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House of Valois

TheCapetian House of Valois[a](UK:/ˈvælwɑː/VAL-wah,alsoUS:/vælˈwɑː,vɑːlˈwɑː/va(h)l-WAH,[1]French:[valwa]) was acadet branchof theCapetian dynasty.They succeeded theHouse of Capet(or "Direct Capetians" ) to theFrench throne,and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589. Junior members of the family founded cadet branches inOrléans,Anjou,Burgundy,andAlençon.

House of Valois

Arms of County of Valois
Parent houseCapetian dynasty
Country
Founded1284
FounderCharles, Count of Valois
Final rulerHenry III of FranceinFrance
Marie de NemoursinNeuchâtel
Cadet branches

The Valois descended fromCharles, Count of Valois(1270–1325), the second surviving son of KingPhilip III of France(reigned 1270–1285). Their title to the throne was based on a precedent in 1316 (later retroactively attributed to theMerovingianSalic law) which excluded females (Joan II of Navarre), as well as male descendants through thedistaff side(Edward III of England), from the succession to the French throne.

After holding the throne for several centuries the Valois male line became extinct and theHouse of Bourbonsucceeded the Valois to the throne as the senior-surviving branch of the Capetian dynasty.

Unexpected inheritance

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TheCapetian dynastyseemed secure in the rule of theKingdom of Franceboth during and after the reign of KingPhilip IV(Philip the Fair,r. 1285–1313). Philip left three surviving sons (Louis,PhilipandCharles) and a daughter (Isabella). Each son becamekingin turn, but each died young without surviving male heirs, leaving only daughters who could not inherit the throne. When Charles IV died in 1328 the French succession became more problematic.

In 1328 three candidates had a plausible claim to the French throne:

  1. Philip, Count of Valois,son ofCharles of Valois,who was the closest heir in male line and a grandson ofPhilip III(r. 1270–1285). Because his father was the brother of the late Philip IV, the Count of Valois was therefore a nephew of Philip IV and the cousin of Louis X, Philip V and Charles IV. Further, Charles IV had chosen him as the regent before his death.
  2. Joan of Navarre,daughter of Louis X. Although Philip V had used his position relative to his niece to take the throne in 1316, Joan nevertheless had a strong claim as the heir-general of Philip IV, and her maternal family had initially supported her claim after the death of Louis X. She ultimately received theKingdom of Navarre,which could be passed to female heirs.
  3. Edward III of England,son ofIsabella of France,the daughter and only surviving child of Philip IV. Edward claimed the French throne as a grandson of Philip IV.

In England,Isabella of Franceclaimed the throne on behalf of her 15-year-old son. In contrast to France it was unclear whether a woman could inherit the English crown[2]but English precedent allowed succession through the female line (as exemplified byHenry II of England,son ofMatilda). The French rejected Isabella's claim, arguing that since she herself, as a woman, could not succeed, then she could not transmit any such right to her son. Thus the French magnates chose as their new monarch Philip of Valois, who becameKing Philip VI of France.Thethrone of Navarrewent its separate way, to Joan of France, daughter of Louis X, who became Joan II of Navarre.

Because diplomacy and negotiation had failed, Edward III would have to back his claims with force to obtain the French throne. For a few years, England and France maintained an uneasy peace. Eventually, an escalation of conflict between the two kings led to King Philip VI confiscating theDuchy of Aquitaine(1337). Instead of paying homage for Aquitaine to the French king, as his ancestors had done, Edward claimed that he himself was the rightful King of France. These events helped launch theHundred Years' War(1337–1453) between England and France. Though England ultimately failed to win that prolonged conflict, English and British monarchs until 1801 continued to maintain, at least formally, aclaim to the French throne.[3]

Hundred Years' War

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TheHundred Years' Warcould be considered a lengthywar of successionbetween the houses of Valois and Plantagenet. The early reign ofPhilip VIwas a promising one for France. The new king fought the Flemings on behalf of his vassal, the count of Flanders, and restored that count to power. Edward III's aggression against Scotland, a French ally, prompted Philip VI to confiscate Guyenne. In the past the English kings would have to submit to the King of France. But Edward, having descended from the French kings, claimed the throne for himself. France was then at the height of its power. No one believed that the English king could make good his claim to France.

Edward's initial strategy was to ally with Flanders and the princes of the Empire. The alliances were costly and not very productive. While on a truce the French and English kings intervened in theWar of the Breton Succession.In 1346, Edward invaded France and pillaged the countryside rather than attempt to hold territory. French forces led by Philip VI confronted Edward III at theBattle of Crécy,which resulted in a devastating and humiliating defeat for the French. Despite this, the most that Edward could make out of his victory was the capture of Calais.

John IIsucceeded his father Philip VI in 1350. He was menaced byCharles II of Navarre,of the Évreux branch of the Capetian family, who aspired to the French throne by the right of his mother, the senior descendant ofPhilip IV of France.Charles' character eventually alienated both the French and English monarchs, because he readily switched sides whenever it suited his interest. In 1356,Edward, the Black Prince,eldest son and heir of Edward III, led an army to achevauchéein France. John pursued the Black Prince, who tried to avoid battling the French king's superior force. Negotiations broke down. In theBattle of Poitiers,the French suffered another humiliating defeat, and their king was captured. Edward hoped to capitalize on the victory by invading France and having himself crowned at Reims. But the new leader, the DauphinCharles,avoided another pitched battle, and the city of Reims withstood siege. In theTreaty of Brétigny,the English king gained an enlarged Aquitaine in full sovereignty, gave up the duchy of Touraine, the counties of Anjou and Maine, the suzerainty of Brittany and of Flanders, and his claim to the French throne.

Charles Vbecame king in 1364. He supportedHenry of Trastámarain theCastilian Civil War,while the Black Prince supported the reigning king,Peter of Castile.The Black Prince won, but Peter refused to pay for his expenses. The Black Prince tried to recover his losses by raising taxes in Aquitaine, which prompted them to appeal to the King of France. War was renewed. The French recovered their territories place after place. When Charles died in 1380, only Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne were left to the English.

The ancient, great families of the feudal nobility had largely been replaced by an equally powerful class – the princes of the royal blood. With the confiscation of Guyenne, the only remaining non-Capetian peer was the Count of Flanders. The Montfort dukes of Brittany, the houses of Évreux and Bourbon, and the princes of the House of Valois, constituted the great nobility of the kingdom.

Succeeding to the throne at the age of 11, the reign ofCharles VI of Francewas the firstminoritysince that of Saint Louis' in 1226. Power devolved into the hands of his uncles, the dukes of Anjou, Berry and Burgundy. The dukes squandered the resources of the monarchy to pursue their own ends. Anjou pursued his claim in theKingdom of Naples;Berry governed his large estates in Languedoc; and Burgundy, having married the heiress of Flanders, found it more convenient to rule his vast dominions from Paris. Charles terminated his uncles' regency at the age of 21, even though he would have been entitled to it as early as the age of 14. His early reign was promising, but the onset of madness, which he may have inherited from the Bourbon dukes through his mother, would prove to be disastrous for France. Burgundy, the most powerful of the princes and peers, naturally took power in his hands. But his nephew,Louis I, Duke of Orléans,the king's brother, contested his authority. Rivalry between the two princes and their descendants led to theArmagnac–Burgundian Civil War.

In 1415Henry V of England,great-grandson of Edward III, invaded France. In theBattle of Agincourt,the Armagnac faction fought the English and were decimated. The dukes of Orléans and Bourbon were captured, and the Burgundian party gained ascendancy in Paris. Henry proceeded to conquer Normandy. The Armagnacs assassinatedJohn the Fearless,duke of Burgundy, a belated revenge for the assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans. The new duke,Philip the Good,allied himself with the English. In theTreaty of Troyes,Henry V of England became regent of France and heir to that throne; he also marriedCatherine of Valois,the French king's daughter. The DauphinCharleswas effectively disinherited. To assume a greater appearance of legality, it was ratified by theEstates Generallater that year.

To accept the Treaty of Troyes would be a denial of the legitimacy of the Valois. While England was accustomed to change her kings, the French largely adhered to theirs. The treaty was recognized only in English-controlled territories in northern France, and by the allied dukes of Burgundy and Brittany. Henry V died before his sickly father-in-law, Charles VI, leaving the future of the Lancastrian Kingdom of France in the hands of his infant sonHenry VI of England,and his brother,John, Duke of Bedford.

The able leadership of Bedford prevented Charles VII from retaking control of northern France. In 1429,Joan of Arcsuccessfully raised the siege of Orléans and had the king crowned at Reims, an important French propaganda victory. Power struggles between Bedford, his brotherHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester,and their uncleCardinal Beauforthampered the English war effort. The Duke of Burgundy, alienated by the blunders of Gloucester, reconciled with the King of France in theTreaty of Arras,1435. Bedford had died that same year.

The warring parties arranged long truces, during which the French king prepared for the renewal of war, while the English relaxed and took a break from fresh taxes. By 1450, the French had reconquered Normandy, and Guyenne the next year. A final English attempt to recover their losses ended in decisive defeat at theBattle of Castillon,1453. With this victory, the English had been expelled in all of France except Calais. The Valois succession was upheld and confirmed.

Centralization of power

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With the expulsion of the English, Charles VII had reestablished his kingdom as the foremost power of Western Europe. He created France's first standing army since Roman times, and limited papal power in the Gallican Church by thePragmatic Sanction of Bourges.But his later years were marred by quarrels with his eldest son and heir, the DauphinLouis,who refused to obey him. The dauphin was banished from court for his intrigues, and did not return to France until his father's death.

Louis XIsucceeded his father in 1461. At the beginning of his reign Louis reversed his father's policies, abolishing the Pragmatic Sanction to please the pope and the standing armies, which he distrusted, in favor of Swiss mercenaries. As a prince he had leagued with the nobility against his father, but as a king he found that his power could only be maintained by subduing them. He was the lifelong enemy ofCharles the Bold,Count of Charolais, and later Duke of Burgundy. In 1465, theLeague of the Public Weal,an alliance of the feudal princes, which consisted ofCharles, Duke of Berry,the king's brother, the Count of Charolais, the Dukes of Brittany, Bourbon, Lorraine (then a member of the House of Anjou), and several others, attempted to restore their feudal prerogatives. Louis feared a further escalation of the conflict against this formidable coalition. To obtain peace he conceded all their demands, including the Duchy of Normandy to his brother, which carried with it one-third of the offices of state.

Louis seldom relied on the fortunes of war, but rather on intrigue and diplomacy. He maintained his power by paying pensions to well-placed people in the courts of his vassals and in neighboring states. He retook Normandy from his brother at the first opportunity. He bought offEdward IV of Englandto desist from attacking France. He fomented rebellions in the Burgundian dominions. At the death ofCharles the Boldin 1477, he seized the duchy of Burgundy, which he claimed as a reverted fief, even though the original grant did not specify the exclusion of female heirs. But the marriage ofMary of Burgundy,heiress of Charles the Bold, toMaximilian of Austriawould prove problematic for later generations. In 1481, the last male of the House of Anjou died, willing all the Angevin possessions to the king. At the end of his reign royal power had become absolute in France.

Italian Wars

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Charles VIIIsucceeded his father in 1483, at the age of 13. During his minority the nobles again attempted to seize power, but they were defeated by Charles' sisterAnne of France.Charles' marriage toAnne of Brittanyprevented a future total Habsburg encirclement of France.

As the heir of the House of Anjou, Charles VIII decided to press his claim to the Kingdom of Naples. It was the beginning of theItalian Wars.In September 1494 Charles invaded Italy with 25,000 men, and attained his object by 22 February 1495, virtually unopposed. But the speed and power of the French advance frightened the powers of Italy. TheLeague of Venice,which consisted of the Republics of Venice and Florence, the Duchies of Milan and Mantua, the Kings of Spain and Naples, the Emperor and the Pope, united against the French. Charles, who did not wish to be trapped in Naples, had to fight against them in theBattle of Fornovo.Charles succeeded in returning to France, but all his conquests and booty were lost. The debts he incurred for the campaign prevented him from resuming the war, and he died in an accident in 1498. With his death the senior line of the House of Valois became extinct. He was succeeded by his cousin, the Duke of Orleans, who becameLouis XII of France.

Louis XII married his predecessor's widow, Anne of Brittany, in order to retain that province for France. The new king also continued his predecessor's policy in Italy. The Dukes of Orleans were descended fromValentina Visconti,and through her claimed the Duchy of Milan. From 1499 to 1512, excepting a brief period in 1500, Louis XII was Duke of Milan. French military activity continued in Italy, with various leagues formed to counter the dominant power. Louis died without a son, and was succeeded by his cousin and son-in-law, Francis of Angoulême, who becameFrancis I of Francein 1515.

Francis I belonged to a cadet branch of the House of Orleans. In theBattle of Marignano,Francis defeated the Swiss, who had ousted his predecessor from Milan, and took control of the duchy. In theImperial Election of 1519,the Kings of Spain, France, and England fought for the imperial title. The King of Spain was a grandson of the deceased emperor, but the electors thought him to be a foreigner as much as the French king. The kings resorted to bribes, and the Spanish king becameCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

The election of the Spanish king to the imperial throne made him the first monarch in Europe, both in title and in reality. Annoyed, the French king demanded that the emperor pay homage for Flanders and Artois; the emperor responded by reasserting his claim to the duchy of Burgundy. The rivalry of the French royal house with the Habsburgs dominated the rest of the sixteenth century. The emperor took Milan from the French in 1521. The King of England and the pope supported the emperor. France was surrounded by enemies on all sides. Domestic troubles led to the defection ofCharles III, Duke of Bourbonand Constable of France, to the emperor. In 1525, at theBattle of Pavia,the French were defeated and the king himself was captured. Francis obtained his release through the Treaty of Madrid, in which he renounced claims in Naples and Milan, surrendered Burgundy to Spain, abandoned sovereignty over Flanders and Artois, and gave up two of his sons as hostages. Francis repudiated the treaty. Having often found himself alone in his struggle against the emperor, Francis formed theFranco-Ottoman alliancewith the sultan, to the scandal of Christian Europe. Francis supported the conversion of the German princes to Protestantism, as it increased his potential allies against the emperor. In his own dominions, the Protestants were suppressed.

Henry IIsucceeded to the throne in 1547. He continued his father's policies, as did his successors. He persecuted Protestants in his kingdom, while Protestants abroad were his allies. Henry captured thethree bishopricsofMetz,Toul,andVerdun.French offensives failed in Italy. In 1556, Charles V abdicated, splitting the Habsburg dominions between his son,Philip II of Spain,who gained Spain and the Low Countries, and his brotherFerdinand I,who became emperor. The French retook Calais after England allied with Spain. ThePeace of Cateau-Cambrésis(1559) ended the Italian Wars. The French lost all their Italian territories except Saluzzo, and were confirmed in the possession of Calais and the three bishoprics. It was a diplomatic victory for Philip II, who gave up nothing which belonged to himself. The Spanish king retainedFranche-Comtéand was confirmed in his possession of Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the State of Presidi, making him the most powerful ruler in Italy.

French Wars of Religion

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The last phase of Valois rule in France was marked by theFrench Wars of Religion.Henry II died in a jousting accident in 1559. His eldest son and heir,Francis II,succeeded him. The new king was already King of Scotland by right of his wife,Mary, Queen of Scots.The queen's maternal relatives, theHouse of Guise,gained an ascendancy over the young king.

The House of Guise was a cadet branch of the ducal House of Lorraine. They claimed descent fromCharlemagneand had designs on the French throne. They considered theHouse of Bourbon,princes of the blood, as their natural enemies. The leading Bourbons, the brothersAntoine, King of Navarre,andLouis, Prince of Condé,were Protestants. The House of Guise identified themselves as champions of the Catholic cause. They were on the point of executing Condé when the young king died.

With the succession of her minor sonCharles IXin 1560,Catherine de' Medicimaneuvered for a balance of power. She released Condé, hoping to use the Bourbons as a counterweight against the Guises. Antoine of Navarre converted to Catholicism and became Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom. TheMassacre of Vassysparked the "first" religious war between the Catholics and the Huguenots. Navarre and Guise died in this war.Anne de Montmorency,Constable of France, was the notable casualty of the second war. Condé died in the third war. The Huguenots were unable to win a substantive victory, but were able to keep an army in the field.

Henry, King of Navarre,marriedMargaret of France,sister of Charles IX, in 1572. The marriage, which had been expected to reconcile the Protestants and Catholics, proved to be a disappointment. TheSt. Bartholomew's Day massacreensued; the Huguenots who flocked in Paris for the wedding were massacreden masse.Navarre and Condé were spared, forced to convert, and detained. The guilt of having permitted the massacre would haunt Charles for the rest of his life. In 1573, the king's brother,Henry, Duke of Anjou,was elected King of Poland.

In 1574, only three months after Henry's coronation as King of Poland, he succeeded to the French throne asHenry III.The next year the king's only remaining brother,the Duke of Alençon,fled the court and joined with Condé and Navarre. This combined threat forced the new king to grant the demands of the rebels. Alençon was made Duke of Anjou. The concessions to the Huguenots disquieted the Catholics, who formed theCatholic League.The League was led by the princes of the House of Lorraine – the dukes of Guise, Mayenne, Aumale, Elboeuf, Mercœur and Lorraine, supported by Spain. The Huguenots held the southwest and were allied to England and the princes of Germany. The death of the king's brother, in 1584, meant that the Huguenot King of Navarre had become heir presumptive to the throne of France. Pressured by the Catholic League, the king issued theTreaty of Nemours,which outlawed Protestantism and made Protestants incapable of holding royal office.

In the resultingWar of the Three Henrys,the royalists led by the king, the Huguenots led by Henry of Navarre, and the Catholic League led byHenry of Guise,fought a three-way contest for the control of France. After the humiliation of theDay of the Barricades,Henry III fled from Paris. Guise had entered Paris against his express prohibition; he resolved to assassinate the audacious duke. The assassination of Guise drew the odium of the Catholic League. Henry III sought the alliance of Navarre. The two kings were on the point of taking Paris with their great army, when the French king fell by the hands of an assassin. With his death the male line of the House of Valois had been completely extinguished, after reigning for 261 years in France.

Succession

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The royal Bourbons originated in 1272, when the youngest son of KingLouis IXmarried the heiress of thelordship of Bourbon.[4]The house continued for three centuries as acadet branch,serving as nobles under theDirect Capetianand Valois kings.

In 1589, at the death ofHenry III of France,the House of Valois became extinct in the male line. Under theSalic law,the Head of the House of Bourbon, as the senior representative of the senior-surviving branch of the Capetian dynasty, became King of France asHenry IV.[4]

List of Valois kings of France

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Valois (direct)

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Valois-Orléans

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  • Louis XII,the Father of the People 1498–1515, great-grandson of Charles V of France

Valois-Angoulême

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The application of theSalic Lawmeant that with the extinction of the Valois in the male line, theBourbonssucceeded to the throne as descendants ofLouis IX.

Valois king of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

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Other significant titles held by the House of Valois

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Count of Valois

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House of Valois

Latin Emperor of Constantinople

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House of Valois

House of Valois–Courtenay

Counts and Dukes of Alençon

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House of Valois

  • Charles I,count (1291–1325) (see Charles of Valois, above)

House of Valois-Alençon

House of França (Portugal)

Counts and Dukes of Anjou

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House of Valois-Anjou

  • Louis I,duke (1360–1383) (also king of Jerusalem and Naples asLouis I), second son of John II of France
  • Louis II(1377–1417), son of (also king of Naples asLouis II)
  • Louis III(1403–1434), son of (also king of Naples asLouis III)
  • René I(1409–1480), brother of (also king of Jerusalem and Naples asRené I)
  • Charles IV(1436–1481), nephew of (also king of Jerusalem and Naples asCharles IV)

Dukes of Burgundy

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House of Valois-Burgundy

Dukes of Brabant

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House of Valois-Burgundy-Brabant

Counts of Nevers

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House of Valois-Burgundy-Nevers

Dukes of Orléans

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House of Valois

House of Valois-Orléans

Duke of Brittany

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House of Valois–Orléans

House of Valois-Orléans-Angoulême

Counts of Angoulême

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House of Valois-Orléans-Angoulême

Illegitimate branches

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Forms of address

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Forms of address for Valois kings and princes included "Most Christian Majesty","Dauphin","your Grace","Your Majesty","Most regal Majesty".

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toHouse of Valois.

Notes

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  1. ^Valoismeaning, literally, "of the valley" or "from the valley".

References

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  1. ^Wells, John C.(2008).Longman Pronunciation Dictionary(3rd ed.). Longman.ISBN978-1-4058-8118-0.;Jones, Daniel(2011).Roach, Peter;Setter, Jane;Esling, John(eds.).Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-15255-6.
  2. ^Empress Matildahad claimed the English throne in the early 12th century. However,Stephen of Bloiscontested her claim, occasioninga lengthy civil war.
  3. ^ Weir, Alison(1989). "The House of Hanover".Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy.Random House (published 2011). p. 286.ISBN9781446449110.On 1 January 1801, [King George III] relinquished for ever the title 'King of France', held by English kings since Edward III laid claim to the French crown in 1340.
  4. ^abAnselme, Père.Histoire de la Maison Royale de France,tome 4. Editions du Palais-Royal, 1967, Paris. pp. 144–146, 151–153, 175, 178, 180, 185, 187–189, 191, 295–298, 318–319, 322–329. (French).
House of Valois
Cadet branch of theCapetian dynasty
Preceded by Ruling Houseof France
1328–1589 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ruling Houseof theDuchy of Burgundy
1363–1482 		Succeeded by
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