Wikipedia

Hugo Strange

Hugo Strangeis asupervillainappearing in comic books published byDC Comics,commonly as anadversaryof thesuperheroBatman.The character is one of Batman's first recurring villains, and was also one of the first to discover his secret identity.[2]The character first appeared inDetective Comics#36 (February 1940).[3]

Hugo Strange
Cover toBatman: Gotham Knights#9 (November 2000); art byBrian Bolland
Publication information
PublisherDC Comics
First appearanceDetective Comics#36
(February 1940)[1]
Created by
In-story information
Alter egoProfessor Hugo Strange
Doctor Hugo Strange
Team affiliationsCabal
Notable aliases
  • Doctor Todhunter
Abilities
  • Criminal mastermind
  • Trained in psychiatry, chemistry, and biology

A notorious enemy of Batman, the character has appeared in various forms of non-comics media, including animation, video games, and the live-action television seriesGotham,where he is portrayed byBD Wong.

Fictional character biography

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Pre-Crisis

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Golden Age

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Professor Hugo Strange first appears inDetective Comics#36 (February 1940) as a scientist and criminal mastermind who uses a stolen "concentrated lightning" machine to generate a dense fog every night so his gang can rob banks unseen, though he knows that Batman poses a threat to him.Batman,who already knows of Strange's experiments, begins investigating him after one of his henchmen commits a murder. When the robbers are apprehended, Strange vows to set a trap for Batman and deal with him personally. He has a dozen of his men ambush the vigilante, and one of them knocks him out with a blackjack. Batman wakes up in Strange's lair, where Strange hangs him from his wrists and lashes him with a whip. Batman breaks the ropes, gasses the room, and defeats Strange, who is jailed but quickly begins planning his escape.[4]

InBatman#1 (spring 1940), he carries out his escape plan, recruits a new gang of criminals, then breaks out "five insane patients" from the localasylumand uses them as test subjects, turning them into hulking 15 ft. tall monsters by administering a powerful artificial growth hormone that acts on thepituitary gland.He outfits them with bulletproof clothing, and uses them to rampage throughGotham Cityand distract the police while his men commit robberies. Strange administers the serum to Batman after the giants capture him, saying it will work in 18 hours. Batman tricks two of the monsters into killing each other, and then formulates a drug that prevents any abnormal secretions from the pituitary gland, preventing the transformation. He is then able to kill all the other monsters, and sends Strange to his apparent death in a fall from a cliff, although he suspects that the mad scientist has survived.[5]

InDetective Comics#46 (December 1940), Strange returns and starts spreading a fear-inducing powder around the city until a punch from Batman again sends him falling off a cliff to his apparent death.[6]

Earth-One

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He returned years later in the 1970s in the "Strange Apparitions" story arc inDetective Comics#469-479 (May 1977-September–October 1978). Having survived his earlier "death" (how this happened is never explained, seen or shown, although this may be another example of the differences in continuity between Golden Age and Earth-One stories), Strange left Gotham City and went to Europe for several years, where his criminal career prospered with no one to challenge him. Bored and hoping to pit his wits against Batman again, Strange, now using the alias of Dr. Todhunter, opens a private hospital, Graytowers Clinic, for Gotham's wealthiest citizens, where he holds them for ransom before mutating them into mindless monsters.[7]When Bruce Wayne checks into the hospital to recover discreetly from radiation burns he sustained while fightingDoctor Phosphorus,Strange finds out that Wayne is Batman and uses this information to wreak havoc on his personal life. Strange then attempts to auction off the identity of Batman to Gotham City Councilman "Boss"Rupert Thorne,Penguin,andJoker.Not wanting to lose, Thorne has Strange abducted and beaten by his men to reveal Batman's identity, but Strange apparently dies without ever telling him. Strange's ghost then comes back to haunt Thorne, driving the Councilman insane. Thorne confesses his long career of corruption and is sent toArkham Asylum.[8]

Strange's ghost returns again to haunt Thorne inDetective Comics#513 (April 1982), #516 (July 1982), #518 (September 1982), and #520 (November 1982) andBatman#354 (December 1982), leading up to the appearance of therealHugo Strange in the last panel of the last page of the fifth issue mentioned here. As revealed two issues later inBatman#356 (February 1983), Strange had indeed survived the beating from Thorne's men by usingyogatechniques to slow his heartbeat to an undetectable level. It is also revealed that Strange also artificially created the "ghost" of himself that haunted Thorne by using strategically-placed devices that simulated the appearance of a spirit. Upon his return, Strange used the devices again to bring back the "ghost" so he could punish Thorne for double-crossing him. Subsequently, Strange attempts to weaken Bruce Wayne through the use of drugs and lifelike robots called Mandroids, with the ultimate goal of destroying Wayne completely so that Strange could take his place as Batman. The plan fails, and Strange apparently dies once more when he attempts to kill Batman by blowing up a replica ofWayne Manorwith himself in it, stating that ifhecannot be Batman, thennoone can. Batman survives the explosion, but no trace of Strange is found.[9]

Later, Strange returns yet again (the Hugo Strange that "died" in the explosion was revealed by the real Strange to be a Mandroid) inBatman Annual#10 (1986), in another attempt to destroy Batman and Bruce Wayne, this time attempting to financially bankrupt Wayne by using various tricks to force three Wayne Enterprises shareholders to sell their stock holdings to him so he could bankrupt the company. He also attempts to frame Batman as a criminal. However, Strange is defeated and sent to prison. Batman is able to stop Strange from further exploiting his knowledge of his secret identity by falsely claiming that he hypnotized Strange to give him a fake idea of Batman's true identity just beforeCommissioner Gordonshows up to arrest him; his explanation is so convincing that Strange begins to wonder if Batman is attempting a complex double-bluff by letting himthinkthat Bruce Wayne is Batman and thus doubts whether his original conclusion was correct.[10]

Earth-Two

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TheEarth-Twoversion of Strange has a similar early history to the Earth-One version and also survives the fall that he experienced inDetective Comics#46.[6]InThe Brave and the Bold#182 (January 1982), it is revealed that he is left paralyzed by the fall but, after years of physical therapy, he regains enough movement to write out the surgical techniques needed to repair the damage to his body - and bribes a surgeon to perform the operation. The surgeon lacks Strange's skill, and the operation leaves Strange physically deformed (the surgeon is then killed for his failure). Strange uses one of his devices to captureStarman's Cosmic Rod to use its power to attack everyone and everything thatBatmanholds dear. He generates a storm in Gotham to obtain the device, which creates a dimensional doorway toEarth-One,bringing that universe's Batman over to Earth-Two, which allows him and Earth-Two'sRobinto join with Earth-Two'sBatwomanin defeating Strange. Strange realizes that he is, in fact, angry at his own wasted life and deformed body, so he uses the Cosmic Rod to commit suicide.[11]

Post-Crisis

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In the post-Crisiscontinuity, Strange was reintroduced in the "Prey"storyline as an eccentric private psychiatrist enlisted to help a task force assigned to capture Batman by providing them with a psychological profile of the vigilante. While brilliant at his work, Strange is depicted as being equally unbalanced: he becomes so obsessed with the case, he starts wearing a replica Batman costume in private, convinced that he alone understands the darkness that drives Batman.

According toCommissioner Gordon,Strange was "abandoned as a child, grew up in state homes. A bright kid, but he apparently had a hell of a temper. Nobody knowshowhe put himself through college and medical school. "Strange was raised in an orphanage on the lower East Side of Gotham City, in a neighborhood known as" Hell's Crucible ". As an adult, he became a professor of psychiatry at Gotham State University, but had his tenure suspended after using his position to promote a series of increasingly bizarre genetic engineering theories. He is approached by an Indian man named Sanjay, who seeks Strange's aid in curing his sick brother. Strange agrees to help, and Sanjay works loyally by his side from that point onward. Borrowing money from gangsterSal Maroni,who is in the employ of Gotham kingpinCarmine Falcone,Strange sets up a private laboratory to test his theories. He then bribes a corrupt orderly to supply him with ideal test subjects: incurably insane inmates fromArkham Asylumwho have been institutionalized for so long that they will not be missed.

Strange's experiments have literally monstrous results, with his test subjects turning into gigantic, mindless "Monster Men",possessing superhuman strength andcannibalisticinstincts. Strange uses the Monster Men to commit crimes so he can put together the money needed to pay back his Mafia connections. Batman becomes involved after discovering some of the gruesome remains of the Monster's Men's cannibalistic rampages. When Strange sets his creations free at an illegal poker game, helping himself to the victims' money after the slaughter, the Gotham Mafia begins to grow suspicious. Batman tracks Strange down, but is captured by Sanjay and thrown to the Monster Men as an intended meal. Batman not only holds off the creatures, but uses them as part of an inventive escape. Strange is enthralled by Batman, believing that he has found a genetically perfect man. He creates one final Monster Man using a drop of Batman's blood, and while his creation still has many of the flaws of its "brothers", it lacks most of the grotesque disfigurements that had plagued Strange's earlier creations. Strange is subsequently forced to destroy his lab to evade capture. Soon after, he turns the Monster Men loose, including Sanjay's brother (who had also been mutated as a result of Strange's "treatments" ), at Falcone's private estate in a bid to wipe out the Mob's leaders, erasing his debt and covering up their ties to his work. In the battle that follows, all of the Monster Men are killed, along with Sanjay (who abandons Strange and dies trying to avenge his brother). Strange escapes amid the chaos, and succeeds in eradicating all links between himself and his experiments. Confident that his criminal past is permanently buried, he begins to appear on TV by reinventing himself as a "psychological expert" on Batman.[12]

It is possible that the events ofDoug MoenchandPaul Gulacy's "Prey" storyline take place at this point. Partly due to Strange's appearances on TV claiming to understand Batman's motives, CaptainJames Gordonis ordered to assemble a task force to apprehend the vigilante, with Strange assisting him as a consultant to deduce Batman's secret identity. As the task force's investigation progresses, Strange grows increasingly maniacal in his obsession with Batman, going so far as expressing a desire to become Batman and dressing up in a replica Batsuit. To that end, Strange attempts to kill the Caped Crusader. However, Strange repeatedly underestimates the level of physical conditioning that is needed to be Batman. Strange also diagnoses Batman with various mental illnesses, such as explaining Batman's use of a costume as symptomatic ofdissociative identity disorder,whereas Gordon more accurately explains the Batsuit's intended purpose as scaring criminals. Strange eventually concludes that Bruce Wayne is most likely Batman, brainwashes the task force's commander to impersonate Batman to turn the public against him and sends him to kidnap the Mayor's daughter while dressed as the Dark Knight. Despite Strange's attempt to psychologically "break" Batman by creating recordings and setting up mannequins ofThomasandMartha Wayneblaming Bruce for their deaths, even usingWayne Manoritself to enhance his illusions, Bruce is able to collect himself and focus in the Batcave. The following day, he confronts Strange and tricks him into doubting his own hypothesis about Batman's secret identity, claiming that his parents are alive and living inParaguay.Strange is ultimately exposed and shot by the task force when he attempts to escape, before falling into a river and being presumed dead.[13]

InDoug Moench's "Terror" storyline, Strange mysteriously returns. He decides to work with another of Batman's enemies, theScarecrow,and use him as a tool to help him capture Batman, while simultaneously having fallen into a further delusional state, as he engages in a "relationship" with a female mannequin dressed in Batman's cowl, reflecting his warped dual admiration and loathing of Batman. The Scarecrow turns on Strange when the professor's therapy proves effective enough to turn the Scarecrow against his "benefactor", tricking Strange into falling into the cellar of his mansion base where the twisted psychiatrist is impaled on a weather vane that the Scarecrow had left in the cellar earlier. The Scarecrow then uses Strange's mansion as a trap for Batman, but his attempt to use Strange's plan fails when he tries to use Crime Alley as the scene of a trap while ignorant of the reasonswhythat alley is so significant to Batman, with his "trap" merely consisting of luring Batman into the alley and decapitating a former classmate of Crane's in front of the hero. WithCatwoman's help, Batman locates the Scarecrow's hideout and catches the Scarecrow in the cellar with Strange's body before the house is destroyed in a fire, but loses sight of Strange, with it being unclear whether Strange had actually survived the fall onto the weather vane – he claimed that he lured rats to himself by using his sweat so that he could eat them – or if the Scarecrow and Batman were hallucinating from exposure to Crane's new fear gas, although Batman concludes that the subsequent explosion of the house has definitely killed Strange.[14]

Dark Moon Rising: Batman and the Monster Men,"Prey" and "Terror" all take place during Batman's early years. In the modern timeline, Strange returns in a four-part storyline called "Transference". Initially appearing in his own Batsuit, he captures Catwoman with the aid of his henchwoman Dora – a former patient whom he has subjected to extensive mental conditioning by Strange to act as a new "Catwoman" – and attempts to interrogate her about Batman's current status, Strange dismissing the existence of Batman's new allies by proclaiming them to be "parasites", as he cannot accept that Batman would share his "power" with anyone. He is then shown posing as a psychiatrist doing standard stress evaluations atWayne Enterprises.While Bruce Wayne is on the couch, Strange drugs him with a powerful hallucinogen to coax Wayne into admitting that he is Batman. Wayne is able to escape by using cleaning fluid to start a fire, fakes Batman's death by destroying theBatmobilewith him supposedly in it, and triggers a post-hypnoticsuggestion in himself, forcing him to completely repress the Batman aspect of his mind untilRobinandNightwingcan defeat Strange. Faced with Nightwing and Robin each denying that Wayne is Batman and witnessing Wayne's complete lack of combat reflexes and training, Strange becomes concerned that his theory that Bruce Wayne is Batman has been disproved and realizes that he will never be able to learn the truth now that he "killed"the Dark Knight. Faced with this conflicting situation, Strange has a mental breakdown and voluntarily turns himself in atArkham Asylum.[15]

Strange next reappears as the head of a gang of supervillains attempting to take control of Gotham's East Side, then controlled byCatwoman.Catwoman joins Strange's gang, then allows its members to "find out" that she intends to betray them, faking her death when they attempt to eliminate her. Although she defeats and imprisons most of the gang, and even convinces Strange to leave the East Side alone, Strange still mocks her by pointing out that he had faked his own death far more often than she had.[16]

InBatman#665, Batman tells Tim Drake that a huge man dressed like a combination ofBaneand Batman had beaten him up and he suspects that the impostor had used "Hugo Strange's monster serum and daily Venom shots" to gain his size and strength.[17]

In the story arcGotham Underground,Strange is associating with other supervillains such as theMad Hatter,Doctor DeathandTwo-Face.Strange and the others are rounded up by theSuicide Squad.[18]

Strange takes part in the miniseriesSalvation Run.He is among the supervillains imprisoned on another planet.[19]

Strange also appears inThe Batman Adventures,which is set in theDC Animated Universe.Issues #35-36 of the comic book provide him with a tragic backstory: he witnessed the murder of his son David by Mob bossRupert Thorneand was so overcome with grief that he sought to literally erase the memory with his mind control technology. The plan backfired, however; following the experiment, he could remember nothingbuthis son's death. After Batman stops him from killing Thorne, Strange is imprisoned in Arkham Asylum.[20]

The New 52

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In the continuity ofThe New 52,the 2011rebootof theDC Universe,Detective Comics(vol. 2) introduces the reader to Hugo Strange's son, Eli Strange, for the first time. Eli is first seen playing a game of poker with members of theRussian Mob,betting a valuable bracelet, winning big and cleaning house. Before he can walk away with his winnings, one of the mobsters forces him to play another hand, then discovers Eli's sleeve is loaded with cards. Before he can have him killed, the criminals realize that their bracelet (Eli's was a fake replica) had been stolen.Catwomanthen pounces from the ceiling and takes out the entire group. She thanks Eli for being her distraction (the two having been working together the entire time) and tells him to run home to his father, which he is last seen doing.[21]

Later, Strange tasks his son with overseeing an operation to dose Gotham with fear gas. The Scarecrow led Batman to believe that a small boy in a picture would be harmed unless he put a stop to it. Arriving at the scene, Batman realizes that the small boy was actually Eli. He manages to avert the disaster and Eli is arrested. Later, Batman reveals that "Eli Strange" is actually an alias and that the boy's real name is Elliot Montrose.[22]

During theForever Evilstoryline, Hugo Strange is among the supervillains recruited by theCrime Syndicateto join theSecret Society of Super Villains.[23]

DC Rebirth

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In the continuity ofDC Rebirth,DC Comics' 2016 relaunch of its monthly superhero books, Hugo Strange appears during the "Night of the Monster Men" crossover story line.[24]Although apparently now ignorant of Batman's identity, he is now determined to prove his superiority by attacking Gotham with a group of "Monster Men" created from the corpses of his former patients as representations of what Strange perceives as Batman's greatest flaws - his ego, grief, and fear - which ultimately provokes Batman into a confrontation at Strange's office penthouse headquarters. Strange wears what he terms a "suicide suit" - a near-replica of the Batsuit without the cape and cowl that is rigged to detonate if its wearer is subjected to any physical attack - on the assumption that Batman will have no choice but to surrender the cowl to him as the "true" Batman since he cannot take a life. Nightwing is able to defeat the final monster - an amalgamation of the previous ones - by literally leaping inside it to inject it with a prepared antidote, while Batman outwits Strange by having his allyClayfacecover the penthouse in an airtight seal prior to the confrontation. Strange, delirious and running out of oxygen, loses consciousness while Batman is still standing, Nightwing musing that Strange failed to realize that Batman's flaws were actually his motivation in protecting Gotham.[25]

Hugo Strange later appears as a member of the Cabal alongsideDoctor Psycho,Per Degaton,theQueen BeeI, andAmazo.[26]

Other versions

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An alternate universe variant of Hugo Strange appears inDC Comics Bombshells.This version is aeugenicistwho seeks to improve the gene pool by removing those he considers "unclean".[27]In pursuit of this goal, he allies himself with the Penguin and Harvey Dent, using the latter for his access to Gotham City's citizens' genes and control their future generations. However, Dent later betrays Strange and the Penguin to help the Batgirls. Strange flees and later receives funding from theSovietsto research and create clones of Supergirl. Chief among them arePower Girl,who became theSoviet Union's secret weapon, andSuperman,who he considered a failure.[28]A year later, Strange captured Supergirl andSteve Trevor,intending to use her as a guinea pig to create an army to purge the world, only for Supergirl to turn Power Girl against him before theReaperandLois Lanefind his lab and rescue his captives.[29]

In other media

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Television

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Animated

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Hugo Strange as depicted inBatman: The Animated Series
Hugo Strange as depicted inJustice League Unlimited
Hugo Strange as depicted inThe Batman
  • Hugo Strange appears in series set in theDC Animated Universe(DCAU):
  • Hugo Strange appears inThe Batman,initially voiced byFrank Gorshinand later byRichard Greenfollowing Gorshin's death.[30]This version is initially Arkham Asylum's chief psychologist before he becomes an inmate after unleashing an advanced robot based on Gotham's criminals called D.A.V.E. He later aligns himself with the alien Joining, who give him universal knowledge that leaves him catatonic.
  • Hugo Strange makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in theBatman: The Brave and the Boldepisode "The Knights of Tomorrow!".
  • Hugo Strange appears inYoung Justice,voiced byAdrian Pasdar.[30]This version is the chief psychiatrist, later warden, ofBelle RevePenitentiary and member of theLight.

Live-action

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Hugo Strange (portrayed byBD Wong) as depicted inGotham[31]

Film

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Video games

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Hugo Strange as depicted in a cinematic trailer forBatman: Arkham City

Miscellaneous

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See also

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References

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  1. ^"GCD:: Cover:: Detective Comics #1".Comics.org.Retrieved2011-01-28.
  2. ^Fleisher, Michael L. (1976).The Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes, Volume 1: Batman.Macmillan Publishing Co. pp.343-345.ISBN0-02-538700-6.Retrieved29 March2020.
  3. ^Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Korte, Steve; Manning, Matt; Wiacek, Win; Wilson, Sven (2016).The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe.DK Publishing. p. 290.ISBN978-1-4654-5357-0.
  4. ^Detective Comics#36. DC Comics.
  5. ^Batman#1. DC Comics.
  6. ^abDetective Comics#46. DC Comics.
  7. ^Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2019).DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle.DK Publishing. p. 166.ISBN978-1-4654-8578-6.
  8. ^Detective Comics#469–476. DC Comics.
  9. ^Detective Comics#513, 516, 518, and 520 andBatman#354 and 356. DC Comics.
  10. ^Batman Annual#10. DC Comics.
  11. ^The Brave and the Bold#182. DC Comics.
  12. ^Dark Moon Rising: Batman and the Monster Men#1–6. DC Comics.
  13. ^Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight#11–15. DC Comics.
  14. ^Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight#137–141. DC Comics.
  15. ^Batman: Gotham Knights#8–11. DC Comics.
  16. ^Catwoman(vol. 3) #46–49. DC Comics.
  17. ^Batman#665. DC Comics.
  18. ^Batman: Gotham Underground#1 and 3. DC Comics.
  19. ^Salvation Run#2. DC Comics.
  20. ^The Batman Adventures#35–36. DC Comics.
  21. ^Detective Comics(vol. 2) #5. DC Comics.
  22. ^Detective Comics(vol. 2) #8. DC Comics.
  23. ^Forever Evil#1. DC Comics.
  24. ^Dyce, Andrew (September 21, 2016)."DC's First Rebirth Event: Night of the Monster Men'".Screen Rant.RetrievedJanuary 7,2022.
  25. ^Batman(vol. 3) #7,Nightwing(vol. 4) #5,Detective Comics#941,Batman(vol. 3) #8,Nightwing(vol. 4) # 6 andDetective Comics#942. DC Comics.
  26. ^Plastic Man(vol. 5) #4. DC Comics.
  27. ^DC Comics Bombshells#13. DC Comics.
  28. ^DC Comics Bombshells#28. DC Comics.
  29. ^DC Comics Bombshells#29. DC Comics.
  30. ^abcd"Hugo Strange Voices (Batman)".Behind The Voice Actors.RetrievedMarch 23,2024.A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.
  31. ^Holbrook, Damian (February 8, 2016)."Dr. Hugo Strange Comes to Gotham (PHOTO)".TV Insider.RetrievedFebruary 9,2016.
  32. ^Vejvoda, Jim (July 21, 2014)."GOTHAM SHOWRUNNER: PROFESSOR HUGO STRANGE AND HOW ARKHAM ASYLUM CAME TO BE PART OF SEASON ONE".IGN.RetrievedJuly 21,2014.
  33. ^Siegel, Lucas (October 30, 2015)."EXCLUSIVE: BD Wong Cast as Professor Hugo Strange on Gotham".Comicbook.com.
  34. ^"A Dead Man Feels No Cold".Gotham (TV series).Season 2. Episode 12. February 29, 2016. Fox.
  35. ^"A Legion of Horribles".Gotham (TV series).Season 2. Episode 21. May 16, 2016. Fox.
  36. ^"Azrael".Gotham (TV series).Season 2. Episode 19. May 2, 2016. Fox.
  37. ^"Transference".Gotham (TV series).Season 2. Episode 22. May 23, 2016. Fox.
  38. ^"Burn the Witch".Gotham (TV series).Season 3. Episode 2. September 26, 2016. Fox.
  39. ^"No Man's Land".Gotham (TV series).Season 4. Episode 22. May 17, 2018. Fox.
  40. ^"This Ball of Mudness and Meanness".Gotham (TV series).Season 2. Episode 14. March 14, 2016. Fox.
  41. ^"Light the Wick".Gotham (TV series).Season 3. Episode 18. May 15, 2017. Fox.
  42. ^"Pretty Hate Machine".Gotham (TV series).Season 3. Episode 20. May 29, 2017. Fox.
  43. ^"Destiny Rising".Gotham (TV series).Season 3. Episode 21. June 5, 2017. Fox.
  44. ^"Pena Dura".Gotham (TV series).Season 5. Episode 5. January 31, 2019. Fox.
  45. ^"I Am Bane".Gotham (TV series).Season 5. Episode 10. March 21, 2019. Fox.
  46. ^Gilyadov, Alex (August 14, 2017)."Batman vs. Two-Face: Release Date and Box Art for Adam West's Final Batman Movie".IGN.RetrievedMarch 23,2024.
  47. ^DC Characters and Objects - Scribblenauts Unmasked Wiki Guide - IGN,2 October 2013,retrieved2019-07-29
  48. ^"Batman: Arkham City Gotham on Lockdown - IGN".14 February 2011.
  49. ^Grady, Kai (May 31, 2022)."How 'Batman Unburied' reinvented the Dark Knight for a global audio audience".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJune 25,2022.
  50. ^Batman '66 Meets the Man from U.N.C.L.E.#1. DC Comics.
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