theTheatrical Syndicate'sMarc Klawwho introduced her toBroadway'sZiegfeld Folliesin 1909.

Even as Vaudeville declined in the 1920s, the city remained a regular stop for actors and musicians alike. Among other acts,Bing CrosbyandThe Marx Brotherswere known to have played shows in the city at itsVictory Theater.Performers from theB. F. Keith Circuitwould regularly tourMountain Park'sown playhouse which also hosted the Valley Players, with whom actorHal Holbrookmost famously launched his career.Perhaps the most prominent venue after the 1920s, theValley Arena Gardenshosted a wide variety of musical acts including the likes ofCount Basie,Duke Ellington,The Dorsey Brothers,The Glenn Miller Orchestra,Frances Langford,Cab Calloway,andSarah Vaughnamong many others still known in American popular culture today.Holyoke City Hallduring this period also regularly served as a venue for notable music acts as well, including several by theNew York Philharmonic Orchestraannually from 1912–1925 under the directionJosef Stránskýand subsequentlyWillem Mengelberg,and at least one performance by theBoston Symphony Orchestrain 1926.These concerts were organized by the Chamber of Commerce, Holyoke Music Club, andMount Holyoke College,which also brought a number of internationally-renowned artists toHolyoke High Schoolas well, including violinistEfrem Zimbalist,baritoneReinald Werrenrath,Berlin State OperacontraltoMargarethe Arndt-Ober,and pianist-composersEthel LeginskaandPercy Grainger.

Of venues that once defined Holyoke's stage history, few remain; for the last decade an effort has been underway to restore the Victory Theater by theMassachusetts International Festival of the Arts.These efforts have included introduction of the Victory Players in 2018, an international music residency program which plays contemporary classical music to support the funding of future theater programming.Today Holyoke's venues includeGateway City Arts,a converted paper factory now serving as a regular music venue, as well as the site of the former Mountain Park, now used for some large outdoor concerts, and theHolyoke Turner Hall,which features smaller shows.The city has its own symphony as well; theHolyoke Civic Symphony,originally a project of theHolyoke Community College,has been playing popular and classical works since 1967, and is based out of the college's Leslie Phillips Theater.

Museums

The Sleeping Lion at the gates ofWistariahurstMuseum

In addition to theVolleyball Hall of Famethe city is also home toWistariahurst.Named for the flowered vines which adorn its gardens, the estate was home to the Skinner Family which produced sewing silk and satins, becoming the largest producer of the latter in the world.The museum is home to a wide variety of contemporary and historic gallery events and contains numerous archival collections for research. Though no longer in the museum collections, Wistariahurst was once home to the eminent Belle Skinner Collection of Musical Instruments, curated by its namesakeBelle Skinner.Several decades after her death, the collection became a substantial part of theYale University Collection of Musical Instruments.

TheChildren's Museum at Holyoke,started by the Junior League of Holyoke in 1984,features a number of hands-on exhibits, including a water table,Lite-Britewall, and a variety of displays including 2,000 collectorPezdispensers.

Annual events

See also:Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade

TheHolyoke Merry-Go-Round,moved to Heritage Park fromMountain Parkin 1993, is featured in the annual First Night Jr. and Celebrate Holyoke festivities. Runners leave the starting line in the annual St. Patrick's Day Road Race 10K.

Holyoke is home to the second-largestSt. Patrick's Dayparade in the United States, surpassed only by theNew York Cityparade.Held annually since 1952 on the Sunday following St. Patrick's Day, the parade draws hundreds of thousands of people from acrossNew Englandand the Eastern seaboard of United States. In recent years the Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade typically attracts 350,000 to 450,000 people each year.Featured in the parade every year since the first in 1952 is theHolyoke Caledonian Pipe Band,founded in 1910, it is the oldestpipe bandcontinuously operating in the United States.

Participants crowd the weighing station for the annual Holyoke Shad Derby,c. 1965.

Since 1962, the city has held an annual Shad Derby every year in May with rare exception. The contest, begun under the Holyoke Water Power Company, is now run by the municipal energy departmentHolyoke Gas & Electric.Though not weighed in time to enter Derby records, the section of the Connecticut south of theHolyoke Damat Hadley Falls holds the world record for the largest American shad caught, which weighed 11 pounds, 4 ounces when it was hooked in 1986.Thanks to conservation measures, the river is known for a thrivingAmerican shadpopulation, which has fluctuated between 226,000 and 778,000 fish since 2000.

Every June since it was first introduced by mayor and LGBT activistAlex Morsein 2012, the city has held arainbow flag-raising ceremony in recognition ofGay Pride Monthwith the event often featuring speakers, music, and a moment of silence for victims of discrimination and persecution.

The Puerto Rican community of Holyoke holds an annual Puerto Rican Day parade on the third weekend of July as part of an Annual Hispanic Family Festival held by La Familia Hispana, inc. Every year the parade grows in popularity, attracting Puerto Ricans from across the northeast.

In the last week of August, the city hosts "Celebrate Holyoke" atHolyoke Heritage State Park.Launched in 1986 to celebrate the opening of the then-new state park, it features live music, food, and open house events for businesses in the downtown and canal district. In its first year alone the event featured a laser show, and had as many as 60 thousand attendants over the course of four days; financial difficulties, however, led to its cancellation in 1995.The event was revived in 2015, and has continued as a two-day event since.

Since 2016, every September the neighborhood association ofSouth Holyokehas hostedEl Sabor de South Holyoke(Taste of South Holyoke) a festival featuring localPuerto Rican cuisine,live music, and other events, including honoring local organizations for their contributions to the community.

Every November, theInternational Volleyball Hall of Famepresents awards to its next class of inductees, as the best players of that year are named. The Hall presents three additional awards annually: the Court of Honor Award for contributions of teams or organizations to volleyball, theWilliam G. MorganAward for outstanding support or promotion of the sport, and Mintonette Medallion of Merit Award in recognition of significant individual achievement, including coaches, referees, scorekeepers and other notable contributors to the sport.

Points of interest

Holyoke City Hall

• Dinosaur FootprintsReservation, preserved dinosaur footprints along theConnecticut River
• East Mountain
• Gateway City Arts, a co-working space for artists and creatives
• Holyoke Canal System
• Holyoke Heritage State Park
• Holyoke Mall at Ingleside
• Holyoke Merry-Go-Round
• Mackenzie Stadium,home of theValley Blue Soxof theNew England Collegiate Baseball League
• Metacomet-Monadnock Trail
• Mount Tomof theMount Tom Range
• Robert E. Barrett Fishway,lift system to allow fish to swim upstream of theHolyoke Dam
• Scott Tower
• Holyoke U.S. Post Office,Captain Alezue Holyoke's Exploring Party on the Connecticut River,an oil on canvas mural, painted byRoss Moffettand installed in 1936.
• Victory Theater
• WistariahurstMuseum

Sports

See also:Holyoke FalcosandHolyoke Hurricanes

The obverse side of the city's centennial seal, prominently featuringvolleyball,as well aswater-skiingon theConnecticut River,and the formerMount Tom Ski Area,all sports associated with the city's history and culture

Birthplace of volleyball

On February 9, 1895,William G. Morganinventedvolleyball,originally known as "mintonette" for its similarity tobadminton,at the HolyokeYMCA.Though the original YMCA building in which the sport was first played was lost to fire in 1943, the Greater Holyoke YMCA remains an active chapter.Today theVolleyball Hall of Fameresides atHolyoke Heritage State Parkand inducts a new class of athletes, coaches, and contributors every October. The city's legacy in the creation of the sport is also honored by two volleyball clubs in theNetherlands,which borrow its name—Belfeldse Volleybalclub Holyoke,ofBelfeld,andVolleybalvereniging HolyokeofEnter.

Baseball

Mackenzie Stadiumduring aBlue Soxgame, seen from the grandstand

TheValley Blue Sox,a member of theNew England Collegiate Baseball League,play their home games atMackenzie Stadium.Previously theConcord Quarry Dogsfrom 2001 until 2006, thecollegiate summer baseballfranchise moved to Holyoke in 2007, winning their first NECBL Championship in 2017.

Holyoke has been home to a handful ofminor leagueand collegiate baseball teams, among the first was theHolyoke Paperweightsof theConnecticut Leaguefrom 1903 to 1911.TheHolyoke Millers,aDouble-Ateam, moved to the city following a single season inPittsfieldas theBerkshire Brewers.Early planning proved difficult for the team as they often had to coordinate with the athletic departments of Holyoke High School and Holyoke Catholic High School for use of the field at that time.The Millers would leave for New Hampshire after their 1982 season, when the franchise changed its affiliation from theMilwaukee Brewersto theCalifornia Angels;that franchise is now theHarrisburg Senators.

While unsuccessful attempts were made to attract a new team in the years that followed,Holyoke would not host another until 2004. Following their departure fromMiddletown, Connecticut,theHolyoke Giants,an NECBL team, made Mackenzie Stadium their home until 2007, subsequently becoming theNorth Shore NavigatorsofLynn.

Boxing

Left to right:Sixto Escobar,whose mainland debut was at Holyoke's Valley Arena, May 7, 1934.Mike Tyson's amateur career included the city's 1983 Golden Gloves title.

Holyoke has a rich history in the world of boxing. It was in Holyoke that bantamweightSixto Escobar,the first Puerto Rican to become a world champion, fought and won his first match in the United States, on May 7, 1934, againstbantamweightcontender and Canadian flyweight champion Bobby Leitham.Most notably,Rocky Marciano'sprofessional debut took place at theValley Arena Gardenson St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 1947; the venue also served as the ring for many other well-known fighters includingBeau Jack,Fritzie Zivic,andTony DeMarco.Prior to his professional career, one ofMike Tyson'searliest fights was at the Holyoke Boys and Girls Club on February 12, 1983. As the eighth ranked amateur super-heavyweight in the country at the age of 16, Tyson won the fight handily with aknock-out,and gained the Western MassachusettsGolden Glovestitle.The Golden Gloves tournament was held in Holyoke from 1958 until 2005, when it was relocated toVernon, Connecticut.Following an eight-year departure, it returned briefly to the city,and is held inSpringfieldtoday.Though other materials would be used following their bankruptcy, in the early 20th centurySkinner's Silkmanufactured the satins forEverlast's iconic boxing trunks.

Golf

Donald Ross,famedgolf course architectwho lived in Holyoke for several years, initially with financial backing of local businessmanJ. L. Wyckoff

Holyoke has two privategolf coursesinSmith's Ferry,on opposite sides ofMount Tom,the nine-hole Holyoke Country Club and the 18-hole Wyckoff Country Club, the latter of which was originally designed by notedgolf course architectDonald Ross.With the construction ofInterstate 91in the 1960s, the course required a redesign. From 1966 to 1967 much of the landscape was reshaped by golf architect Al Zikorus; today, five holes and seven greens remain of Ross's original designs.

The Wyckoff course opened in 1899 as the Mount Tom Golf Club, and was described as rocky and unrefined in its early years.In 1910, Joseph L. Wyckoff, partner of stationery maker White & Wyckoff, and the club's eventual namesake, was playing a round with then-president of theBoston Athletic AssociationEdward E. Babb. Wyckoff remarked the course at the time was "an apology for a [golf] course" and that he wished to find a man who "really knew about the laying out a golf course". Babb, a member ofOakley Country Club,said he knew such a person, introducing Wyckoff to Ross later that year.Wyckoff brought Ross back to the course, where he suggested key changes, but was unable to prepare plans as he had just signed a two-year contract as professional for theEssex Golf & Country Club.Upon completion of this contract he returned to Holyoke in 1914 where he was put up in a house built for him by Wyckoff, who was a member of the executive committee of the Massachusetts Golf Association, and saw himself as a patron of Ross, offering him financial backing to pursue a broader career in golf course architecture.It is unknown what duration Ross lived in the city, as he had summer homes and travelled often, though aBoston Heraldarticle places him there in 1919.He would work with the club for many years, completing a full redesign of the course by 1922,which remained unchanged until the construction ofI-91in 1965.

Parks and recreation

See also:East Mountain (Massachusetts);Mount Nonotuck;andVeterans Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)

Top to bottom:Springdale Parkand its original vegetation plan by theOlmsted Brothers

Holyoke is home to a wide array of municipal, state, and privateland trustparks, including several designed by theOlmsted Brothers.The largest of these isSpringdale Park,designed by the brothers in 1905–1906, and today the site of the annual Western Massachusetts Puerto Rican Parade and Festival. The park is one of three of the city's flagship parks, the other two beingPulaski Park,also an Olmsted design, and the Roberts Sports Complex, former site of Elmwood Park, which abutsMackenzie Stadium.In total the city department of parks and recreation maintains 47 listed municipal facilities comprising nearly 250 acres, and including severalbaseball diamonds,playgrounds,askatepark,basketball courts,tennis courts, a municipal pool, and adog park.TheHolyoke Water Worksalso maintains land holdings for the preservation of its watershed, some of which are open to the public, includingAshley ReservoirandWhiting Street Reservoir,which allow hiking but bar certain activities such as fishing, dog walking, and swimming.This same area, which transects theMetacomet Ridge,also contains a portion of theNew England National Scenic Trail,managed by theNational Park Service.

Mount Tomrising above a cloud of fog

There are twostate parksin Holyoke maintained by the Commonwealth'sDepartment of Conservation and Recreation,the largest being theMount Tom State Reservation,as well as the urbanHolyoke Heritage State Parkwhich was built on the site of the former Skinner Silk Mill, adjacent toCity Hall.

TheTrustees of Reservationsmaintain a number of parks in the city, including theDinosaur Footprints Reservation,Land of Providence,andLittle Tom Mountain.The latter, once part of theMount Tom Ski Area,has remained closed since the ski resort shuttered in 1998, and was subsequently purchased in part by the Trustees, along with theU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,HolyokeBoys & Girls Club.In recent years there has been discussion of reopening the property as a nature camp, or potentially as a special permit skiing area, not unlikeMount Snow,but while some have still used the remainingski slopesin recent years, the area has been subject to vandalism and remains closed with no plans for reopening agreed on by its landholders.

Government and politics

See also:List of mayors of Holyoke, Massachusetts;Holyoke Police Department;Holyoke Housing Authority;Holyoke Public Schools;andHolyoke Water Works

County-level state agency heads
Clerk of Courts:	Laura S. Gentile (D)
District Attorney:	Anthony Gulluni (D)
Register of Deeds:	Cheryl Coakley-Rivera(D)
Register of Probate:	Suzanne Seguin (I)
County Sheriff:	Nicholas Cocchi (D)
State government
State Representative(s):	Patricia Duffy(D)
State Senator(s):	John Velis(D)
Governor's Councilor(s):	Tara Jacobs (D)
Federal government
U.S. Representative(s):	Richard Neal(D-1st District),
U.S. Senators:	Elizabeth Warren(D),Ed Markey(D)

Holyoke has astrong mayor – council governmentwhere the executive historically has broad powers to directly appoint officials or commissions which perform the same function, as well as present an initial budget before the city council.Taken into consideration with the authority of the city council, the office, however, has been described by the Massachusetts state government as having limited executive powers.For example, the mayor retains appointment of the chief of police directly,including terms of their contract, as well as the three members of the fire commission, without council approval.The fire commission, however, has exclusive authority to appoint or suspend the chief and other officers. Other municipal positions such as treasurer or city clerk are elected directly, unless said officeholder is appointed by the mayor in an acting capacity.In 2015 voters passed a resolution raising mayoral terms from two to four years.In 2021,Joshua A. Garciawas elected, and assumed the remainder of the term of Terence Murphy on November 15, 2021, who had assumed the office in an acting capacity.

Holyoke's legislative body is its City Council, which features seven ward representatives and six councilors at large. Historic records refer to the city council as the "Board of Aldermen" until its name changed in 1992;however, the title also reflected a separate body. From 1874 until 1896, the City Council wasbicameral;the Board of Aldermen consisted of seven at-large members, and a Common Council of 21 presided with three representatives per ward.From the ratification of the 1896 charter until the 1950s, the common council was eliminated and the Board comprised 21 members with 14 at-large, subsequently changed to eight at-large and seven ward members.In 2015 the city voted to reduce the number of councilors from 15 to 13, removing two at-large seats and creating a majority of ward-based seats.The City Council passes the city's final budget, holds hearings, creates departments and commissions, and amends zoning laws.

The city government comprises 33 offices, departments, and agencies, including utilities which are municipally owned and operated,Holyoke Gas and Electricand theHolyoke Water Works.

In theMassachusetts House of Representatives,Holyoke is represented byPatricia Duffyof the 5th Hampden District, which is conterminous with the city's boundaries. The city's state senator isJohn Velis,of the 2nd Hampshire and Hampden District. It is part of the EighthMassachusetts Governor's Councildistrict, represented by Tara Jacobs. In theUnited States Congressthe city is represented byRichard Nealof the state's1st district,andsenatorsElizabeth WarrenandEdward Markey.

Politically, the city's largest block of voters are those belonging tono political party,but in recent years the city has largely supported candidates from theDemocratic Partyby a wide margin. In the 2012 elections, voters supported PresidentBarack ObamaoverMitt Romneyby a margin of 76–22%,and Elizabeth Warren over incumbent Senator Scott Brown 70–30%.Holyoke elected an openly gay mayor, Alex Morse, in the 2011 municipal election.

Voter registration and party enrollment as of October 17, 2018
Party		Number of voters	Percentage
	Democratic	11,079	41.33%
	Republican	2,006	7.48%
	Unaffiliated	13,333	49.74%
	Green-Rainbow	102	0.38%
Total		26,803	100%

Public safety

Following the collapse of its industrial base in the 1970s, the city began to see civil unrest which gained notoriety both in state and national coverage; a wave of crime set in and the population declined nearly 20% from 1970 through 1990.Since that time, crime has gradually declined, with an increasedstate policepresence, and greater state socio-economic support programs.Since 2011, state and federal authorities have worked with the Holyoke Police Department in a Safe Neighborhood Initiative, attempting to suppress gang violence and creating greater after-school programming and opportunities forat-risk youth.This demographic has been described by Massachusetts' Shannon Community Safety Initiative as those most affected by violent crime in the city. In 2016, the HPD estimated 3 out of 4 violent crimes were committed by an estimated 589 gang members between Holyoke and Chicopee, often with members being offenders and victims inturf battlesover narcotics trafficking.

Between 2010 and 2018, the violent crime rate for Holyoke decreased by approximately 14.6%, whereas the property crime rate declined by 26.5%; both rates remain more than twice their respective state averages, as of 2018.

The Holyoke Fire Department responds to fires and other emergencies within the city.Emergency Medical Servicesare contracted to aprivate ambulance company.This contract is currently held byCataldo Ambulance Service.

Media

Newspapers

The Republican,based inSpringfield,and theDaily Hampshire GazetteofNorthamptonare the two daily newspapers regularly covering the city. Holyoke's ownnewspaper of record,theHolyoke Transcript-Telegram,which had been connected with the city since its founding under several variations of that name, ceased publication in 1993. Since this time Holyoke has not had its own daily news source but has been served by the weeklyHolyoke Sun,managed byTurley Publications,which began publication in 1995.On September 16, 2019, theDaily Hampshire Gazetteannounced that it was expanding its coverage to Holyoke full-time, opening a bureau there.

Since 2004 the area has also been covered by the bilingual monthlyEl Sol Latino;published independently out ofAmherst,it covers the news of the Pioneer Valley's Puerto Rican community, with considerable coverage given to Holyoke.The Republican also publishes a free Spanish-language weekly known as El Pueblo Latino, with distribution mainly in Springfield and Holyoke. Historically Holyoke has had numerous non-English news publications. Between 1874 and 1910 more than twelve French newspapers were published. Many of these were printed for only a matter of weeks, while the best documented, the weeklyLa Justice,was published from 1909 to 1964, being biweekly in its last six years.Another prominent example was the Polish languageGwiazda,orPolish Weekly-Star,among the best documented of at least four such publications.

Radio and television

Holyoke is served byradio stations in the Springfield market,including its ownWCCH,Holyoke Community College'sradio station,Mount Holyoke College'sWMHCofSouth Hadley,andWMUAofUMass Amherst.AChristian radiostationWREAalso broadcasts Spanish-language religious programming from a studio in downtown Holyoke.

In addition to televisionstations serving the Springfield market,the city is also home to Holyoke Media, apublic-accessmedia non-profit.

Film

In its history many smaller productions have been filmed in Holyoke, as well a handful of notable pictures including theneo-noirfilmMalice(1993) and mystery horror dramaThe Reincarnation of Peter Proud(1975). The city served as a filming location for the 1977 bodybuilding documentaryPumping Iron,asMountain Parkthen heldbodybuildingchampionships at its Clambake Pavilion. TheHolyoke Merry-Go-Roundwas also the setting of a music video sequence in the 2007 British documentaryYoung@Heart,chronicling a New England chorus of elders from Northampton who cover classic and contemporary rock songs.

Infrastructure

Healthcare

Emergency department ofHolyoke Medical Center

TheHolyoke Medical Centeroffers comprehensive health services. It was named a top hospital byThe Leapfrog Groupin 2016, and in 2018 received multiple awards for its stroke care from the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program of theMassachusetts Department of Public Health,and theAmerican Heart Association.The city'sProvidence Behavioral Health Hospitaloffers a number of programs for psychiatric health as well, with emphasis on new substance abuse treatment programs.It has been affiliated with theSisters of Providence of Holyoke,who have operated medical facilities in the city since they first received their charter in 1892.

TheSoldiers' Home in Holyokeis one of two state-operated veterans healthcare facilities in the Commonwealth, offering longterm residential care as well as outpatient services to Massachusetts veterans. In 2018, the facility received high marks from theDepartment of Veterans Affairs,showing improved safety measures for elderly residents and no deficiencies in provided care.

Telecom and public fiber

Since September 1997, the city's municipal utility,Holyoke Gas & Electric,has provided fiber optic high-speed internet service to municipal agencies, as well as commercial and industrial businesses.This network would also play a decisive role in the location of theMassachusetts Green High Performance Computing Centerin the city, due to its 1 gbps service offered to commercial customers, and a dedicated link exceeding 10 gbps for the facility's educational affiliates, on specialized networks such asInternet2.

The municipal fiber line network has also served as aninternet service providerto other area towns, including commercial customers in Chicopee,Metro CenterSpringfield,andGreenfield(until 2017), as well as network operator to residential customers inLeverett.With renewed public interest innet neutrality,civic groups have rallied for the city to offer a limited or complete rollout of thisfiber-to-the-homeservice in Holyoke and Chicopee. However, despite orders by the council to further explore this measure, no immediate plan for residential service had been given by the municipal utility as of 2018.On November 6, 2019, city voters passed a nonbinding question calling for a feasibility study and cost estimate of a gradual rollout of residential service.

Transportation

The Holyoke Transportation Center, serving riders of thePVTAandPeter Pan Buslines

Highways

Interstate highwaysserving Greater Holyoke include:

• I-91– North toNorthampton,Hatfield,Greenfield,and South toSpringfield,Hartford.
• I-391– South toChicopee,andSpringfield.

Immediately south of Holyoke is theMassachusetts Turnpike,accessible from exit 14 on I-91 South:

• I-90– East toWorcesterandBoston,and West toStockbridge,andAlbany

U.S. Highwaysserving Greater Holyoke include:

• US 5– Running fromInglesidetoSmith's Ferry,connectingWest SpringfieldtoEasthamptonandNorthampton.
• US 202– Running fromSouth Hadleyvia theJoseph E. Muller BridgetoWestfield, Massachusetts.

Massachusetts highwaysin the area include:

• Route 116– A minor freeway bypassing downtown Holyoke, connectingChicopeetoSouth Hadleyvia theWillimansett Bridgeand theVietnam Memorial Bridge.
• Route 141– A minor freeway connectingEasthamptonoverMount Tom,through downtown via Appleton Street and Main Street inSouth HolyoketoChicopeeviaI-391.

Bus and rail

A two-car train for theNew Haven–Springfield Shuttle,which was scheduled to begincommuter railservice to Holyoke in a pilot program starting in spring 2019

Several buses from thePioneer Valley Transit Authorityoperate in the city including the Paper City Express with a route across town as well as routes to South Hadley, Westfield, Northampton, Amherst, and Springfield, connecting withPeter Pan Buslinesat the Holyoke Transportation Center.

Passenger rail service returned to Holyoke in August 2015, after being absent since 1967.Amtrak'sVermonterstops at theHolyoke stationonce a day in each direction, and theValley Flyercommenced in Spring 2019 linking Holyoke to adjacent stations inNorthamptonandSpringfield,as far north asGreenfieldand south asNew Haven, Connecticut,with two trains operating in the morning and the evening.The route links travelers as far north asGreenfieldand as far south asNew Haven, Connecticut,with connections toNew York CityonAmtrakandMetro-North Railroad.

Freight rail service is provided to the city's industrial and warehouse railways inSpringdale,South Holyoke,andThe Flatsby thePioneer Valley Railroad,with connections toPan Am Southernto Springfield and Greenfield, and a line toWestfieldwith connections toSouthamptonand theCSXsystem.The PVRR also provides annual fall foliage passenger rides from theHolyoke Heritage State Parkto Westfield, and an annualSanta Trainat the park.

Airports

General aviation service is close by, atWestover Metropolitan AirportandNorthampton Airport.The closest major domestic and limited international air service is available throughBradley International Airport(BDL) inWindsor Locks, Connecticut.

Cycling and walking

Taken in its entirety, Holyoke has a moderateWalk Scoreof 55,thoughwalkabilityis highly variable between neighborhoods. For example, whereas the rural neighborhood ofRock Valleyis entirely car-dependent with a score of 3,the downtown area, with its grid central to stores, residences, and businesses, yields a Walk Score of 84.

In an effort to make the mixed industrial and residential area around thecanalsmore accessible, the city has in recent years constructed the eponymous Canalwalk, a series of walkways linking the downtown toThe FlatsandSouth Holyoke.

Environment

Laysan, a taggedharbor sealbriefly residing by theshad-laden waters near the Holyoke Dam

Despite its industrial history, Holyoke contains no Superfund sites.One of the greatest producers of pollution in the area was the formerMount Tom Station,a coal plant inSmith's Ferry.Citizens cited higher rates of asthma, attributing them to the plant and after many years of discussion it was finally shuttered in December 2014.In October 2016 ground was broken at the site for the construction of a new solar farm.

Flora and fauna

Due to a combination ofMassWildlife's Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, as well as public health protections for the watershed of theHolyoke Water Works,much of the city's area west ofInterstate 91is designated for limited development and often requires additional permitting.Of the city's 14,605 acres, approximate 8,105 along theMetacomet RidgeandMount Tom Rangehave been identified as core habitat for the more than 242 species ofvertebratesextant in the city's boundaries, and of this area about 52% of its acreage is managed by municipal, state, and federal agencies, with sustainable development plans in place to encourage development within the city's dense grid to the east. Of the wildlife identified in Holyoke, there are 29 species of fish, 21 of amphibians, 18 of reptiles, at least 160 species of birds includingruby-throated hummingbirdsandbald eagles,as well as 42 species of mammals such asblack bearsandmoose.In recent years the area has seen a growing black bear population, with the occasional individual wandering into the downtown center.

Global outreach

A memorial plaque inApremont, France,to the American soldiers who fought and died there, and honoring the city's gift of water during the village's reconstruction

Holyoke has in the past established sister city relationships with cities abroad, including:

• Svaliava,Zakarpattia Oblast,Ukraine (1997)
• Tralee,Ireland (2017)

Less formal relationships representing symbolic and technical exchanges have also been established with the following cities:

• Montreal,Quebec,Canada(1888), on January 26, 1888, a delegation from Montreal was received byMayor Delaney.Arriving by train, they comprised 200 members ofLe CanadienandLa Trappeursnowshoe clubs,as well asLaurent-Olivier DavidMP,former Mayor and folkloristHonoré Beaugrand,and Québecois poet laureateLouis Fréchette.In the midst of an evening snowstorm, they were greeted by 10,000 residents and a grand fireworks display.Throughout the night, several French and English speeches were made atcity hall,before an audience including reporters from severalFranco-American newspapers,with a speech by Delaney lamenting the tragicPrecious Blood Church fire,and a tribute by Beaugrand honoringPresident Cleveland.
• Beijing,Qing China(1906), in May 1906,Chen Jintao,regarded as China's first foreign scholar,was sent to the city on assignment to study its budding paper-making industry and infrastructure, reporting back to the Chinese government after a month of observation. He would be received not only by mill owners but the city government itself, including city engineer James Tighe who would show him the infrastructure of theHolyoke Reservoir System.Chen, possibly a member of theTongmenghui,would go on to serve numerous important roles in both theQingandRepublic of Chinagovernments, including Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for the latter.
• Dublin,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland(1906), on November 9, 1906, two Irish envoys were received byMayor Avery,Richard HazletonMP,andTom KettleMP,bothIrish nationalisthome-ruleadvocates touring the United States forthe cause.Avery was granted the chairman's position at the meeting held atSaint Jerome's Institute,and over the course of the evening several speeches were made by the guests and others in the Irish community describing the realities of British rule and progress made toward independence, with parallels drawn between the independence of the United States. Some $700, about $20,000 in 2017 US Dollars, was raised by the crowd for theIrish Parliamentary Partyby the end of the evening.
• Apremont-la-Forêt,Meuse,France (1919), at the end ofWorld War I,in honor of the fallen of the104th Infantry,the city provided this village a newwaterworks,public bath,and a community center under relief efforts led byBelle Skinner.In honor of these contributions, the village renamed its town square Place d'Holyoke and its main street Rue Belle Skinner. In 1930 a former supply route built by soldiers of the regiment was dedicated in Massachusetts as the Apremont Highway in a joint ceremony between Holyoke andWestfield.
• San Juan,Puerto Rico(2018), in the wake ofHurricane Mariamany Puerto Ricans sought refuge with family in Holyoke, with more than 235 additional students enrolling in Holyoke public schools in the year following the natural disaster; on April 27, 2018, a key to the city was presented to San Juan MayorCarmen Yulín Cruzby MayorAlex Morseto honor that "in such a time of despair [she] provided a beacon of hope and opportunity for Puerto Ricans"in the city's community, and for her leadership in the wake ofHurricane Maria.

Notable people

Further information:List of people from Holyoke, Massachusetts

See also

• List of mill towns in Massachusetts

Further reading

Main article:Bibliography of Holyoke

• DiCarlo, Ella Merkel (1982).Holyoke—Chicopee: A Perspective 1882–1982.Transcript-Telegram Co.OCLC9299261.
• Green, Constance McLaughlin(1939).Holyoke, Massachusetts; a case history of the industrial revolution in America.Yale Historical Publications. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Harper, Wyatt E. (1973).The Story of Holyoke.Centennial Committee of the City of Holyoke.OCLC8060402.
• Hartford, William F. (1990).Working people of Holyoke: class and ethnicity in a Massachusetts mill town, 1850–1960.New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.ISBN9780813515762.OCLC21041495.
• Ueda, Reed, ed. (2017). "Holyoke, Puerto Rican Enclaves".America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places.ABC-CLIO. p. 586.ISBN9781440828652.
• Wiesinger, Gerwart (1994).Die deutsche Einwandererkolonie von Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1865–1920[The German Immigrant Colony of Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1865–1920] (in German). Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag.OCLC31941276.

External links

• City of Holyoke official website
• Greater Holyoke Chamber of Commerce
• Holyoke Innovation District,official site, operated by the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative
• Holyokemass.com– History and genealogy of Holyoke, Massachusetts