Thehryvnia(/(hə)ˈrɪvniə/(hə-)RIV-nee-ə;Ukrainian:гривня[ˈɦrɪu̯nʲɐ],abbr.грнhrn;sign:₴;code:UAH) has been the national currency of Ukraine since 2 September 1996. The hryvnia is divided into 100kopiyok.It is named aftera measure of weightused inKievan Rus'.[3]
| українська гривня(Ukrainian) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
| ISO 4217 | |||||
| Code | UAH (numeric:980) | ||||
| Subunit | 0.01 | ||||
| Unit | |||||
| Plural | hryvni (nom.pl.), hryven (gen.pl.) | ||||
| Symbol | ₴or грн | ||||
| Denominations | |||||
| Subunit | |||||
| 1⁄100 | kopiyka (копійка) | ||||
| Plural | |||||
| kopiyka (копійка) | kopiyky (nom. pl.), kopiyok (gen. pl.) | ||||
| Banknotes | |||||
| Freq. used | ₴20, ₴50,₴100,₴200, ₴500, ₴1,000 | ||||
| Rarely used | ₴1, ₴2,₴5,₴10 | ||||
| Coins | |||||
| Freq. used | ₴1, ₴2, ₴5, ₴10 | ||||
| Rarely used | 10, 50 kopiyok | ||||
| Demographics | |||||
| User(s) |  Ukraine | ||||
| Issuance | |||||
| Central bank | National Bank of Ukraine | ||||
| Website | https://bank.gov.ua/en/ | ||||
| Printer | National Bank of Ukraine | ||||
| Mint | National Bank of Ukraine | ||||
| Valuation | |||||
| Inflation | 9.52% (2021 y-o-y)[1][failed verification] | ||||
| Source | NBU, 2019, May[2][failed verification] | ||||
| Method | CPI | ||||
Name
editEtymology
editThecurrencyofKievan Rus'in the 11th century was thegrivna.The word is thought to derive from theSlavicgriva;which compares with theUkrainian,Russian,Bulgarian,andSerbo-Croatianwordгрива(griva,meaning "mane" ). It might have indicated something valuable to be worn around the neck, that was usually made ofsilverorgold,and may be related to the Bulgarian and Serbian termgrivna(гривна,"bracelet" ).
Following Ukraine's declared secession from Russia in 1917, theUkrainian People's Republicnamed its currency hryvnia after the grivna of Kievan Rus'; these were designed byHeorhiy Narbut.
The word was used to describe silver or goldingotsof a certain weight.[citation needed]
Plural forms
editThenominativeplural of hryvnia ishryvni(Ukrainian:гривні), while thegenitiveplural ishryven’(Ukrainian:гривень). In Ukrainian, the nominative plural form is used for numbers ending with 2, 3, or 4, as indvi hryvni(дві гривні, "2 hryvni" ), and the genitive plural is used for numbers ending with 5 to 9 and 0, for examplesto hryven’(сто гривень, "100 hryven’" ); for numbers ending with 1 the nominative singular form is used, for exampledvadtsiat’ odna hryvnia(двадцять одна гривня, "21 hryvnia" ).
An exception for this rule is numbers ending in 11, 12, 13 and 14 for which the genitive plural is also used, for example,dvanadciat’ hryven’(дванадцять гривень, "12 hryven’" ). The singular for the subdivision is копійка (kopiyka), the nominative plural is копійки (kopiyky) and the genitive is копійок (kopiyok).[citation needed]
Currency sign
edit
Thehryvnia signis acursiveUkrainian letterHe(г), with a double horizontal stroke (₴), symbolizing stability, similar to that used in other currency symbols such as theyenandChinese yuan(¥, a symbol the currencies share),euro(€), andIndian rupee(₹). The sign was encoded as U+20B4 inUnicode4.1 and released in 2005.[4]It is now supported by most systems. In Ukraine, if the hryvnia sign is unavailable, theCyrillicabbreviation "грн" is used (which can be transliterated as "hrn" ).[citation needed]
History
edit
On 22 December 1917, theCentral RadaestablishedUkraine's state bank.Thekarbovanetsbecame first currency of the Ukrainian People's Republic. On 5 January 1918, the first official 100 karbovanets banknote was issued, signed by Mykhailo Kryvetskyi, the first director of the state bank.
On 1 March 1918, the Central Council introduced a new currency, the hryvnia, consisting of 100shahsand equaled to 1/2 of the previously issued karbovanets banknote.
In April 1918,Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyreintroduced the karbovanets as the main currency of Ukraine. It consisted of 200 shahs, and denominations of 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 1,000 karbovanets were issued.
During the Nazi occupation of Ukraine inWorld War II,the German occupying government (Reichskommissariat Ukraine) issued banknotes denominated in karbovanets (karbowanezinGerman).
Thethird version of the karbovanetsreplaced rubles at par in 1992. The karbovanets was subject tohyperinflationin the early 1990s following thedissolution of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]The karbovanets was replaced by the hryvnia in September 1996, at a rate of 1 hryvnia to 100,000 karbovanets.[5]
The introduction of the hryvnia was done in a covert fashion.[6]It was introduced according to thePresidentialDecree of 26 August 1996, published three days later. During the transition period, 2–16 September, both hryvnias and karbovanets could be used, but change could only be given in hryvnias. All bank accounts were converted to hryvnias automatically. During the transition period, 97% of karbovanets were taken out of circulation, with 56% being removed in the first five days of the currency reform.[6]After 16 September 1996, any remaining karbovanets in circulation could be exchanged for hryvnias in banks.[citation needed]
The hryvnia was introduced when the chairman of theNational Bank of UkrainewasViktor Yushchenko,but the new banknotes bore the signature of the previous chairman,Vadym Hetman.The first notes had been printed in 1992 by theCanadian Bank Note Company,but it was decided to delay their circulation until thehyperinflationin Ukraine had been brought under control.[citation needed]
On 18 March 2014, following theRussian annexation of Crimea,theinterimadministration of theRepublic of Crimeaannounced that the hryvnia was to be dropped as the region's currency the following month.[7]It was replaced by theRussian rubleon 21 March 2014;[8]the hryvnia was allowed to be used for cash payments until 1 June.[8]Because of a lack of low-denomination Russian rubles in thoseraionsof theDonbasunder the control of the pro-Russianseparatiststates ofDonetskandLuhansk,the hryvnia remained the predominant currency until 2022.[9]
Coinage
editCoins were first struck for the new currency in 1992, but were not introduced until September 1996. Initially, coins valued between 1 and 50 kopiyky were issued. In March 1997, ₴1 coins were added. Since 2004, commemorative ₴1 coins have been struck.
In October 2012, the National Bank of Ukraine announced that it was examining the possibility of withdrawing the 1 and 2 kopiyky coins from circulation,[10]as they had become too expensive to produce. After 2013, 1 and 2 kopiyky coins were not produced, but remained in circulation until 1 October 2019.[11]On 26 October 2012, the National Bank of Ukraine announced it was considering the introduction of a ₴2 coin.[12]Officially, as of 1 July 2016, 12.4 billion coins, with a face value of ₴1.4 billion were in circulation.[13]On 1 October 2019, 1, 2 and 5 kopiyky coins ceased to be legal tender. They can be still changed at banks.[14]
| Coins of the Ukrainian Hryvnia (1992–present)[15] | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | Value | Technical parameters | Description | Date of | ||||||||
| Obverse | Reverse | Diameter | Mass | Composition | Edge | Obverse | Reverse | minting | issue | withdrawal | ||
|
|
1 kopiyka | 16 mm | 1.5 g | Stainless steel | Plain | Value, Ornaments |
Ukrainian Trident | 1992–2016 | 2 September 1996 | Not issued since 1 July 2018.[16]1, 2, and 5-kopiyka coins withdrew from general circulation on 1 October 2019.[11] | |
|
|
2 kopiyky | 17.30 mm | 0.64 g (1992~1996) 1.8 g (2001–) |
aluminium(1992–1996), stainless steel (2001–) |
1992–2014 | ||||||
|
|
5 kopiyok | 24 mm | 4.3 g | stainless steel | Reeded | 1992–2015 | |||||
|
|
10 kopiyok | 16.3 mm | 1.7 g | brass(1992–1996), aluminium bronze(2001–) |
Reeded | Value, Ornaments |
Ukrainian Trident | 1992~present | 2 September 1996 | Current | |
|
|
25 kopiyok | 20.8 mm | 2.9 g | Reeded and plain sectors | 1992–2016 | Not issued since 1 July 2018.[16]25-kopiyka coin ceased to be legal tender in Ukraine and gone out of circulation, effective 1 October 2020.[17][18] | |||||
|
|
50 kopiyok | 23 mm | 4.2 g | 1992~present | Current | ||||||
|
|
1 hryvnia | 26 mm | 7.1 g (1995,1996) 6.9 g (2001–) |
brass (1995, 1996), aluminium bronze (2001–) |
Inscription: "ОДНА ГРИВНЯ", minted year | 1995~2013 | 12 March 1997 | Current, but new design introduced in 2018 | |||
|
|
1 hryvnia | 26 mm | 6.8 g (2004–2016) | Aluminium bronze (2004–2016) | Plain with incuse lettering ( "ОДНА · ГРИВНЯ · Date of issue" ) | Inscription: Coat of arms of Ukraine; УКРАЇНА 1 ГРИВНЯ; date of issue inside a decorative wreath | Half length figure ofVolodymyr the Greatholding amodel churchand staff with legend above | 2004–2016 | 2004 | ||
|
|
1 hryvnia | 18.9 mm | 3.3 g | Nickel-plated steel | Reeded | Coat of Arms of Ukraine, Value, Ornaments |
Volodymyr the Great | 2018[16] | Current | ||
|
|
2 hryvni | 20.2 mm | 4.0 g | Yaroslav the Wise | |||||||
|
|
5 hryven | 22.1 mm | 5.2 g | Segmented (Plain and Reeded edges) | Bohdan Khmelnytsky | 2019 | |||||
|
|
10 hryven | 23.5 mm | 6.4 g | Nickel plated zinc alloy | Reeded | Ivan Mazepa | 2020[16] | ||||
| These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see thecoin specification table. | ||||||||||||
Banknotes
editIn 1996, the first series of hryvnia banknotes was introduced into circulation by theNational Bank of Ukraine.They were dated 1992 and were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 hryvnias. The design of the banknotes was developed by Ukrainian artistsVasyl Lopataand Borys Maksymov.[19][20]The one hryvnia banknotes were printed by theCanadian Bank Note Companyin 1992. The two, five and ten hryvnia banknotes were printed two years later. The banknotes were stored in Canada until they were put into circulation.[19]
Banknotes of the first series in denominations of 50 and 100 hryvnias also existed but were not introduced because these nominals were not needed in the economic crisis of the mid-1990s.
Also in 1996, the 1, 50, and 100 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced, with 1 hryvnia dated 1994. The banknotes were designed and printed by Britain'sDe La Rue.[21]Since the opening of the Mint of the National Bank of Ukraine in cooperation with De La Rue in March 1994, all banknotes have been printed in Ukraine.[21]
Later, higher denominations were added. The 200 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced in 2001, followed by the 500 hryvnia notes of the third series in 2006, and 1000 hryvnia notes of fourth series in 2019.
The 100 hryvnia denomination is quite common due to its moderately high value. Also common is the 200 and 500 hryvnia, as most Ukrainian ATMs dispense currency in these denominations.
In 2016, the NBU paper factory started producing banknote paper using flax instead of cotton.[22]
In 2019, the National Bank of Ukraine introduced a 1,000 hryvnia banknote and was issued into circulation on 25 October 2019.[23]The introduction of the new banknote was in response to the National Bank of Ukraine's efforts of streamlining the number of coins and banknotes already in circulation. The 1, 2, 5 and 10 hryvnia banknotes will continue to be legal tender alongside its equivalent coins in general circulation, while being withdrawn from circulation from repeated use in commerce.
In 2019, the National Bank of Ukraine introduced a revised 50 hryvnia banknote into circulation on 20 December 2019 and issued a revised 200 hryvnia banknote on 25 February 2020, thereby completing the family of notes which began with the issuance of the 100 hryvnia banknote in 2015.
Current series
edit| Denomination[1] and dimensions |
Image | Main colour | Description | Date of issue | Withdrawal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obverse | Reverse | Watermark | Obverse | Reverse | ||||
| ₴1 118 × 63 mm |
|
|
Yellow-blue | Volodymyr the Great of Kiev(c. 958–1015),Prince of NovgorodandGrand Prince of Kiev Ruler ofKievan Rus'in (980–1015) |
Volodymyr I's Fortress Wall inKiev | 22 May 2006 | 1 October 2020 | |
| ₴2 118 × 63 mm |
|
|
Terracotta | Yaroslav the Wise(c. 978 – 1054),Prince of NovgorodandGrand Prince of Kiev Ruler ofKievan Rus'in (1019–1054) |
Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv | 24 September 2004 | ||
| ₴5 118 × 63 mm |
|
|
Blue | Bohdan Khmelnytsky(c. 1595–1657),Hetman of Ukraine | A church in the village ofSubotiv | 14 June 2004 | ||
| ₴10 124 × 66 mm |
|
|
Crimson | Ivan Mazepa(1639–1709),Hetman of Ukraine | The Holy Dormition Cathedral of theKyiv Pechersk Lavra | 1 November 2004 | ||
| ₴20 130 × 69 mm |
|
|
Green | Ivan Franko(1856–1916), writer and politician | Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet | 25 September 2018 | Current | |
| ₴50 136 × 72 mm |
|
|
Violet | Mykhailo Hrushevskyi(1866–1934), historian and politician. | TheTsentralna Radabuilding ( "House of the Teacher" inKyiv) | 20 December 2019 | ||
| ₴100 142 × 75 mm |
|
|
Olive | Taras Shevchenko(1814–1861), poet and artist | Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv | 9 March 2015 | ||
| ₴200 148 × 75 mm |
|
|
Pink | Lesya Ukrainka(1871–1913), poet and writer | Entrance Tower ofLutsk Castle | 25 February 2020 | ||
| ₴500 154 × 75 mm |
|
|
Brown | Hryhorii Skovoroda(1722–1794), philosopher and poet | National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy | 11 April 2016 | ||
| ₴1,000 160 × 75 mm |
|
|
Blue | Volodymyr Vernadskyi(1863–1945), historian, philosopher, naturalist and scientist | National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine | 25 October 2019 | ||
| These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see thebanknote specification table. | ||||||||
Exchange rates
editOfficialNBUexchange rate at moment of introduction was UAH 1.76 per 1US dollar.[24]
Following theAsian financial crisisin 1998, the currency was devalued to UAH 5.6 = USD 1.00 in February 2000. Later, the exchange rate remained relatively stable at around 5.4 hryvnias for 1 US dollar and was fixed to 5.05 hryvnias for 1 US dollar from 21 April 2005 until 21 May 2008. In mid-October 2008 rapid devaluation began, in the course of aglobal financial crisisthathit Ukraine hard,with the hryvnia dropping 38.4% from UAH 4.85 for 1 US dollar on 23 September 2008 to UAH 7.88 for 1 US dollar on 19 December 2008.[25]After a period of instability, a new peg of 8 hryvnias per US dollar was established, remaining for several years. In 2012, the peg was changed to a managed float (much like that of theChinese yuan) as the euro and other European countries' currencies weakened against the dollar due to theEuropean debt crisis,and the value in mid-2012 was about ₴8.14 per dollar.[citation needed]
As from 7 February 2014, followingpolitical instability in Ukraine,the National Bank of Ukraine changed the hryvnia into afluctuating/floating currencyin an attempt to meetIMFrequirements and to try to enforce a stable price for the currency in theForex market.[26]In 2014 and 2015, the hryvnia lost about 70% of its value against the U.S. dollar, with the currency reaching a record low of ₴33 per dollar in February 2015.[27]
On 31 July 2019, the hryvnia to U.S. dollar exchange rate in the interbank foreign exchange market strengthened to ₴24.98 — the highest level in 3 years.[28]
Following theRussian invasion of Ukraine,the official exchange rate of hryvnia was fixed at ₴29.25 per U.S. dollar and ₴33.17 per euro. On 21 July 2022, it was devalued to ₴36.5686 per US dollar,[29]to bring it into alignment with the black market.[30]
The international mid-market exchange rate fluctuates, but values the hryvnia slightly lower than the official rate.[31]
| Year | USD | EUR | RUB | CHF | BTC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 5.3345 | 4.9415 | 3.2246 | ||
| 2001 | 5.4125 | 4.4860 | 3.1871 | ||
| 2002 | 5.3304 | 5.0023 | 3.4288 | ||
| 2003 | 5.3318 | 6.1980 | 3.9614 | ||
| 2004 | 5.3072 | 6.9395 | 0.1986 | 4.2818 | |
| 2005 | 5.2799 | 6.1312 | 0.1805 | 4.1275 | |
| 2006 | 5.0500 | 6.3620 | 0.1843 | 4.0278 | |
| 2007 | 5.0500 | 7.0010 | 0.1943 | 4.2116 | |
| 2008 | 6.8777 | 8.9879 | 0.2433 | 4.8609 | |
| 2009 | 7.7038 | 11.2046 | 0.2619 | 7.1950 | 0.0000 |
| 2010 | 7.9356 | 10.5329 | 0.2610 | 7.6261 | 3.2992 |
| 2011 | 7.9930 | 11.0921 | 0.2720 | 9.0141 | 105.3409 |
| 2012 | 7.9880 | 10.2706 | 0.2570 | 8.5208 | 38.6018 |
| 2013 | 7.9930 | 10.6122 | 0.2510 | 8.6233 | 1,573.15 |
| 2014 | 12.2967 | 15.7159 | 0.3110 | 12.9501 | 5,428.19 |
| 2015 | 21.5751 | 24.2287 | 0.3620 | 22.6973 | 7,956.56 |
| 2016 | 25.2860 | 28.2919 | 0.3830 | 25.9546 | 13,427.58 |
| 2017 | 27.1194 | 30.0042 | 0.4560 | 26.9990 | 115,302.94 |
| 2018 | 27.4550 | 32.1429 | 0.4360 | 27.8305 | 219,979.42 |
| 2019 | 24.4558 | 28.9518 | 0.3990 | 26.0025 | 189,893.73 |
| 2020 | 25.4555 | 30.7900 | 0.3740 | 28.7600 | 313,830.20 |
| 2021 | 27.7235 | 32.3100 | 0.3700 | 29.8600 | 1,304,733.15 |
| 2022 | 34.5886 | 35.9210 | 0.4476 | 35.5610 | 815,943.77 |
| 2023 | 36.4136 | 38.3263 | 0.4054 | 40.1478 | 1,052,340.81 |
| 2024 | 38.3109 | 41.5476 | 0.4189 | 43.6031 | 1,818,454.39 |
| Current UAH exchange rates | |
|---|---|
| FromGoogle Finance: | AUDCADCHFCNYEURGBPHKDJPYUSD |
| FromYahoo! Finance: | AUDCADCHFCNYEURGBPHKDJPYUSD |
| FromXE.com: | AUDCADCHFCNYEURGBPHKDJPYUSD |
| From OANDA: | AUDCADCHFCNYEURGBPHKDJPYUSD |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^"Ukrania Hryvnia".Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2017.
- ^"Archived".Archivedfrom the original on 2016-05-06.Retrieved2016-06-01.
- ^Langer, Lawrence N. (2002)."Grivna".Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia.Scarecrow Press. pp. 56–57.ISBN9780810866188.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-01-17.Retrieved2022-03-02.
- ^*Michael Everson's"Proposal to encode the HYRVNIA SIGN and CEDI SIGN in the UCS"(PDF).23 April 2004.Archived(PDF)from the original on 3 October 2020.Retrieved23 April2004.
- ^"National Bank of Ukraine".Bank.gov.ua.Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2019.Retrieved11 February2017.
- ^ab"Volodymyr Matvienko. Autograph on Hryvnia"(in Ukrainian). Archived fromthe originalon December 31, 2008.
- ^"Ukrainian hryvnia to be dropped in April: Crimean gov't official".CCTV NewsAmerica.18 March 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 23 April 2014.Retrieved18 March2014.
- ^abCrimea enters the rouble zoneArchived2014-11-29 at theWayback Machine,ITAR-TASS(1 June 2014)
- ^""In theory, it is possible to pay with Ukrainian hryvnias, Russian rubles, US dollars, and euros in the DPR and the LPR. However, only the two former currencies are in common use. Their exchange rate has been fixed by the governments, and is 1:2 (one hryvnia is the equivalent of two rubles). However, there is a shortage of low denomination rubles, so the Ukrainian hryvnia is still the most popular means of payment."".Osw.waw.pl.17 June 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2020.Retrieved2 April2019.
- ^"НБУ в ближайшие месяцы рассмотрит вопрос о целесообразности использования 1-2-копеечных монет".Rbc.ua.Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2019.Retrieved2 April2019.
- ^ab"NBU Streamlines Hryvnia Banknote and Coin Denominations".National Bank of Ukraine.25 June 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 22 October 2020.Retrieved17 July2019.
- ^НБУ рассмотрит вопрос введения в обращение 2-гривневой монеты[RBK will consider the issuance of 2-hryvnia coin] (in Russian). RBK Ukraina. 26 October 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2014.
- ^"Cash_Circulation".October 28, 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 2019-10-28.
- ^"Монетами 1, 2 та 5 копійок не можна розраховуватися з 1 жовтня 2019 року".Національний банк України.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-04-16.Retrieved2021-04-16.
- ^"Розмінні й обігові монети".Bank.gov.ua.Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2019.Retrieved2 April2019.
- ^abcd"Національний банк презентував нові обігові монети".Bank.gov.ua.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-08-30.Retrieved2018-04-07.
- ^"25-Kopiyka Coins and Old Series Hryvnia Banknotes to Cease Being Legal Ten-der from 1 October 2020".National Bank of Ukraine.2 Sep 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2020.Retrieved19 October2020.
- ^"NBU to Withdraw 25.Kopiyka Coins and Hryvnia Banknotes 01 Designed before 2003 from Circulation, Effective 1 October 2020".National Bank of Ukraine.30 Sep 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2020.Retrieved19 October2020.
- ^abКак появилась гривна[How hryvnia was born] (in Russian).Podrobnosti.4 September 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 13 March 2014.
- ^"The man who designed Hryvnia".Zerkalo Nedeli(in Russian). Archived fromthe originalon April 23, 2008.
- ^ab"Hryvnia-Immigrant".Zerkalo Nedeli(in Ukrainian). Archived fromthe originalon 2010-12-29.
- ^"NBU Starts Printing Money from Flax – Незалежний АУДИТОР".N-auditor.com.ua.Archivedfrom the original on 10 May 2017.Retrieved11 February2017.
- ^Brand new 1,000-hryvnia banknote put into circulation on Oct 25Archived2019-10-25 at theWayback Machine,UNIAN(25 October 2019)
- ^"Результати пошуку".Bank.gov.ua.Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2012.Retrieved11 February2017.
- ^National Bank of UkraineArchived2008-12-18 at theWayback Machine,historical exchange rates
- ^"7 лютого 2014 року Національний банк України вводить в обіг пам'ятну монету" Визволення Нікополя від фашистських загарбників ""[7 February 2014 the National Bank of Ukraine will issue commemorative coins "Nikopol Liberation from the Nazis" ]. 7 February 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2014.
- ^Ukraine teeters a few steps from chaosArchived2019-05-19 at theWayback Machine,BBC News(5 February 2016)
- ^US dollar in Ukraine costs less than Hr 25 for the first time in 3 yearsArchived2021-11-09 at theWayback MachineKyiv Post,July 31, 2019
- ^Ukraine Devalues Hryvnia to Adjust to War-Time Economic Realitybloomberg.com,July 21, 2022
- ^Culverwell, Dominic (21 July 2022)."Ukraine's central bank devalues hryvnia rate to 36.5686 to the dollar".bne IntelliNews.Berlin.
- ^"Best USD to UAH Exchange Rates Compared Live".Money transfer.Current mid-market rate, updated frequently.
Bibliography
edit- Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).Standard Catalog of World Coins:1801–1991(18th ed.). Krause Publications.ISBN0873411501.
- Cuhaj, George S. (editor) (2006).Standard Catalog of World Paper Money:Modern Issues 1961-Present(12th ed.). Krause Publications.ISBN0-89689-356-1.
{{cite book}}:|author1=has generic name (help)
External links
edit
- The history of the hryvniafrom theNational Bank of Ukraine
- National Bank of Ukraine announcement of Hryvnia Sign(in Ukrainian)
- Proposed symbols for hryvnia during design competition(in Ukrainian)
- Images of hryvnia notes introduced in 1997
- The first Ukrainian Money (1917–1922)from theOdesa Numismatics Museum
- Ukraine monetary reform. Numismatics(in Russian)
- List of coins of Ukraine(Numista)
| Preceded by: Various |
Currency ofKievan Rus' 11th century – 15th century |
Succeeded by: Various |
| Preceded by: Ukrainian karbovanets |
Currency ofUkrainian People's Republic 1 March 1918 – April 1918 |
Succeeded by: Ukrainian karbovanets Reason:coup d'état (on 29 April 1918) |
| Preceded by: Ukrainian karbovanets Reason:coup d'état (on 14 December 1918) |
Currency ofUkrainian People's Republic December 1918 – November 1920 |
Succeeded by: Soviet karbovanets Reason:Soviet reintegration |
| Preceded by: Ukrainian karbovanets Reason:inflation (on 2 September 1996) Ratio:1 hryvnia = 100,000 karbovanets |
Currency ofUkraine 2 September 1996 – |
Succeeded by: Current |