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House of Stuart

"Stuarts" redirects here. For the defunct New England store chain, seeStuarts (store).

TheHouse of Stuart,originally spelledStewart,was aroyal houseofScotland,England,Irelandand laterGreat Britain.The family name comes from the office ofHigh Steward of Scotland,which had been held by the family progenitorWalter fitz Alan(c. 1150). The name Stewart and variations had become established as a family name by the time of his grandsonWalter Stewart.The first monarch of the Stewart line wasRobert II,whose male-line descendants were kings and queens in Scotland from 1371, and of England, Ireland and Great Britain from 1603, until 1714.Mary, Queen of Scots(r. 1542–1567), was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name Stuart.

Stuart
Stewart
Royal house
Coat of arms ofJames VI and I,1603–1649
Parent familyClan Stewart
CountryScotland,England,Ireland,Great Britain
Foundedc. 1371(653 years ago)
FounderRobert II of Scotland(1371–1390)
Final rulerAnne, Queen of Great Britain(1702–1714)
Titles
List
Dissolution1807(1807)
Cadet branches
List

In 1503,James IVmarriedMargaret Tudor,thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England. Margaret's niece,Elizabeth I of Englanddied withoutissuein 1603, and James IV's and Margaret's great-grandsonJames VI of Scotlandacceded to the thrones of England and Ireland as James I in theUnion of the Crowns.The Stuarts were monarchs of Britain and Ireland and its growingempireuntil the death ofQueen Annein 1714, except for the period of theCommonwealthbetween 1649 and 1660.[note 3]

In total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603, the last of whom was James VI, before his accession in England. Two Stuart queens ruled the isles following theGlorious Revolutionin 1688:Mary IIandAnne.Both were the Protestant daughters ofJames VII and IIby his first wifeAnne Hydeand the great-grandchildren of James VI and I. Their father had converted to Catholicism and his new wife gave birth to a son in 1688, who was to be brought up as a Roman Catholic; so James was deposed by Parliament in 1689, in favour of his daughters. However, neither daughter had any children who survived to adulthood, so the crown passed to theHouse of Hanoveron the death of Queen Anne in 1714 under the terms of theAct of Settlement 1701and theAct of Security 1704.The House of Hanover had become linked to the House of Stuart through the line ofElizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia.

After the loss of the throne, the descendants of James VII and II continued for several generations to attempt to reclaim the Scottish and English (and later British) throne as the rightful heirs, their supporters being known asJacobites.Since the early 19th century, when the James II direct line failed, there have been no active claimants from the Stuart family. The current Jacobite heir to the claims of the historical Stuart monarchs is a distant cousinFranz, Duke of Bavaria,of theHouse of Wittelsbach.The senior living member of the royal Stewart family, descended in a legitimate male line from Robert II of Scotland, isAndrew Richard Charles Stuart, 9th Earl Castle Stewart.

Background

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The ancestral origins of the Stuart family are obscure—their probable ancestry is traced back toAlan FitzFlaad,aBretonwho went to England not long after theNorman conquest.[1]Alan had been the hereditary steward of theBishop of Dolin theDuchy of Brittany;[2]Alan had a good relationship withHenry I of Englandwho awarded him with lands inShropshire.[2]The FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominentAnglo-Normannoble house, with some of its members serving asHigh Sheriff of Shropshire.[2][3]It was the son of Alan namedWalter FitzAlanwho became the first hereditaryHigh Steward of Scotland,while his brother William's family went on to becomeEarls of Arundel.

When the civil war in theKingdom of England,known asThe Anarchy,broke out between the legitimist claimantMatilda, Lady of the English,and her cousin who had usurped her,King Stephen,Walter had sided with Matilda.[4]Another supporter of Matilda was her uncleDavid I of Scotlandfrom theHouse of Dunkeld.[4]After Matilda was pushed out of England into theCounty of Anjou,essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for the throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to theKingdom of Scotland,where he was granted lands inRenfrewshireand the title for life of Lord High Steward.[4]The next monarch of Scotland,Malcolm IV,made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based atDundonald, South Ayrshire,between the 12th and 13th centuries.

History

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undiffered arms of stewart
Stewart of Stewart
Arms of Stewart of Albany
Stewart of Albany
Arms of Stewart of Barclye
Stewart of Barclye
Arms of Stewart of Garlies
Stewart of Garlies
Arms of Stewart of Minto
Stewart of Minto
Arms of Stewart of Atholl
Stewart of Atholl
Arms of Stewart of Bute
Stewart of Bute
Arms of Stuart of Bute
Stuart of Bute
Arms of Stewart of Ardvorlich
Stewart of Ardvorlich
Arms of Stewart of Physgill
Stewart of Physgill
Arms of Stewart of Rothesay
Stewart of Rothesay

The sixth High Steward of Scotland,Walter Stewart(1293–1326), marriedMarjorie,daughter ofRobert the Bruce,and also played an important part in theBattle of Bannockburngaining further favour. Their sonRobertwas heir to theHouse of Bruce,the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands ofBourtreehill;he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncleDavid IIdied childless in 1371.

In 1503,James IVattempted to secure peace withEnglandby marryingKing Henry VII's daughter,Margaret Tudor.The birth of their son, laterJames V,brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of theHouse of Tudor,and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later marriedArchibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus,and their daughter,Margaret Douglas,was the mother ofHenry Stuart, Lord Darnley.In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousinMary, Queen of Scots,the daughter ofJames V.Darnley's father wasMatthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox,a member of theStewart of Darnleybranch of the House. Lennox was a descendant ofAlexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland,also descended fromJames II,being Mary'sheir presumptive.Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stuart. FollowingJohn Stewart of Darnley's ennoblement for his part at theBattle of Baugéin 1421 and the grant of lands to him atAubignyandConcressault,the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised toStuart.

Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne through their mutual grandmother Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only childJamesas King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this was apersonal union,as the three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed, the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as theBishops' Wars,breaking out between England and Scotland in 1639. This was to become part of the cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign ofCharles I of England,Scotland and Ireland, culminating in a series of conflicts known as theWar of the Three Kingdoms.The trial and execution of Charles I by the English Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as theEnglish Interregnum.Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also calledCharles,as their monarch, before being subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth byGeneral Monck's occupying army. During this period, the principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile inmainland Europe.The younger Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as "Charles II of England,Scotland and Ireland "- with the support of General Monck - but dated his reign from his father's death eleven years before.

In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign ofCharles II,whose own mother was French. His sisterHenriettamarried into the French royal family. Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included theDukes of Buccleuch,theDukes of Grafton,theDukes of Saint Albansand theDukes of Richmond.

Monument to the Royal StuartsinSt. Peter's Basilica– Work ofAntonio Canova.

Present-day

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The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of CardinalHenry Benedict Stuart,brother ofCharles Edward Stuart,in 1807.Duke Francis of Bavariais the current senior heir.[5]

List of monarchs

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Monarchs of Scotland

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Portrait Name From Until Relationship with predecessor
Robert II 22 February 1371 19 April 1390 Nephew[6]ofDavid IIwho died without issue. Robert's motherMarjorie Brucewas daughter ofRobert I.
Robert III 19 April 1390 4 April 1406 Son of Robert II.
James I 4 April 1406 21 February 1437 Son of Robert III.
James II 21 February 1437 3 August 1460 Son of James I.
James III 3 August 1460 11 June 1488 Son of James II.
James IV 11 June 1488 9 September 1513 Son of James III.
James V 9 September 1513 14 December 1542 Son of James IV.
Mary 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 Daughter of James V.
James VI 24 July 1567
 27 March 1625 Son of Mary, Queen of Scots.

Monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland

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From theActs of Union 1707,which came into effect on 1 May 1707, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.

Portrait Name From Until Relationship with predecessor
James VI and I
 24 March 1603 27 March 1625 Great-great grandson ofHenry VII of England.King of Scotland alone until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinctTudors.
Charles I 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 (executed) Son of James VI and I
Charles II 30 January 1649 (de jure); 2 May 1660 (de facto) 6 February 1685 Son of Charles I. Prohibited by Parliament from assuming the throne during a republican period of government known as theCommonwealth of England,but then accepted as king in 1661.
James VII and II 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 Brother of Charles II, who died without legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at theRevolution of 1688.Died in 1701.
Mary II 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 Daughter of James II & VII, who was still alive and pretending to the throne. Co-monarch wasWilliam III & IIwho outlived his wife.
Anne 8 March 1702 1 August 1714 Sister of Mary II. daughter of James II & VII. Name of state changed to Great Britain with the politicalActs of Union 1707,though family has used title since James I & VI. Died childless, rights pass toHouse of Hanover.
Anne, Queen of Great BritainMary II of EnglandJames II of EnglandCharles II of EnglandCharles I of EnglandJames VI and IMary, Queen of ScotsJames V of ScotlandJames IV of ScotlandJames III of ScotlandJames II of ScotlandJames I of ScotlandRobert III of ScotlandRobert II of Scotland
Armorial tablet of the Stewarts atFalkland Palace,Fife

Family tree

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See also:Stuart Scottish monarchs family treeandStuart British monarchs family tree

Round provided a family tree[7]to embody his essential findings, which is adapted below.

Alan,
Dapifer Dolensis
(Seneschal or Steward of Dol)
Alan,
Dapifer Dolensis,
Took part in First Crusade, 1097.		Flaald
Occurs atMonmouth,1101/2		Rhiwallon
Monk of St Florent.
Alan Fitz Flaad,
Founder ofSporle Priory
Jordan Fitz Alan,
Dapiferin Brittany,
Benefactor ofSele Priory.		William Fitz Alan,
Lord ofOswestry
Founder/benefactor ofHaughmond Abbey,
Died 1160		Walter fitz Alan
Dapifer Regis Scotiae,
Founder ofPaisley Abbey,
Died 1177
Alan Fitz Jordan,
Dapifer Dolensis.		William Fitz Alan II,
Lord of Oswestry andClun		Alan the Steward
Senescallus Regis Scotiae


Origin

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House of Stewart

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House of Stuart

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Descended from theStewarts of Darnley(Stewarts of Lennox)

Complete male-line family tree

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List of male-line members of the Houses of FitzAlan and Stuart

Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^titular claim rather thande facto
  2. ^Title assumed by James V of Scotland, in correspondence with Irish chieftains, as a challenge to Henry VIII, who had recently been declared 'King of Ireland.'
  3. ^TheEarls of Gallowayare the senior surviving line of the Stuarts. They are descended from a line which originated from the second son ofAlexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland,and are not members of the Stewart/Stuart royal line; however, they are part of the peerage.

References

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  1. ^"J.H. Round: The Origin of the Stewarts: Part 1".MedievalGenealogy.org.uk.Retrieved on 13 November 2008.
  2. ^abcBartlett,England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225,544.
  3. ^Lieber,Encyclopædia Americana,30.
  4. ^abcKing,The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign,249.
  5. ^Alleyne, Richard; de Quetteville, Harry (7 April 2008)."Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland".Daily Telegraph.Archived fromthe originalon 8 April 2008.Retrieved22 June2008.
  6. ^The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  7. ^"Studies in peerage and family history".New York Longmans, Green. 1901.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Addington, Arthur C.The Royal House of Stuart: The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England).3v. Charles Skilton, 1969–76.
  • Cassavetti, Eileen.The Lion & the Lilies: The Stuarts and France.Macdonald & Jane's, 1977.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related toHouse of Stuart.
House of Stuart
Preceded by Ruling houseof theKingdom of Scotland
1371–1649 		Vacant
Preceded by Ruling house of theKingdom of England
1603–1649 		Vacant
Vacant Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland
1660–1694 		Vacant
Vacant Ruling house of the Kingdom of England
1660–1694
Vacant Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland
1702–1707 		Titles merged by the
Acts of Union 1707
Ruling house of the Kingdom of England
1702–1707
New title
England and Scotland united
 Ruling house of theKingdom of Great Britain
1707–1714 		Succeeded by
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