Wikipedia

Hotel California

(Redirected fromHotel California (song))
This article is about the Eagles song. For the Eagles album, seeHotel California(album).For other uses, seeHotel California (disambiguation).

"Hotel California"is a song by American rock bandEagles,released as the second single of theiralbum of the same nameon February 22, 1977.[6]The song was written byDon Felder(music),Don Henley,andGlenn Frey(lyrics), featuring Henley on lead vocals and concluding with an iconic 2 minute and 12 seconds longelectric guitarsolo performed by Felder with a Gibson Les PaulGibson EDS-1275 double neckandJoe Walshwith aFender Telecaster,in which they take turns playing the lead beforeharmonizingand playingarpeggiostogether towards the fade-out.[7]

"Hotel California"
Side A of the US single
SinglebyEagles
from the albumHotel California
B-side"Pretty Maids All in a Row"
ReleasedFebruary 22, 1977[1]
Recorded1976
Studio
GenreRock[4][5]
Length
  • 6:34(album version)
  • 6:09 (single version)
LabelAsylum
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)Bill Szymczyk
Eaglessingles chronology
"New Kid in Town"
(1976) 		"Hotel California"
(1977) 		"Life in the Fast Lane"
(1977)
Audio sample
Eagles – "Hotel California"
Audio
"Hotel California"onYouTube

The song is one of the best-known recordings by the band, and in 1998 its longguitar codawas voted the best guitar solo of all time by readers ofGuitarist.[2][8]The song was awarded theGrammy Award for Record of the Yearin1978.[9]The meaning of the lyrics of the song has been discussed by fans and critics ever since its release. The Eagles themselves described the song as their "interpretation of the high life inLos Angeles".[10]In the 2013 documentaryHistory of the Eagles,Henley said that the song was about "a journey from innocence to experience... that's all."[11]

Since its release, "Hotel California" has been widely regarded as one of the greatest rock songs of all time, and has been covered by many artists.Julia Phillipsproposed adapting the song into a film, but the members of the Eagles disliked the idea and it never came to fruition. Commercially, "Hotel California" reached the number one position on theBillboardHot 100and reached the top ten of several international charts. The Eagles have performed "Hotel California" well over 1,000 times live, and is the third most performed of all their songs, after "Desperado"and"Take It Easy".[12]

History

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Composition

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Don Felder composed the melody for "Hotel California".
Glenn Frey provided the outline of "Hotel California".
Don Henley wrote the lyrics to "Hotel California" with Frey.

A demo of the instrumental was developed byDon Felder[13][14]in a rented house onMalibu Beach.He recorded the basic tracks with aRhythm Acedrum machineand added a12 string guitaron a four-track recording deck in his spare bedroom, then mixed in abassline,and gaveDon HenleyandGlenn Freyeach a copy of the recording.[15]Felder, who met the Eagles through his high school bandmateBernie Leadon,said that Leadon advised him to make tapes of songs he wrote for the band so that other band members like Henley, whose forte is in writing lyrics, might work with him on finishing the songs they liked.[16]The demos he made were always instrumental, and on every album project he would submit 15 or 16 ideas. The demo he made for "Hotel California" showed influences fromLatinandreggaemusic, and it grabbed the attention of Henley who said he liked the song that "sounds like a Mexican reggae or Bolero",[16]which gave the song its first working title, "Mexican Reggae".[17]Record Worldsaid that "a mild reggae flavor pervades the tune".[18]

Frey and Henley were both interested in the tune after hearing the demo, and discussed the concept for the lyrics. In 2008, Felder described the writing of the lyrics:

Don Henley and Glenn wrote most of the words. All of us kind of drove into L.A. at night. Nobody was from California, and if you drive into L.A. at night[...] you can just see this glow on the horizon of lights, and the images that start running through your head of Hollywood and all the dreams that you have, and so it was kind of about that[...] what we started writing the song about.[19]

Henley decided on the theme of "Hotel California", noting howThe Beverly Hills Hotelhad become a literal and symbolic focal point of their lives at that time.[20]Henley said of their personal and professional experience in LA: "We were getting an extensive education, in life, in love, in business.Beverly Hillswas still a mythical place to us. In that sense it became something of a symbol, and the 'Hotel' thelocusof all that LA had come to mean for us. In a sentence, I'd sum it up as the end of the innocence, round one. "[21]

Frey came up with a cinematic scenario of a person who, tired from driving a long distance in a desert, saw a place for a rest and pulled in for the night, but entered "a weird world peopled by freaky characters", and became "quickly spooked by the claustrophobic feeling of being caught in a disturbing web from which he may never escape".[15]In an interview withCameron Crowe,Frey said that he and Henley wanted the song "to open like an episode of theTwilight Zone",and added:" We take this guy and make him like a character inThe Magus,where every time he walks through a door there's a new version of reality. We wanted to write a song just like it was a movie. "[20]Frey described the song in an interview with NBC'sBob Costasas a cinematic montage "just one shot to the next[...] a picture of a guy on the highway, a picture of the hotel, the guy walks in, the door opens, strange people ". Frey continued:" We decided to create something strange, just to see if we could do it. "[2][22]Henley then wrote most of the lyrics based on Frey's idea, and sought inspiration for the writing by driving out into the desert as well as from films and theater.[20]

Part of the lyrics, such as "Her mind isTiffany-twisted, she got theMercedesbends / She got a lot of pretty pretty boys she calls friends ", are based on Henley's break-up with his girlfriendLoree Rodkin.[15][21]According to Frey's liner notes forThe Very Best Of,the use of the wordsteelyin the lyric "They stab it with their steely knives, but they just can't kill the beast" was a playful nod to the bandSteely Dan,who had included the lyric "Turn up the Eagles, the neighbors are listening" in their song "Everything You Did".[23]Frey had also said that the writing of the song was inspired by the boldness of Steely Dan's lyrics and its willingness to go "out there",[20]and thought that the song they wrote had "achieved perfect ambiguity."[22]

Recordings

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The Eagles recorded the track with Don Henley on lead vocal three different times, twice at theRecord Plantin Los Angeles and finally at theCriteria Studiosin Miami.[2][3]They first recorded a riff, but when it came to recording the vocal, it was found to be in too high a key for Henley's voice, so Felder progressively lowered the key from E minor, eventually settling on B minor. The second recording, however, was judged too fast.[2]In Miami, the band fine-tuned the instrumentation and the lyrics and recorded numerous complete takes. Five or six best ones were selected, and the best parts were then spliced together to create the released version. According to the producerBill Szymczyk,there were 33 edits on the two‑inch master.[3]The final section features a guitar battle betweenJoe Walsh(who had replacedBernie Leadonafter Leadon's departure from the band in 1975) and Felder, which took the two of them sitting together working for around three days to achieve the necessary precision.[15]Walsh and Felder initially started improvising but Henley insisted that the recording should follow the music as first recorded in Felder's demo.[16]However, according to Szymczyk, Walsh and Felder's improvisations did make the final cut of the song, with the producer splicing different Walsh and Felder licks together while he, Walsh, and Felder arranged harmonized guitar parts together in the studio.[3]

Henley decided that the song should be a single, although Felder had doubts and the record company was reluctant to release it because, at over six minutes, its duration far exceeded that of the songs generally played by radio stations.[16][24]The band took a stand and refused the label's request to shorten the song.[25]The song was released as the second single from the album after "New Kid in Town".The front cover art for some overseas editions of the45rpm singlereleased was a reworked version of theHotel CaliforniaLPcover art, which used a photograph of theBeverly Hills Hotelby David Alexander, with design and art direction byKosh.[26]

The Eagles performing "Hotel California" in Australia during theirLong Road Out of Eden Tour

As "Hotel California" became one of the group's most popular songs and a concert staple for the band,[27]live recordings of the song have therefore also been released. The first live recording of the song appeared on the Eagles' 1980live album,and an acoustic version with an extended intro is a track on the 1994Hell Freezes Overreunion concert CD and video release.[28]TheHell Freezes Overversion is performed using eight guitars and has a decidedly Spanish sound, with Felder'sflamenco-inspired arrangement and intro.[29]

A music video for the song, filmed at theCapital Centrein March 1977, was first aired on theUSA Networkas part of theNight Flightprogram in August 1985.[30]This video would continue to air on VH1.[31]In 2013, a re-edited version of the video, as well as other footage from the Capital Centre concerts, was released as part of theHistory of the Eaglesdocumentary set.

In 1998, at the induction of the Eagles into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame,all seven members of the Eagles (Henley, Frey, Felder, Walsh, Meisner, Leadon, and Schmit) appeared on stage together for the only time to perform "Hotel California".[32]

Chart performance

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"Hotel California" first entered theBillboardHot 100chart dated February 26, 1977,[33]and topped the Hot 100 singles chart for one week in May 1977,[34]the band's fourth song to reach No. 1 on that chart.[9]It peaked at number 10 on theEasy Listeningchart in April 1977.[35]Billboardranked it number 19 on its 1977 Pop Singles year-end chart.[36]Three months after its first release, the single was certified Gold by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA), representing one million copies shipped. In 2009, the song was further certified Platinum (Digital Sales Award) by the RIAA for sales of one million digital downloads,[37]and has since sold over 3 million downloads.[38]

Accolades

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The Eagles won the 1977Grammy Award for Record of the Yearfor "Hotel California" at the20th Grammy Awardsin 1978.[39]Cash Boxsaid that "the luxuriant harmonies are here, of course, along with muted rhythm guitars and vocal inflections that add a West Indian flavor" and "the multi-tracked guitar harmonies...end the cut with melodrama".[40]In 2003, the song was inducted into theGrammy Hall of Fame.[41]

The song is rated highly in many rock music lists and polls.Rolling Stonemagazine ranked it number 49 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"in 2004[42]and #311 in 2021.[43]It was named one of TheRock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[44]At the induction of the Eagles into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998, all seven former and present members of the band reunited to perform "Hotel California"[45]and "Take It Easy."

The song'sguitar solowas voted the best solo of all time by readers ofGuitaristmagazine in 1998,[8]and was ranked 8th onGuitar Magazine's Top 100 Guitar Solos.[8]The song was also included in themusic video gameGuitar Hero World Tour.It was ranked number 1 in the list of the best 12-string guitar songs of all times byGuitar Worldmagazine in 2015.[46]

Themes and interpretations

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Glenn Freysaid that originally "We decided to create something strange, just to see if we could do it," and that the song was meant to mimic the imagery of the 1965 novelThe MagusbyJohn Fowles,about a man in an unfamiliar rural setting who is unsure about what he is experiencing.[47]

Don Henleyhas given a number of explanations about the song, ranging from "a journey from innocence to experience"[11]to "a sociopolitical statement."[48]In an interview withRolling Stone,Henley said that the song was meant to be "more of a symbolic piece about America in general," and added, "Lyrically, the song deals with traditional or classical themes of conflict: darkness and light, good and evil, youth and age, the spiritual versus the secular. I guess you could say it's a song about loss of innocence."[15]

The song has been described as being "all about American decadence and burnout, too much money, corruption, drugs and arrogance; too little humility and heart."[15]It has also been interpreted as anallegoryabouthedonism,self-destruction, and greed in the music industry of the late 1970s.[49]Henley called it "our interpretation of the high life inLos Angeles,"[50]and later said, "It's not really about California; it's about America. It's about the dark underbelly of the American dream. It's about excess, it's aboutnarcissism.It's about the music business.... It can have a million interpretations. "[51]In the 2013 documentary,History of the Eagles,Henley reiterated:

On just about every album we made, there was some kind of commentary on the music business, and on American culture in general. The hotel itself could be taken as a metaphor not only for the myth-making of Southern California, but for the myth-making that is theAmerican Dream,because it is a fine line between the American Dream, and the American nightmare.[52]

In a 2009 interview,The Plain Dealermusic critic John Soeder asked Henley if he regretted writing the lines "So I called up the captain / 'Please bring me my wine' / He said, 'We haven't had that spirit here since 1969'" because wines are fermented while spirits are distilled. Henley responded:

Thanks for the tutorial and, no, you're not the first to bring this to my attention – and you're not the first to completely misinterpret the lyric and miss the metaphor. Believe me, I've consumed enough alcoholic beverages in my time to know how they are made and what the proper nomenclature is. But that line in the song has little or nothing to do with alcoholic beverages. It's a sociopolitical statement. My only regret would be having to explain it in detail to you, which would defeat the purpose of using literary devices in songwriting and lower the discussion to some silly and irrelevant argument about chemical processes.[53]

In hisEncyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1,Steve Sullivan theorizes that the "spirit" that the Hotel California hasn't had since 1969 refers to the spirit of social activism of the 1960s, and howdiscoand the related pop music of the mid-1970s had turned away from it.[15]

Conjectures

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The metaphorical character of the story related in the lyrics has inspired a number of conjectural interpretations by listeners. In the 1980s, the Rev. Paul Risley of Cornerstone Church in Burlington, Wisconsin, alleged that "Hotel California" referred to aSan Franciscohotel that was purchased byAnton LaVeyand converted into hisChurch of Satan.[54][55]The song also allegedly containedbackwards messagespurportedly referring toSatanism:"Yes, Satan, he organized his own religion... It was delicious... He puts it in a vat and fixes it for his son and gives it away."[56]Don Felder denied any such allegations in a 2019 interview, maintaining that the song was about "the underbelly industry in Los Angeles, how it can be less than beautiful."[57]Other rumors suggested that the Hotel California mentioned in the song was actually theCamarillo State Mental Hospital,which was shut down in 1997, and redeveloped intoCalifornia State University Channel Islands.[58]

The term "colitas" in the first stanza ( "warm smell of colitas, rising up through the air" ) has been interpreted as asexual slangor a reference tomarijuana.[59]"Colitas" means "little tails" inSpanish;in Mexican slang it refers the flowering buds of thecannabis plant.[60][61]According to Glenn Frey, the "warm smell" is "colitas... it means little tails, the very top of the plant."[62]The Eagles' managerIrving Azoffappears to lend support to the marijuana hypothesis;[63]however, Felder said, "The colitas is a plant that grows in the desert that blooms at night, and it has this kind of pungent, almost funky smell. Don Henley came up with a lot of the lyrics for that song, and he came up with colitas."[64]

Other interpretations of the song range fromdrug addictiontocannibalism.[2]On the various interpretations, Henley said: "Some of the wilder interpretations of that song have been amazing. It was really about the excesses ofAmerican cultureand certain girls we knew. But it was also about the uneasy balance between art and commerce. "[59]

Harmonic structure

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Theintroand verses'chord patterncounts eight measures, each one assigned to a singlechord.Seven different chords are used in the eightmeasures.As the song opens, it is not until the eighth measure that a chord is repeated. The song is initially in thekeyof B-minor.[65]The presence of E major (a borrowed chord that contains a G#, which isn't usually found in the key of B minor), gives a hint of BDorian mode.

The chords are played as follows:

Bm–F♯7–A–E–G–D–Em–F♯7
or
Assuming the key of D (the relative major of B minor):
vi–III7–V–II–IV–I–ii–III7

The eight-measure sequence is repeated in the intro, for eachverseand in theoutro,providing the harmonic framework for the entire extendeddual guitar soloat the end of the song.[65]One explanation of the progression is that it is a commonflamencochord progression called the "Spanish progression"(i–VII–VI–V in aPhrygiancontext) that is interspersed with consecutivefifths.[65]With its descendingostinatopattern, it could be considered afandango,a forerunner of the Baroquechaconneform.[66]

This chord sequence is not commonly used, andIan AndersonofJethro Tullhas pointed out its similarity to his song "We Used to Know" from their 1969 albumStand Up,an international hit which reached No. 1 in UK album chart and No. 20 in U.S. Billboard album chart, suggesting the Eagles heard it on the album or when they toured together.[67]While the Eagles did open for Jethro Tull in June 1972, Don Felder, who wrote the music, did not join the band until 1974 and would not have been backstage at their concerts.[68]Felder has said that he had never heard "We Used to Know", and that he was unfamiliar with Jethro Tull apart from the fact the frontman plays a flute.[69]Anderson himself indicated that his comments on the similarities between the songs were meant as a joke, and said: "It's not plagiarism. It's just the same chord sequence. It's in a different time signature, different key, different context.... Harmonic progression—it's almost a mathematical certainty that you're gonna crop up with the same thing sooner or later if you're strumming a few chords on a guitar."[70]

The chorus, orrefrain,uses five of the verse's seven chords, structured with themelodyin a way that infers akey changefrom B minor to itsrelative majorkey of D.[65]

G–D–F♯7–Bm–G–D–Em–F♯7
or
assuming a key of D:
IV–I–III7–vi–IV–I–ii–III7

Notable cover versions

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Cultural influence

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"Hotel California" and its lyrics have become absorbed into the wider culture around the world, and have been used by various writers and commentators to reflect on issues ranging from politics to social media and welfare,[83][84][85]or as an observation on a particular situation.[86][87]The lines "We are programmed to receive / You can check out any time you like / But you can never leave!" were used by an economist to refer to how the appeal of an attractive "Hotel California" -type host country to foreign investors may be countered by the cost of exit on leaving the country.[88]A term "The Hotel California Effect" was then used to refer to the negative effect of financial regulations on investment,[89]and the problems foreign investors faced when getting their money out of China.[90][91]It has also applied to other ideas such as problems when leaving a service provider orsocial medianetwork,[92][93]or when exitingcloud computing.[94]The same analogy has been used by various commentators considering scenarios forBrexit,with the term "Hotel California Brexit".[95][96][97]

A book titledOperation Hotel California: The Clandestine War Inside Iraqwas written about the clandestine operation named after the song title by CIA–US Special Forces teams inIraqi Kurdistanin thelead-up to the Iraq War.[98][99]

Although the Eagles were noted for their reluctance to license their songs for use in shows,[100]the song has been used in a number of films and television shows, such asThe Big Lebowski(performed by the Gipsy Kings),[101]Absolutely Fabulous,American Horror Story(Hotel),The Sopranos,[59]and the end credits ofShang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings.[102]

Alleged theft of handwritten lyrics

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On July 13, 2022, three individuals – rare-book dealer Glenn Horowitz and rock memorabilia specialists Craig Inciardi and Edward Kosinski[103]– were charged after allegedly conspiring to sell Henley's handwritten lyrics to the song "Hotel California" and two other songs from the same album that the Manhattan District Attorney's office claims were improperly obtained. Prosecutors claim the lyrics could be worth over $1 million at auction. The three men pleaded not guilty and were released without bail pending trial. Eagles managerIrving Azoffsaid the case exposed "the truth about music memorabilia sales of highly personal, stolen items hidden behind a façade of legitimacy".[104]In February 2024, Henley testified that he never gave the lyric sheets away and repeated his claim from 2012 that they were stolen from his barn in Malibu, California decades prior.[103]Henley also acknowledged that he granted writerEd Sanders,who in 1979 began working with The Eagles on a biography which was never published, some access to them, but stated that he never allowed Sanders to have permanent possession of them.[103]Though Sanders was not among those charged, he was acknowledged to have sold 100 pages worth of Hotel California lyric sheets to Horowitz in 2005 after alleging to Horowitz that Henley's assistant sent him the documents.[105][103]Eventually, Inciardi and Kosinski would begin auctioning them in 2012.[103]Defense lawyers have claimed Henley legally gave Sanders the lyric sheets.[105]On March 6, 2024, Assistant Manhattan District Attorney Aaron Ginandes abruptly dropped the criminal case against Horowitz, Inciardi and Kosinski midtrial, stating to the presiding judge that prosecutors believed that newly released emails backed defense arguments which questioned the trial's fairness.[106][107]

Personnel

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Partial credits from Richard Buskin and Bill Szymczyk.[3]

Live performances

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Hotel California has been performed at least 2,204 times by 167 different artists as of the end of 2021. This includes 1,057 performances of the song by Eagles, 202 by Don Felder solo, and 187 by Don Henley solo.[108]

Charts

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Certifications

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Certifications and sales for "Hotel California"
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[137] 2× Platinum 180,000‡
France (SNEP)[138] Silver 250,000*
Italy (FIMI)[139]
Digital download/sales since 2009 		2× Platinum 100,000‡
Japan
1976-1978 sales 		— 350,000[140]
Japan (RIAJ)[141]
1996 release (physical sales) 		Platinum 100,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[142] 9× Platinum 270,000‡
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[143] 2× Platinum 120,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[144] 3× Platinum 1,800,000‡
United States (RIAA)[145]
Physical single 		Gold 1,000,000^
United States (RIAA)[145]
Digital download 		Platinum 3,000,000[38]

*Sales figures based on certification alone.
^Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

References

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