Wikipedia

Adult contemporary music

(Redirected fromHot AC)

"Adult contemporary" redirects here. For other uses, seeAdult contemporary (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withAdult standards.

Adult contemporary music(AC) is a form ofradio-playedpopular music,ranging from 1960svocaland 1970ssoft rockmusic[1]to predominantlyballad-heavy music of the 1980s to the present day, with varying degrees ofeasy listening,pop,soul,R&B,quiet stormandrockinfluence.[2][3][4]Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution ofpop/rockmusic.[5]

Adult contemporary
Stylistic origins
Cultural origins1960s, United States
Subgenres
Other topics

Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis onmelodyandharmoniesis accentuated. It is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, abstains fromprofanityor complex lyricism, and is most commonly used asbackground musicin heavily-frequented family areas such assupermarkets,shopping malls,convention centers,orrestaurants.[6]Like most ofpop music,its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing averse–chorus structure.[7]The format is heavy on romanticsentimental balladswhich useacousticinstruments such aspianos,saxophones,and sometimes anorchestralset. However,electric guitarsandbassare also usually used, with the electric guitar sound relatively faint and high-pitched. Additionally, post-80s adult contemporary music may featuresynthesizers(and other electronics, such asdrum machines).[8]

An AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it usually excludeship hop,house/techno orelectronic dance musicand some forms ofdance-popandteen pop,as these are less popular among adults, the targetdemographic.AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group,[9]the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s. A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past, even some songs that never even charted the AC charts. This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart.[10]

Over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including "hot AC" (or "modern AC" ), "soft AC" (also known as "lite AC" ), "urban AC"(a softer type ofurban contemporary music), "rhythmic AC"(a softer type ofrhythmic contemporary), and "Christian AC"(a softer type ofcontemporary Christian music). Some stations play only "hot AC", "soft AC", or only one of the variety of subgenres. Therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music; it is merely an assemblage of selected songs from artists of many differentgenres.

History

edit

1960s: Early roots; easy listening and soft rock

edit
Johnny Mathisconcentrated on romantic readings of jazz and pop standards for the adult contemporary audience of the 1960s and 1970s.[11]

Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960seasy listeningformat, which adopted a 70–80% instrumental to 20–30% vocal mix. A few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. The easy listening format, as it was first known, was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as "rock and roll"stations.Billboardfirst published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was "Boll Weevil Song"byBrook Benton.The chart described itself as "not too far out in either direction".[12]

Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such asFrank Sinatra,Doris Day,Johnny Mathis,Connie Francis,Nat King Cole,Perry Como,and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recentrock and rollor pop hit songs, a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal withoutselling out.Some stations would also occasionally play earlierbig band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s.[13]

After 1965, differences between theHot 100chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced. Better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the early half of the 1960s.Roger Miller,Barbra StreisandandBobby Vintonwere among the chart's most popular performers.[12]

One big impetus for the development of the AC radio format was that, when rock and roll music first became popular in the mid-1950s, many more conservative radio stations wanted to continue to play current hit songs while shying away from rock. Thesemiddle of the road(or "MOR" ) stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-eraadult standardsandbig bandtitles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs.

Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or "beautiful music"stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purelyambient.Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental, created by relatively unknown artists, and rarely purchased (especially as singles, althoughJackie Gleason's beautiful music albums sold well in the 1950s), AC was an attempt to create a similar "lite" format by choosing certain tracks (both hit singles and album cuts) of popular artists.

In terms of record sales and career longevity,Barry Manilowis one of the most successful adult contemporary singers ever and the most best-selling of the 1970s.[14]

1970s: Soft rock forms as a radio format

edit
See also:Soft rockandList of soft rock artists and songs

By the late 1960shard rockhad been established as one of the rock genres[15]leading hard rock and soft rock to became distinct popular forms in the rock scene,[5]and as major radio formats in the US.[16]Soft rockwas often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. Major artists includedCarole King,Cat Stevens,James Taylor[8]andBread.[17][18]

In the early 1970s, softer songs byThe Carpenters,Anne Murray,John Denver,Barry Manilow,and evenBarbra Streisand,began to be played more often on "Top 40" radio.Top 40radio stations played the Top 40 hits regardless of genre. As the texture of much of the music played onTop 40radio began to soften, the Hot 100 and Easy Listening/AC charts became more similar. Easy Listening radio began playing songs by artists who had begun in other genres, such as rock and roll orR&B.Much of the music recorded by singer-songwriters such asDiana Ross,James Taylor,Carly Simon,Carole KingandJanis Iangot as much, if not more, airplay on AC stations than on Top 40 stations. AC stations also began playing softer songs byElvis Presley,Linda Ronstadt,Elton John,Rod Stewart,Billy Joel,and other rock-based artists. Soon after, the adult contemporary format began evolving into the sound that later defined it, with rock-oriented acts asChicagoandthe Eagles,becoming associated with the format.[12]In addition, several early disco songs, did well on the Adult Contemporary format.

Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such asToto,England Dan & John Ford Coley,Air Supply,Seals and Crofts,Dan Fogelberg,Americaand the reformedFleetwood Mac,whoseRumours(1977) was the best-selling album of the decade.[19]By 1977, some radio stations, notably New York'sWTFMandNBC-ownedWYNY,and Boston'sWEEI,had switched to an all-soft rock format.[20]AsSoftrock 103,WEEI was famous for its promotional campaigns, featuring slogans such as "Joni,without the baloni. "and"The Byrds,without the nyrds. "[21]However, different forms of popular music targeted to different demographic groups, such asdiscovs.hard rock,began to emerge in the late-1970s. This led to specialized radio stations that played specific genres of music, and generally followed the evolution of artists in those genres.

1980s: Adult contemporary succeeds as radio format

edit
"Careless Whisper"stayed at the No. 1 spot in the adult contemporary chart for 5 weeks.[22]The song wasGeorge Michael's first solo single.[23]

On April 7, 1979, the Easy Listening chart officially became known as Adult Contemporary,[12]and those two words have remained consistent in the name of the chart ever since. Adult contemporary music became one of the most popularradio formatsof the 1980s. The growth of AC was a natural result of thegenerationthat first listened to the more "specialized" music of the mid-late 1970s growing older and not being interested in theheavy metalandrap/hip-hopmusic that a new generation helped to play a significant role in theTop 40 chartsby the end of the decade.

Mainstream AC itself has evolved in a similar fashion over the years; traditional AC artists such asBarbra Streisand,theCarpenters,Dionne Warwick,Barry Manilow,John Denver,andOlivia Newton-Johnfound it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on, and due to the influence of MTV, artists who were staples of theContemporary Hit Radioformat, such asRichard Marx,Michael Jackson,Bonnie Tyler,George Michael,Phil Collins,Laura BraniganandJourney[24][25]began crossing over to the AC charts with greater frequency. Collins has been described byAllMusicas "one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond".[26]However, with the combination of MTV and AC radio, adult contemporary appeared harder to define as a genre, with established soft-rock artists of the past still charting pop hits and receiving airplay alongside mainstream radio fare from newer artists at the time.

Chicagoband logo. Their 1984 single "You're the Inspiration"from their fourteenth studio albumChicago 17(1984) became synonymous with the soft rock radio format.

The amount of crossover between the AC chart and the Hot 100 has varied based on how much the passing pop music trends of the times appealed to adult listeners. Not manydiscoornew wavesongs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured onCHRformats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio.

Although dance-oriented, electronic pop and ballad-oriented rock dominated the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed a mild success thanks toSheena Easton,Amy Grant,[27]Lionel Richie,Christopher Cross,Dan Hill,Leo Sayer,Billy Ocean,[28]Julio Iglesias,Bertie Higgins,andTommy Page.[29]No song spent more than six weeks at No. 1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, "You Are"in 1983 and"Hello"in 1984, which also reached No. 1 on the Hot 100.

In 1989,Linda RonstadtreleasedCry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind,described by critics as "the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade", featuring American soul singerAaron Nevilleon several of the twelve tracks. The album was certified Triple Platinum in the United States alone and became a major success throughout the globe. TheGrammy Award-winning singles, "Don't Know Much"and"All My Life",were both long-running No. 1 Adult Contemporary hits. Several additional singles from the disc made the AC Top 10 as well. The album won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play.

1990s: Subgenre formations/radio crossovers

edit
Latin artistMarc Anthony's self-titled English-language album released in 1999 had singles that crossed over to the AC charts.[30]

The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B in the shape of new jack swing, at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence. This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles. At the same time, the genre began adopting elements from hard rock as tastes were shifting towards louder music, while AC stations in general began playing more rock acts. "Softer" features such as light instrumental music (carried over from thebeautiful musicformat—many AC stations carried the format until the early 1970s), new age songs and most pre-1964 artists were gradually phased out from AC radio throughout the early to mid-1990s.

Unlike the majority of 1980s mainstream singers, the 1990s mainstream pop/R&B singers such asAll-4-One,[31]Boyz II Men,Christina Aguilera,[32]Backstreet BoysandSavage Garden[32]generally crossed over to the AC charts.Latin popartists such asLynda Thomas,[33]Ricky Martin,Marc Anthony,Selena,Enrique IglesiasandLuis Miguelalso enjoyed success in the AC charts.

In addition toCeline Dion,who has had significant success on this chart, other artists with multiple number ones on the AC chart in the 1990s includeMariah Carey,Phil Collins,Michael Bolton,Bryan Adams,Whitney HoustonandShania Twain.Newer femaleAdult album alternativesinger-songwriters such asSarah McLachlan,Natalie Merchant,Jewel,Melissa EtheridgeandSheryl Crowalso broke through on the AC chart during this time.[34]

In 1996,Billboardcreated a new chart calledAdult Top 40,which reflects programming on radio stations that exists somewhere between "adult contemporary" music and "pop" music. Although they are sometimes mistaken for each other, the Adult Contemporary chart and the Adult Top 40 chart are separate charts, and songs reaching one chart might not reach the other. In addition,hot ACis another subgenre of radio programming that is distinct from the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart as it exists today, despite the apparent similarity in name.

In response to the pressure on Hot AC, a new kind of AC format cropped up among American radio recently. Theurban adult contemporaryformat (a term coined byBarry Mayo) usually attracts a large number of African Americans and sometimesCaucasianlisteners through playing a great deal ofR&B(without any form of rapping),gospel music,classic soul anddance music(includingdisco).

Another format,rhythmic AC,in addition to playing all the popular hot and soft AC music, past and present, places a heavy emphasis ondiscoas well as 1980s and 1990s dance hits, such as those byAmber,andBlack Box,and includes danceremixesof pop songs, such as theSoul Solutionmix ofToni Braxton's "Unbreak My Heart".

In its early years of existence, thesmooth jazzformat was considered to be a form of AC, although it was mainly instrumental, and related a stronger resemblance to the soft AC-styled music. For many years,George Benson,Kenny GandDave Kozhad all had crossover hits that were played on both smooth jazz and soft AC stations.

2000s–present: AC music goes mainstream and mainstream music goes AC

edit
A number ofMichael Bublé's singles and albums topped the AC charts in the 2000s and 2010s.[35]

During the 2000s, the AC market gained an increased presence in the music industry, as its radio formats were popular nationwide—Smooth jazz and "Urban AC" stations were ubiquitous in the East Coast, while Soft rock and "adult standards" stations were common in the Midwest, and pop-oriented "Hot AC" and "world music" /Hispanic AC stations were easily found in the West Coast and the "Sun Belt". This led to the presence of numerous genres on the AC charts, often crossing to the "pop" charts, winning over many critics in the need to define AC, and increased the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day-to-day radio play.

Josh Groban's single "You Raise Me Up"andMichael Bublé's cover of "Fever" are often cited as key examples of the high production values and ballad-heavy sound that defined 2000s-era AC,[12]often dubbed as "jazz-pop", heavily carrying classical, jazz and traditional pop influences. Artists such asNick Lachey,James Blunt,Jamie Cullum,John Mayer,Jason Mraz,Norah Jones,Diana Krall,Amy WinehouseandSusan Boylealso achieved great success during this period. During most of the 2000s,country music/countrypolitanmusicians such asKelly Clarkson,Clay Aiken,Billy Joel,Garth Brooks,Shania Twain,LeAnn RimesandCarrie Underwoodscored hits on soft AC, particularly in Southern states. A popular trend in the late 1990s and 2000s was remixingdance musichits into adult contemporary ballads, especially in the US, (for example, the "Candlelight Mix" versions of "Heaven"byDJ SammyandYanou,"Listen To Your Heart" byD.H.T.,and "Everytime We Touch"byCascada).

Key to the success of AC in the 2000s was the 25–34 demographic which had outgrown the pop music offerings of the time, most new rock became tooalternativeand harsh for AC radio and most new pop was now influenced heavily bydance-pop,hip-hop andelectronic dance music.[36]At the same time, the music industry also began to focus on older audiences and markets generally considered "niche".

During the late 2000s, certain pop songs began entering the AC charts instead, generally after having recently fallen off the Hot 100. Adrian Moreira, senior vice president for adult music forRCA Music Group,said, "We've seen a fairly tidal shift in what AC will play". Rather than emphasizing older songs, adult contemporary now began playing many of the same songs as top 40 andadult top 40,but only after the hits had become established.[12]An article onMTV's website by Corey Moss describes this trend as: "In other words, AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death. Or, to optimists, to get a second life."[37]As adult contemporary has long characterized itself as family-friendly, "clean" versions of pop songs began appearing on the AC chart, as were the cases of "Perfect"byP!nk,and "Forget You"byCee Lo Green,both in 2011.[12]

AC radio's shift into more mainstream pop was a result of the changes on the broadcasting landscape following the2005–2007 economic downturn and eventual recession,as advertisers preferred more profitablechart-basedformats, which meant the demise of many AC-based formulas, primarily those aimed at older audiences, with tastes changing towards more modern music among all age groups. Diminishing physical record sales throughout the 2010s also proved a major blow to the AC genre, and there are concerns that theportable people meter,a device being used to determine radio listenership, may be incompatible with AC songs and may not accurately pick up that a person is listening to an AC station because of the pitches and frequencies used in the style.[38]

Key AC artists of the early to mid-2010s includedBruno Mars,Coldplay,Adele,Arcade Fire,Meghan Trainor,Maroon 5andEd Sheeran,featuring a more pop-influenced, uptempo style than the typical AC fare of previous years, also featuring production values reminiscent of theMotown soundand the so-calledWall of Soundthat dominated the soul-heavy pop charts of the early 1960s, when the Easy Listening chart was first introduced. The earlier years of the decade also sawalternativeandindie rockacts such asWilco,Feist,The 1975,Imagine Dragons,Mumford & Sons,Of Monsters and MenandThe Lumineersquickly becoming AC mainstays,[39][40]although these were eventually replaced by rhythm-based rock bands such asPanic! at the Disco,Neon Trees,X Ambassadors,Sheppard,Bastille,American Authors,Fitz and the Tantrums,Foster the People,Twenty One Pilots,Walk the MoonandMilky Chance.

During the middle of the decade, newer artists such asCeeLo Green,OneRepublic,Rachel Platten,Christina Perri,Andy Grammer,James Bay,Sara Bareilles,Shawn Mendes,Sia,Sam Smith,Gavin Degraw,Charlie PuthandColbie Caillatas well as acts that were popular in the 1990s and early 2000s such asBritney SpearsandChristina Aguilerawere added to the rotation of most AC stations.

As trap music and similar styles of hip-hop began dominating top 40 stations during the last years of the 2010s, AC stations began picking up rhythmic artists likeRihanna,Lady Gaga,Ellie Goulding,Taio CruzandPitbullas well asEDMartists likeAvicii,Daft Punk,Calvin Harris,David GuettaandTiesto.Meanwhile, younger artists likeCamila Cabello,Justin Bieber,Selena Gomez,Ariana Grande,Nick Jonasand theJonas BrothersandHalseybegan to be featured on AC stations more than on top 40 stations.[citation needed]

Adult contemporary formats

edit

In radio broadcasting, adult contemporary is divided into several sub-formats, each with their own musical direction and demographic targeting. Hot adult contemporary formats generally feature an uptemporotationof recent hits that appeal to a wide adult audience.[41]A station formatted as "adult contemporary" with no qualifier, also referred to as "mainstream" AC, generally has a similar playlist to hot AC stations, but with a broader rotation of classic hits from past decades.[42][41]

Soft adult contemporary formats have a more conservative sound oriented primarily towards adult women, urban AC focuses onR&Bandsoul musicthat appeal to African American adults, and rhythmic AC focuses ondance musicand otherrhythmicgenres.

Hot adult contemporary

edit
See also:Adult Top 40andAdult album alternative

Hot adult contemporary(hot AC) radio stations play a wide range ofpopular musicthat appeals towards the 18–54 age group;[43]it serves as a middle ground between the youth-orientedcontemporary hit radio(CHR) format, and adult contemporary formats (such as "mainstream" and soft AC) that are typically targeted towards a more mature demographic. They generally feature uptempo hit music from the last 25 years with wide appeal, such as pop andpop rocksongs, while excluding more youth-oriented music such aship-hop.[42][41]Older music featured on hot AC stations usually reflects familiar and youthful music that adults had grown up with.[44][41]Likewise, material from legacy pop acts such as theBackstreet Boys,Jason Mraz,John Mayer,andPinkis prominent within the format.[41][40]

The "hot AC" designation began to appear in the 1990s; the term described adult contemporary stations with a more energetic presentation and uptempo sound than their softer counterparts.[45]An early example of the format, Houston'sKHMXMix 96.5,climbed from 14th place in the market to third in the six months after its launch. The station's format and branding was widely replicated by other stations.[46]Many hot AC outlets are among the top stations in their respective market.[41]

Initially focused more on pop rock, the format has evolved to reflect changes in the composition of this audience; by the mid-2000s, the format had evolved to include more uptempo pop music,[44][41]whilealternativeandindie rockcrossovers(such asFoster the People,Imagine Dragons,Lovelytheband,andTwenty One Pilots) became more prevalent within the format during the 2010s.[41][40]

These developments helped to expand the popularity of the format among younger listeners such asmillennials;Nielsen Audioranked hot AC as the third most-popular format among millennials, behind pop andcountry music.[41][42]Of the format's expanding demographic reach,WOMX-FMprogram director Dana Taylor stated that hot AC stations "may not be the radio station that everybody agrees on, but it's a radio station that everybody goes, 'I'm okay with that'."[41]The increasingly downtempo direction of pop hits in the mid-to-late 2010's also helped to attract additional listeners.[42]

Hot AC stations typically keep a larger body of recent hits in rotation than those with rigid, chart-driven formats like CHR andurban contemporary.As these stations' playlists have become concentrated towards airing only the current hits at a given time, hot AC airplay can build and sustain a song's popularity over a long-term period. This effect has been credited in helping build an audience for early singles from new acts such asAdele,Rachel Platten( "Fight Song",which gained prominence for its use duringHillary Clinton's2016 US presidential election campaign), andMax Schneider(whose 2016 single "Lights Down Low",over a year after its original release, became asleeper hiton theBillboardMainstream Top 40andHot 100due in part to strong hot AC airplay).[41][47][48]

The popularity of the hot AC format prompted many mainstream AC stations to add uptempo music to their playlists, while still maintaining a deeper rotation of older hits than hot AC stations.[42][41]

Modern adult contemporary

edit

Modern adult contemporaryrefers to AC formats with a stronger lean towardsmodern rockandpop rock.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, modern AC was typically targeted towards women, with Mike Marino ofKMXBinLas Vegasdescribing the format as reaching "an audience that has outgrown the edgier hip-hop or alternative music but hasn't gotten old and sappy enough for the soft ACs."[49]The format typically focused on female rock acts such asShawn Colvin,Sheryl Crow,Indigo Girls,Jewel,andSarah McLachlan,andfolk rock-influenced bands such asCounting CrowsandThe Wallflowers.[50][51][52]Today, the format is fairly uncommon, withKTCZin theMinnesotaTwin CitiesandKMXPinPhoenix, Arizonabeing some of the few modern AC stations left.

Soft adult contemporary

edit
See also:Soft rockandList of soft rock artists and songs

TheSoft adult contemporaryformat typically targets women 25–54 andat-worklistening. Soft AC playlists are generally conservative in comparison to hot AC, focusing onpop and power ballads,soft rock,and other familiar, light hits.[53]Upon its establishment in the 1980s, the soft AC format was positioned as being a more upbeat version ofeasy listeningthat would appeal better to a younger audience, mainly by excluding instrumentalbeautiful music.Easy listening stations had begun shifting to the format out of concern that their existing programming would not appeal to the current generation of listeners.[45]

In a 1990 article,James Warrenof theChicago Tribunecharacterized soft AC stations as being "as middle-of-the-road and unthreatening as modern media get", with personalities that were encouraged to be as inoffensive and "low-profile" as possible, and a more conservative music library than hot AC-leaning stations. In particular, Chicago'sWLITdid not have its airstaff talk over the beginning and endings of songs (in contrast to the hot AC-leaningWFYR), and playedBob Seger's "We've Got Tonite"but not"Old Time Rock and Roll"(which was part ofWTMX's playlist). The director of a soft AC station in Connecticut,WEZN-FM,told Warren that he had barred the reading of top-of-hour news headlines, so that listeners wouldn't be tempted to tune away to anall-newsstation to learn more.[45]

Soft AC stations tend to be more selective in their music libraries than other adult contemporary stations, preferring proven songs over current hits.[45]Upon the onset of the format's popularity, core artists typically included singers such asNat King Cole,Perry Como,Neil Diamond,Barry Manilow,Johnny Mathis,andBarbra Streisand.By the 1990s, to improve their appeal among changing demographics, some soft AC stations began to widen their playlist to include selections from contemporary acts with 80s, & 90s, musicians & bands such asBon Jovi,Bryan Adams,Celine Dion,Roxette,Mariah Carey,Eric Clapton,Phil Collins,Elton John,Cher,Whitney Houston,Journey,andQueen.On the other hand, by 1996, New York'sWLTWhad begun to phase out its softer music in favor of a more uptempo direction.[45][54][55][56]

In 2017,Inside Radioreported that soft AC had the third-largest decrease in US stations offering the format over the past decade (at 128), ranking behind onlyadult standardsandoldies—a shift credited to aging demographics and a major boom in the wider-appealingclassic hitsformat (which saw the largest overall increase over the same period). Consultant Gary Berkowitz argued that the soft AC format had become increasingly irrelevant in comparison to mainstream and hot AC, due toPPMmarkets preferring uptempo music.[57]

At the same time, however, soft AC began to experience a resurgence. In April 2016,iHeartMediaflipped its San Francisco classic soul stationKISQto soft AC asThe Breeze;as of November 2018, it was the top station in the Bay Area. The trend continued into 2017 and 2018, with iHeartMedia extending itsBreezebrand to other soft AC flips, and the brand (among others) being adopted by competitors such asEntercom.[21][53]Industry analyst Sean Ross argued that older demographics were becoming more lucrative due to changes in listening habits among younger audiences, which prefer digital platforms such asmusic streaming servicesover linear terrestrial radio, and also noted how mainstream AC was dependent on the Top 40 charts to break new songs.[53]

Current soft AC stations have continued to feature recurrents such asMichael Bolton,Celine Dion,Elton John,Fleetwood Mac,Hall & Oates,and Whitney Houston, while contemporary musicians such asAdeleandMichael Bubléhave also become modern fixtures of the format.[58][59][53][57]In addition, the soft AC sound has diversified to include more songs that are "safe and universal" but not necessarily "soft", with Ross presenting examples such asSimple Minds' "Don't You (Forget About Me)",the retroactively-defined genre ofyacht rock,and noting thatKSWDin Seattle—one of the stations that had launched in the soft AC "boom" of the late-2010s—had featureddance-andsynth-popsongs such as "Poker Face","Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)",and"Uptown Funk"in its final days as a soft AC station before flipping to hot AC the following month.[53][60]

Over time, some stations have gradually adjusted their playlists to include more recurrents from the 1980s and 1970s (although not to the same extent as other "soft oldies" formats, such asMeTV FM,which have also grown in popularity).[53][61]Meanwhile, some classic hits and mainstream AC stations have increasingly aired songs that had historically been considered staples of soft AC.[60]

Urban adult contemporary

edit

TheUrban adult contemporaryformat focuses primarily on current and classicR&Bandsoul music.The format typically targets African-American adults: July 2018 numbers from Nielsen Audio recorded it as the top format among African-Americans 25–54 and 35–64.[62]It also has a sizable popularity among younger listeners, ranking behindurban contemporaryas the second-most popular format among African-American adults 18–34 in the same report, with an 18.9 audience share.[62]

The format typically excludes youthful rhythmic music, such as commercialhip-hopand rap, that are usually associated with the urban contemporary format.[63][64][65]The urban AC format is also associated with the "quiet storm"—mellower R&B ballads andslow jams,often in ajazz-influenced style. Thesyndicatedevening programKeith SweatHotelfocuses specifically on such music.[66][67][68][69]

As urban contemporary stations prefer hit-driven hip-hop songs, labels typically service R&B songs to the urban AC format only. Some current R&B musicians have complained that this is an artificial divide that prevents them from reaching a wider, mainstream audience (citing the relatively smaller number of urban AC outlets in comparison to urban and rhythmic), even with attempts to give some singles a hip-hop-influenced sound to improve the potential forcrossoverappeal. Some acts have attempted to disassociate themselves from "R&B" to reduce the effect of this stigma, althoughmusic streaming serviceshave helped to expose R&B to a wider audience beyond urban AC radio.[70][71]

Rhythmic adult contemporary

edit

TheRhythmic adult contemporaryformat generally focuses on a variety of current and classicdance music,such asdance-pop,hip-hop,and R&B (often resembling a blend of therhythmic oldiesand hot AC formats in practice). The exact composition of current and recurrent content can vary between stations, depending on local cultures and the heritage of rhythmic formats in the market, ranging from late-80s/early-90s dance hits (includinglatin freestyle), todiscoandMotown.Rhythmic hot AC has also been used as a format, popularized by stations such as New York'sWKTU.[72][73][74][75][76]

Smooth adult contemporary

edit
See also:Smooth jazz radio

TheSmooth adult contemporaryformat is a variant of the smooth jazz format that incorporates mainstream and/or urban adult contemporary songs; they are designed to appeal to a wider range of demographics than a straight smooth jazz format. Some smooth AC stations may limit their airplay of jazz instrumentals to those by better-known performers such asKenny G.[77][78]

Christian adult contemporary

edit

Contemporary Christian music(CCM) has several subgenres, one being "Christian AC".Radio & Records,for instance, lists Christian AC among its format charts. There has been crossover to mainstream and hot AC formats by many of the core artists of the Christian AC genre, notablyAmy Grant,Michael W. Smith,Kathy Troccoli,Steven Curtis Chapman,Plumb,and more recentlyBig Daddy Weave,Casting Crowns,For King & Country,Lauren Daigle,MercyMe,andNewsboys.

Spanish adult contemporary

edit

A number of Spanish-language stations in the U.S. run versions of the adult contemporary format oriented towardsLatin pop,such asTelevisaUnivision'sKLVELos Angeles (one of the highest-rated Spanish-language radio stations in the country); upon its launch in 2014, Spanish AC stationKVIBidentified core artists such asAlejandro Fernández,Ana Gabriel,Romeo Santos,andJoan Sebastian.[79][80][81]

In 2023,iHeartMediabegan to roll out a variation of the Spanish AC format on some of its stations, featuring a gold-based mix of Latin pop and English-language, mainstream AC hits from the 1980s and 1990s (with core artists such as theBackstreet Boys,Celine Dion,Madonna,Michael Jackson,andWhitney Houston,as well ascrossoverssuch asGloria EstefanandShakira),[82][83]and programming presented in Spanish. The format is intended to appeal tobilingualaudiences.[84][83]First introduced byWMIA-FMin Miami, the hybrid format quickly proved successful,[85][86]prompting iHeartMedia to replicate it atKXXMSan Antonio,[87]and similar formats appearing at stations such asWOEXin Orlando,[88]KOIT-DT3/KUFX-DT2in the San Francisco Bay Area,[89]andKGSR-HD4in Austin.[90]

Adult album alternative

edit

TheAdult album alternative(triple-AorAAA) format generally features a diverse playlist of music that appeals to an adult audience, with a focus on emerging songs and artists, and often featuring songs that were not released as singles. The exact composition of a triple-A station's playlist can vary, withalternative rock,indie rock,andindie popcommonly used as core genres, and some stations featuring more uncommon genres such asalternative country,Americana,blues,folk music,andworld music.NPRobserved in 2018 that roughly half of all triple-A stations in the U.S. werenon-commercial stations.[91]With the wide variety of music that is serviced to the format, adult album alternative charts have often served as a feeder for other adult contemporary formats, especially hot AC, and have been credited for breaking acts such asDave Matthews BandandLorde.[91][92][93]

Christmas music

edit
See also:Christmas music § Radio broadcasting of Christmas music

Since the 1990s, it has become common for many AC stations, particularly soft AC stations, to play primarily or exclusivelyChristmas musicduring theChristmas seasonin November and December. While these tend mostly to be contemporary seasonal recordings by the same artists featured under the normal format, most stations will also air at least some vintage holiday tunes from older pop,MOR,andadult standardsartists – such as Boney M.,The Carpenters,Nat King Cole,Perry Como,Bing Crosby,Percy Faith,Mannheim Steamroller,Dean Martin,Johnny Mathis,Trans-Siberian Orchestra,andAndy Williams– many of whom would never be played on these stations during the rest of the year.

These Christmas music marathons typically start a few weeks beforeThanksgiving Dayand end after Christmas Day, or sometimes extending to New Year's Day. Afterwards, the stations usually resume their normal music fare. Several stations begin the holiday format much earlier, at the beginning of November especially afterHalloween.The roots of this tradition can be traced back to thebeautiful musicandeasy listeningstations of the 1960s and 1970s.[citation needed]

Syndicated radio shows and networks carrying the adult contemporary format

edit
  • Delilah– One of the US'smost popular radio shows,Delilahairs primarily in the evening. Its Christmas Edition airs from mid-November to late December.
  • Intelligence for Your Life – Hosted byJohn Tesh,this show also airs evenings and also on weekends.
  • American Top 40withRyan Seacrest– One version of AT40 airs on US hot AC stations, which is a little different from its Top-40/CHR counterpart.
  • Rick Dees Weekly Top 40/Weekly Top 30– Began offering Hot AC versions of the popular countdown show in June 1996. These shows feature the top 20 Hot AC songs in the US along with about 10 past hits from the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s (decade). A softer "AC" version was added in July 2009 to try to fill in the void left byCasey Kasemending his AC countdown.
  • Radio DisneyMusic Top 30 Countdown, One version is for Hot AC stations, the other version is for Mainstream AC stations. Plays the USA Top 30 songs of the week according to Mediabase and a music rating service called ratethemusic.com. This show, like Rick Dees' show, is distributed by Compass Media Networks.
  • Backtrax USAwith Kid Kelly – Weekend programs focusing on the'80sand'90s,targeted for hot AC stations.
  • ABCandDial Globalboth offer AC 24-hour networks programming soft and hot AC.
  • Tom JoynerandSteve Harveyhave popular morning shows that air on urban AC (and sometimes Hip-Hop) stations. Both shows are often heard on competing stations in the same city, such asSt. Louis,PhiladelphiaandAtlanta.Joyner's show is syndicated byABC Radio,and Harvey's show byPremiere Radio Networks.
  • Retro Rewindwith Dave Harris is a weekend-based radio show highlighting a massive playlist of songs from the1980sand1990s,interviews, spotlights and contests. The show is done live across the US on Saturday nights, taking audience requests. The show is targeted towards HOT AC and AC radio stations.
  • TheEZ Rocknetwork is a brand/network of soft AC heard in Canada.
  • Heart- A radio network in the UK that grew throughout 2009 as more stations were rebranded as "Heart".
  • Smooth Radio– A UK-wide radio network that formed from six regional Smooth Radio stations.
  • Smoothfm– A network of two Australian commercial radio stations (based inSydneyandMelbourne) that are focused on providing an eclectic easy-listening playlist, usually featuring ballads.
  • Nova– A network of five Australian commercial radio station (based inSydney,Melbourne,Brisbane,AdelaideandPerth) that are very similar toSmoothfm.
  • The Breeze– A group of New Zealand adult contemporary radio stations owned by MediaWorks Radio. There are 20 stations currently broadcasting throughout New Zealand.
  • The Bob and Sheri Show– American morning drive show based inCharlotte, North Carolina.Heard on more than 50 AC stations and theAmerican Forces Network

Former syndicated programming includes Dick Clark's US Music Survey (1996–2005), Casey's Hot 20/Casey's Countdown/American Top 20/10 (1992–2009) and Top 30 USA.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^"Oldies Music Glossary:" Adult Contemporary "".Archived fromthe originalon February 2, 2012.RetrievedAugust 4,2008.
  2. ^"Soft Rock Music – What is Soft Rock? – Oldies Music Songs and Artists".Oldies.about.com. September 6, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on January 21, 2012.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  3. ^"Adult Contemporary: Significant Albums, Artists and Songs, Most Viewed".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2012.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  4. ^Starr, Larry (December 6, 2006). "Chapter 11: Key Terms and Definitions".American Popular Music: From Minstrelsy to MP3(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-530053-6.OCLC70259055.Archivedfrom the original on January 2, 2011.
  5. ^abBrowne, R. B.; Browne, P., eds. (2001).The Guide to United States Popular Culture.Popular Press. p. 687.ISBN0-87972-821-3.
  6. ^"What the hell is Adult Contemporary?".January 2, 2008.
  7. ^"Pop Music – What Is Pop Music – A Definition and Brief History".Top40.about.com. September 7, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2005.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  8. ^abCurtis, J. M. (1987).Rock eras: interpretations of music and society, 1954–1984.Popular Press. p. 236.
  9. ^"Adult Contemporary's Demographic Fault Line Is Now 45".All Access.August 3, 2012.
  10. ^Brecht, Robert M. (May 31, 2011)."Advertising Shifting to Targeting Older Demographic Segments".DMN3 Blog.DMN3. Archived fromthe originalon April 7, 2014.RetrievedMarch 17,2012.
  11. ^Bush, John (September 30, 1935)."Johnny Mathis – Music Biography, Credits and Discography".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on March 14, 2021.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  12. ^abcdefgTrust, Gary (July 23, 2011). "Vanilla Is Licking the Competition".Billboard.Vol. 123, no. 25.
  13. ^Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn (February 23, 2005). "Project MUSE – Lounge Caravan: A Selective Discography".Notes.61(4): 1060–1083.doi:10.1353/not.2005.0059.S2CID191619811.
  14. ^Huey, Steve (June 17, 1943)."Barry Manilow – Music Biography, Credits and Discography".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on March 14, 2021.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  15. ^"1960s Music History including Sixties Styles, Bands and Artists".Archivedfrom the original on July 29, 2019.RetrievedJuly 16,2019.
  16. ^Keith, M. C. (2009).The Radio Station: Broadcast, Satellite and Internet(8th ed.). Focal Press. p. 14.ISBN978-0-240-81186-4.
  17. ^"Soft Rock: Significant Albums, Artists and Songs, Most Viewed".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on February 27, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 9,2013.
  18. ^"Soft Rock – Profile of the Mellow, Romantic Soft Rock of the '70s and Early '80s".80music.about.com. April 12, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 9,2013.
  19. ^Buckley, P. (2003).The Rough Guide to Rock(3rd ed.). Rough Guides. p. 378.
  20. ^Sterling, C. H.; Keith, M. C. (2008).Sounds of Change: a History of FM broadcasting in America.UNC Press. pp. 136–7.
  21. ^abJacobson, Adam (December 27, 2018)."A Welcome 'Breeze,' Or A Stiff Wind For Radio?".Radio & Television Business Report.Archivedfrom the original on January 8, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 8,2019.
  22. ^"Careless Whisper – Wham!".Billboard.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  23. ^Deming, Mark (June 25, 1963)."George Michael – Music Biography, Credits and Discography".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on September 2, 2009.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  24. ^"Journey: The band who did not stop believing".BBC News.November 12, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on November 16, 2010.RetrievedDecember 6,2010.
  25. ^"10 Best Soft Rock Ballads".Made Man. November 2, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon November 13, 2010.RetrievedDecember 6,2010."Journey fans can easily list a dozen soft rock ballads from the band..."
  26. ^Ruhlmann, William."Phil Collins Biography".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on October 1, 2013.RetrievedApril 21,2014.
  27. ^Ruhlmann, William."Amy Grant – Music Biography, Credits and Discography".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2021.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  28. ^Prato, Greg (January 21, 1950)."Billy Ocean – Music Biography, Credits and Discography".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on March 14, 2021.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  29. ^Fawthrop, Peter (May 24, 1970)."Tommy Page – Music Biography, Credits and Discography".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on September 20, 2020.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  30. ^Harris, Craig."Marc Anthony – Music Biography, Credits and Discography".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on February 11, 2021.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  31. ^"All-4-One Album & Song Chart History".Billboard.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  32. ^ab"Mariah Carey Music News & Info".Billboard.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  33. ^"Lynda realiza su internacionalización"(in Spanish). terra.com.mx. Archived fromthe originalon October 23, 2013.RetrievedMarch 27,2015.
  34. ^Hyatt, Wesley (1999).The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits.New York City:Billboard Books.ISBN978-0-8230-7693-2.
  35. ^Latham, Aaron (September 9, 1975)."Michael Bublé – Music Biography, Credits and Discography".AllMusic.Archivedfrom the original on February 24, 2021.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  36. ^Whitburn, Joel(2007).Billboard Top Adult Songs 1961–2006.Record Research Inc. p. 373.
  37. ^"Never A 'Bad Day' — Adult-Contemporary Radio, Where Pop Hits Live Strong".MTV News.October 31, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon August 2, 2015.
  38. ^Boudway, Ira (June 14, 2016)."The Queen of FM Fights for Her Throne".Bloomberg Business Week.Archivedfrom the original on June 23, 2017.RetrievedJune 15,2016.It's destroying radio in general, and especially shows that don't play for the meter.
  39. ^"MediaBase – Log in".www.americasmusiccharts.com.Archivedfrom the original on August 23, 2015.RetrievedSeptember 10,2016.
  40. ^abcKelley, Frannie (October 26, 2011)."Has 'Indie' Become 'Adult Contemporary'?: The Record".NPR.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2012.RetrievedOctober 3,2012.
  41. ^abcdefghijklLeight, Elias (October 20, 2018)."Adult Radio Was Once the Butt of Jokes. Now It's the Hottest Radio Format".Rolling Stone.Archivedfrom the original on November 12, 2018.RetrievedNovember 12,2018.
  42. ^abcde"With CHR Polarizing, Are AC & Hot AC The New Top 40?".Insideradio.com.Archivedfrom the original on May 13, 2021.RetrievedNovember 13,2018.
  43. ^Schiffman, Marc; Hall, Dana (June 14, 1997). "Modern debates value of '80s gold".Billboard.Vol. 109, no. 24. p. 75.
  44. ^abZapoleon, Guy."Hot AC – Where Does It Stand?".All Access.Archivedfrom the original on November 19, 2018.RetrievedNovember 19,2018.
  45. ^abcdeWarren, James."When 'Easy' radio goes 'Soft,', things can get hard".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on November 19, 2018.RetrievedNovember 19,2018.
  46. ^Mariani, Anthony (November 18, 1999)."Mix Master".Houston Press.Archivedfrom the original on November 20, 2018.RetrievedNovember 19,2018.
  47. ^"MAX's 'Lights Down Low,' Featuring gnash, Shines at No. 1 on Adult Pop Songs Chart".Billboard.Archivedfrom the original on June 13, 2018.RetrievedNovember 12,2018.
  48. ^"Hot 100 Chart Moves: MAX Hits the Top 40 With 'Lights Down Low'".Billboard.Archivedfrom the original on June 30, 2018.RetrievedNovember 12,2018.
  49. ^Burns, Alan (December 13, 1996)."Modern AC & The 25-44 Revolution"(PDF).R&R:12.
  50. ^"Getting To Know She Radio Will Take Time".Orlando Sentinel.Archivedfrom the original on December 23, 2018.RetrievedDecember 22,2018.
  51. ^FARLEY, CHRISTOPHER JOHN (June 24, 2001)."GALAPALOOZA!".Time.ISSN0040-781X.Archivedfrom the original on November 3, 2019.RetrievedDecember 22,2018.
  52. ^Writer, JERI ROWE Staff."COUNTRY, RAP MUSIC LEAD RADIO PACK".Greensboro News and Record.Archivedfrom the original on May 17, 2021.RetrievedDecember 22,2018.
  53. ^abcdefRoss, Sean (November 15, 2018)."Why Soft AC Is Booming Now".RadioInsight.Archivedfrom the original on November 16, 2018.RetrievedNovember 19,2018.
  54. ^Elliott, Stuart (January 20, 1994)."THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; WLTW-FM finds success with an ever-evolving definition of 'soft' adult contemporary music".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on November 19, 2018.RetrievedNovember 19,2018.
  55. ^"Office Radio: No Longer Monolithic".Billboard.Nielsen Business Media. November 23, 1996.Archivedfrom the original on May 17, 2021.RetrievedOctober 24,2020.
  56. ^"AC Dominates Arbitrons".Billboard.Nielsen Business Media. January 18, 1986.Archivedfrom the original on May 17, 2021.RetrievedOctober 24,2020.
  57. ^ab"Here Are The Biggest Format Gainers And Losers Of Past Decade".Insideradio.com.Archivedfrom the original on May 17, 2021.RetrievedNovember 19,2018.
  58. ^"Westwood One To Launch Soft AC Network".RadioInsight.June 16, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on November 19, 2018.RetrievedNovember 19,2018.
  59. ^"Best Kept Secret? Stations Appealing To Boomers Flourish".Insideradio.com.RetrievedNovember 19,2018.
  60. ^ab"Is Soft AC Unsound? Or Still Magic?".RadioInsight.September 10, 2024.RetrievedSeptember 18,2024.
  61. ^"Fresh Listen: KISQ (The Breeze) & WFEZ (Easy 93.1)".RadioInsight.November 8, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on November 5, 2019.RetrievedNovember 8,2019.
  62. ^ab"Urban AC Expands Its Dominant Share Of Black Listeners".Insideradio.com.July 18, 2018.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  63. ^Leight, Elias (March 21, 2019)."In a 'Restrictive' World, Leela James Sings Whatever She Wants".Rolling Stone.Archivedfrom the original on March 22, 2019.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  64. ^Stroud, Court."Everything You Need To Know About Urban Radio".Forbes.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  65. ^Foley, Aaron (October 24, 2011)."The death of 107.5, or why urban radio in Detroit continues on its downward spiral".mlive.com.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  66. ^Beamon, Todd (February 19, 1987)."Durable Radio Format Survives Shift in Tastes".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  67. ^"Clear Channel Chicago intros new evening programs on two urban outlets".Chicago Business Journal.Archivedfrom the original on May 17, 2021.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  68. ^Coscarelli, Joe (September 6, 2018)."A Champion, a Critic, a Therapist: Dyana Williams Is Hip-Hop's Artist Whisperer".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  69. ^Caramanica, Jon (August 7, 2009)."K'Jon, Maxwell and More Offer a Newly Mature Soul Music".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  70. ^Leight, Elias (October 13, 2017)."How Hip-Hop Edged Grittier R&B Singers Out of the Mainstream".Rolling Stone.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  71. ^Leight, Elias (October 13, 2018)."The Return of Quiet Storm".Rolling Stone.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
  72. ^Buhler, Brendan (September 12, 2006)."Can't find your doo-wop, try Whoopi in mornings".Las Vegas Sun.Archivedfrom the original on November 27, 2019.RetrievedApril 29,2019.
  73. ^French, Alex (July 17, 2015)."How Hip-Hop Is Becoming the Oldies".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on May 13, 2019.RetrievedApril 29,2019.
  74. ^"Intriguing Stations of 2018".RadioInsight.February 28, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on June 3, 2019.RetrievedApril 29,2019.
  75. ^"I101 Chicago Shifts To Rhythmic Hot AC".RadioInsight.December 9, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on April 28, 2019.RetrievedApril 29,2019.
  76. ^Ross, Sean (August 24, 2006)."Rhythmic AC: In Search Of The Funky Cold Medina".Edison Research.Archivedfrom the original on November 27, 2019.RetrievedApril 29,2019.
  77. ^"Radio dial: 'The Breeze' changing to 'smooth adult contemporary' music".Deseret News.September 19, 2008.RetrievedSeptember 5,2022.
  78. ^"Radio & Podcast News - Durham Radio launches first station outside Ontario".Broadcast Dialogue.July 21, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 5,2022.
  79. ^Venta, Lance (November 16, 2017)."100.3 The Sound Signs-Off; Double The K-Love For Los Angeles".RadioInsight.RadioBB Networks.RetrievedNovember 17,2017.
  80. ^"Can You Feel the K-Love? In L.A., That Now Goes Double".Insideradio.com.RetrievedOctober 20,2017.
  81. ^"KVIB Phoenix Shifts To Spanish AC".RadioInsight.January 23, 2014.RetrievedNovember 6,2024.
  82. ^"Now 96.1 San Antonio Flips To Bilingual AC".RadioInsight.November 1, 2024.RetrievedNovember 6,2024.
  83. ^ab"WMIA Flips To Bilingual AC Magic 93.9".RadioInsight.November 24, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 18,2024.
  84. ^"Miami's 'Magic 93.9' Makes Ratings Splash In Maiden Book".Insideradio.com.December 29, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 18,2024.
  85. ^"Is Soft AC Unsound? Or Still Magic?".RadioInsight.September 10, 2024.RetrievedSeptember 18,2024.
  86. ^"Miami's 'Magic 93.9' Makes Ratings Splash In Maiden Book".Insideradio.com.December 29, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 18,2024.
  87. ^"Now 96.1 San Antonio Flips To Bilingual AC".RadioInsight.November 1, 2024.RetrievedNovember 6,2024.
  88. ^"Cox Brings Bilingual AC To Orlando".RadioInsight.October 17, 2024.RetrievedNovember 6,2024.
  89. ^"Bonneville Brings Bilingual Magic To HD In The Bay Area".RadioInsight.May 10, 2024.RetrievedNovember 6,2024.
  90. ^"Latino 97.1 Brings Bilingual AC To Austin".RadioInsight.October 28, 2024.RetrievedNovember 6,2024.
  91. ^ab"At 'Triple A' Radio Stations, A Blurred Line Between Discovery and Promotion".NPR.org.January 4, 2018.RetrievedJune 25,2023.
  92. ^Mills, Joshua. "WNEW Gambles on Elite Rock Hybrid: Seeking Listeners Who Crave what they Half-Know. WNEW-FM Gambles on Elite Rock Hybrid." New York Times, Aug 01 1995, p. 2. ProQuest. Web. Accessed September 4, 2021. See also New York Times archive.
  93. ^Bachman, Katy (September 3, 2001)."Adult Album Alternative outlets balance acts"(Free PDF download).Mediaweek.11(32). New York City: 9–10.RetrievedSeptember 4,2021.See pages 9 and 10
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adult_contemporary_music&oldid=1257457032#Hot_adult_contemporary"