Wikipedia

IRT Eastern Parkway Line

For other uses, seeEastern Parkway (disambiguation).

TheIRT Eastern Parkway Lineis one of the lines of theA Divisionof theNew York City Subway.Built for theInterborough Rapid Transit Company(IRT), it stretches fromDowntown Brooklynsouth alongFlatbush Avenueand east alongEastern ParkwaytoCrown Heights.After passingUtica Avenue,the line rises onto an elevated structure and becomes theNew Lots Lineto the end atNew Lots AvenueinEast New York, Brooklyn.The west end of the Eastern Parkway Line is at theJoralemon Street Tunnelunder theEast River.[2][3][4][5][a]

IRT Eastern Parkway Line
"2" train"3" train"4" train"5" train
The2,3,4,and5trains are the primary services at most IRT Eastern Parkway Line stations, and thus the only IRT services that travel to/from Brooklyn.
Overview
StatusOperating
OwnerCity of New York
LocaleBrooklyn
Termini
Stations11
Service
TypeRapid transit
SystemNew York City Subway
Operator(s)New York City Transit Authority
Daily ridership91,891[1]
History
Opened1908–1920
Technical
Number of tracks4
CharacterUnderground
Track gauge4 ft8+1⁄2in(1,435 mm)
Electrification600V DC third rail
Route map

Legend
Lexington Avenue Line
Brooklyn Branch
Joralemon|Clark Tunnels(East River)
toMontague Street Tunnel
 Clark Street
Borough Hall
(Disabled accessexcept SB express)
Fourth Avenue Line
CulverandFulton Street Lines
 Hoyt Street(Disabled accesssouthbound)
Nevins Street
Fourth Avenue Line
 Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center
LIRRAtlantic Branch
Brighton Line
 Bergen Street
Seventh Avenue
 Grand Army Plaza
Brighton Line
 Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum
Franklin Avenue Line
 Franklin Avenue–Medgar Evers College
Nostrand Avenue Line
 Nostrand Avenue
Kingston Avenue
Crown Heights–Utica Avenue
New Lots Line
Dead-end at Ralph Avenue
Legend
 Express station
Local station
This diagram:

TheIRT Nostrand Avenue Linesplits from the local tracks of the Eastern Parkway Line south of theFranklin Avenuestation.[2]

History

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Contract 2 line

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The Eastern Parkway Line to Atlantic Avenue is part of Contract 2 of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company's plan to construct an extension of the original subway, Contract 1. Contract 2 extended the original line from City Hall in Manhattan to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn. The Board of Rapid Transit Commissioners approved the route on September 27, 1900,[7]and the contract was signed on September 11, 1902. Construction commenced on Contract 2 on March 4, 1903.[8]In order to cross the East River, a tunnel had to be constructed. That tunnel, the Joralemon Street Tunnel, was the first underwater subway tunnel connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn. It opened on January 9, 1908, extending the subway from Bowling Green to Borough Hall.[9][10][11]Clifford Milburn Hollandserved as the assistant engineer during the construction of the tunnel.[12]It was added to theU.S. National Register of Historic Placeson February 9, 2006.[13]

On April 28, 1908, the IRT formally applied with theNew York Public Service Commissionfor permission to open the final section of the Contract 2 line fromBorough HalltoAtlantic Avenuenear theFlatbush Avenue LIRR station.The application was approved, and the IRT extension opened on May 1, 1908.[14]: 194 [8]With the opening of the IRT to Brooklyn on May 1, 1908, ridership fell off on the BRT's elevated and trolley lines over the Brooklyn Bridge with Brooklyn riders choosing to use the new subway.[15]During the construction of the Brooklyn extension, provisions were made for future subway extensions in Brooklyn by the construction of four tracks between Borough Hall and Atlantic Avenue, and the construction of bellmouths at Fulton Street and Flatbush Avenue, at Flatbush Avenue and Lafayette Avenue, and at Atlantic Avenue and Fourth Avenue.[16]

On May 26, 1908, the IRT applied with the Public Service Commission to build a route connecting with these provisions along Flatbush Avenue from Fulton Street along the Manhattan Bridge, connecting with theIRT Third Avenue Lineat Canal Street and Bowery.[17]

Dual Contracts expansion

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Eastern Parkway and Flatbush Avenue

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In 1913, New York City, theBrooklyn Rapid Transit Company,and theInterborough Rapid Transit Company(IRT) reached an agreement, known as theDual Contracts,to drastically expand subway service across New York City.[18]As part of Contract 3 of the agreement, between New York City and the IRT, theoriginal subwayopened by the IRT in 1904 toCity Hall,[19]and extended toAtlantic Avenuein 1908,[20]was to be extended eastward into Brooklyn.[21]The line was to be extended alongFlatbush AvenueandEastern Parkwayto Buffalo Street as a four-track subway line, and then along East 98th Street and Livonia Avenue to New Lots Avenue as an elevated two-track line, with provisions for the addition of a third track. In addition, a two-track branch line along Nostrand Avenue branching off east of theFranklin Avenuestation was to be constructed.[22]The underground portion of the line became known as the Eastern Parkway Line, or Route 12, while the elevated portion became known as the New Lots Line.[23]

The IRT Eastern Parkway Line was built as part of Route 12 from 1915 to 1918, from the section east of the Atlantic Avenue station to Utica Avenue and down the Nostrand Avenue Subway to Flatbush Avenue. Groundbreaking for the IRT extension took place on May 23, 1914,[24][25]but actual work did not start for several weeks.[26]The groundbreaking was section 1A, stretching between Grand Army Plaza and St. Mark's Avenue. The Cranford Company received a construction contract for this section in March 1914 after making a low bid of about $2.2 million,[25][27]The section between Atlantic Avenue and St. Mark's Avenue was placed for bidding in June 1914;[28][29]the Transit Company made a low bid of $2.195 million for this contract.[30]

Before construction on Eastern Parkway even began, Brooklyn park commissionerRaymond Ingersollrecommended that the plans be modified to avoid damaging trees on Eastern Parkway.[31][32]As a result, plans for the line were changed in October 1914.[33]Under the revised plan, the four-track tunnel under Eastern Parkway was to be double-decked, except at theFranklin Avenue station,where all tracks would be on the same level.[34]In April 1915, nineteen companies submitted bids to construct the section of line betweenGrand Army PlazaandNostrand Avenue.The low bidder for this contract was the Inter-Continental Company. which bid $2.7 million;[35][36]the contract was confirmed that May.[37]The next contract was for the section between Nostrand Avenue and Buffalo Avenue,[38]Rodgers & Hagerty Inc. submitted a $2.17 low bid for the Nostrand–Buffalo Avenues contract in July 1915.[39]although New York City's acting mayor and theNew York City Board of Estimateinitially refused to approve the contract.[40][41]

The tunnel between Grand Army Plaza and Nostrand Avenue was built using thecut-and-covermethod, with two steam shovels excavating an estimated 600,000 cubic yards (460,000 m3).[42]Dirt from the excavation of the tunnel was used to infill the oldBrighton Beach Race Course.[43]MayorJohn Francis Hylaninspected the line on August 20, 1920, prior to its official opening.[44][45]At 12:40 a.m. on August 23, 1920,[46][47]the Eastern Parkway Line was extended from Atlantic Avenue toUtica Avenue.[46][48]The new lines would be served by trains from Seventh Avenue.[47]Trains did not make stops between Atlantic Avenue and Franklin Avenue because of the failure of the contractor to perform work as scheduled on the local stations.[49]On October 10, 1920, the three stations that had not opened with the rest of the line, atBergen Street,Grand Army PlazaandEastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum,were opened.[50][51]

Clark Street Tunnel

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In addition, as part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build a branch of the original subway line south down Seventh Avenue, Varick Street, and West Broadway to serve the West Side of Manhattan.[52][53][54]South of Chambers Street, there were to be two branches constructed. One of these branches would turn eastward under Park Place and Beekman Street and down William Street and Old Slip. After going through Lower Manhattan, the second branch would go through a tunnel under the East River before running under Clark and Fulton Streets until a junction at Borough Hall with the existing Contract 2 IRT Brooklyn Line,[55][56]using a provision meant for a line over the Manhattan Bridge.[57][58]Construction of the Clark Street Tunnel began on October 12, 1914, using atunneling shieldin conjunction with compressed air.[59][60]The north tube was holed through on November 28, 1916.[61]At 5,900 feet long, with about 3,100 feet underwater, the tunnel was finally opened for revenue service on April 15, 1919.[62]The opening of the tunnel allowed access to Brooklyn via the IRT from both the East and West Sides of Manhattan.[63]

Later history

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On February 2, 1948, the platform extensions atHoyt Streetopened, allowing 10-car express trains to board as opposed to only 5-car trains.[64]

In August 1961, the chairman of theNew York City Transit Authority,Charles Patterson, announced a $2.5 million project that would get rid of a trouble spot on the line betweenNevins StreetandAtlantic Avenuethat slows service and backs up the IRT Division. The project was projected to take two years long and it would have involved the reconfiguration of the track layout in this area. The platforms at the two stations would be extended to accommodate 10-car trains, as opposed to the eight and nine-car trains that they could platform at the time. The tracks between the two stations would be straightened, removing some of the bend in the tracks, but not removing it entirely. The tracks were to be straightened enough to allow for the running time between the two stations to be cut by one to two minutes.[65]

During the 1964–1965 fiscal year, the platforms atBergen Street,Grand Army Plaza,Eastern Parkway,Nostrand AvenueandKingston Avenuewere lengthened to 525 feet to accommodate a ten-car train of 51-foot IRT cars.[66]

The MTA announced in October 2020 that it would renovate the Eastern Parkway Line tunnels between Borough Hall and Franklin Avenue. The project was expected to take 33 months.[67][68]The renovations were announced following two incidents in 2018, when ceilings at the Borough Hall and Atlantic Avenue stations partially collapsed, injuring passengers.[67]

Extent and service

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The following services use part or all of the IRT Eastern Parkway Line:[69]

Time period Section of line
rush hours
and middays 		evenings

and weekends

late nights
local Hoyt SttoFranklin Ave–Medgar Evers College
local no service Hoyt SttoUtica Ave
express local (skipsHoyt Street) north ofUtica Ave(all except nights)
full line (nights)
express no service north of Franklin Ave–Medgar Evers College

Route description

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The IRT Eastern Parkway Line enters Brooklyn through the Joralemon Street Tunnel from theIRT Lexington Avenue Lineand continues to run under the street that the tunnel was named after, until afterBorough Hall.East of the Borough Hall station, at Adams Street and Boerum Plaza, theIRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Linemerges with the line. The Eastern Parkway Line continues as a four-track line underFulton Street,then turns southeast underFlatbush Avenue,which also has theBMT Brighton Linebeneath it. The first station along this segment isNevins Street,which contains a never used lower level, and then joinsAtlantic Avenue–Barclays Center,the end of the oldest section of the line. BetweenBergen StreetandGrand Army Plaza,the line splits around the BMT Brighton Line.[2]

East of Grand Army Plaza, the line finally moves under its namesake, the first station serving theBrooklyn Museum.The next station isa complexnear theBrooklyn Botanic Gardenthat serves the above groundBMT Franklin Avenue Lineand the beginning of theIRT Nostrand Avenue Line,which branches off to the south shortly afterwards at Nostrand Junction. The last three stations are a two-over-two track layout with a platform on each level. Afterwards, the IRT Eastern Parkway Line ends under Ralph Avenue, one block east of its originally intended terminus, whereas the local tracks become theIRT New Lots Line,branching off to the southeast emerging from the ground near Buffalo Avenue at Lincoln Terrace Park.[2]The line was built mostly with two levels, with southbound trains on the upper level, and northbound trains on the lower level to protect the trees in the north median of Eastern Parkway to the greatest extent possible.[70]

Station listing

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Station service legend
Stops all times
Stops all times except late nights
Stops late nights only
Stops weekdays during the day
Stops rush hours only
Time period details
Station is compliant with theAmericans with Disabilities Act
↑ Station is compliant with theAmericans with Disabilities Act
in the indicated direction only
↓
Elevator access to mezzanine only
Neighborhood
(approximate) 		Station Tracks Services Opened Transfers and notes
Express tracks continue from theIRT Lexington Avenue LineExpress tracks via theJoralemon Street Tunnel(4​5)
Downtown Brooklyn
↑ Borough Hall all 4​5 January 9, 1908[9][10] 2​3(IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
R(BMT Fourth Avenue LineatCourt Street)
Station isADA-accessiblein the northbound direction only
Local tracks continue from theIRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue LineBrooklyn Branch (2​3)
↓ Hoyt Street local 2​3 May 1, 1908[8] Station isADA-accessiblein the southbound direction only.[71]
Nevins Street all 2​3​4​5 May 1, 1908[8]
Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center all 2​3​4​5 May 1, 1908[8] B​Q(BMT Brighton Line)
D​N​R​W(BMT Fourth Avenue Line)
Connection toLIRRatAtlantic Terminal
Prospect Heights Bergen Street local 2​3​4 October 10, 1920[50]
Grand Army Plaza local 2​3​4 October 10, 1920[50]
Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum local 2​3​4 October 10, 1920[50]
Crown Heights Franklin Avenue–Medgar Evers College all 2​3​4​5 August 23, 1920[47] S(BMT Franklin Avenue LineatBotanic Garden)
IRT Nostrand Avenue Linesplits from the local tracks (2​5) at Nostrand Junction
Nostrand Avenue local 2​3​4​5 August 23, 1920[47] B44 Select Bus Service
Kingston Avenue local 2​3​4​5 August 23, 1920[47]
Crown Heights–Utica Avenue all 2​3​4​5 August 23, 1920[47] B46 Select Bus Service
Express tracks end
Local tracks continue as theIRT New Lots Line(2​3​4​5)

Notes

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  1. ^Sources differ over the extent of the Eastern Parkway Line or whether it is even a separate line. In a 1981 list of "most deteriorated subway stations", the MTA listed Borough Hall and Court Street stations as part of the New Lots Line.[6]Thechainingdesignation "M" (Joralemon Street Tunnel) becomes "E" (Eastern Parkway Line) just west of the Borough Hall platforms; the Court Street and northern Borough Hall stations are chained "K" (Clark Street Tunnel). However, as of 2007, emergency exit signs label Court Street as anIRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Linestation, and the two parts of Borough Hall are signed as being along the Broadway–Seventh Avenue andIRT Lexington Avenue Lines.

References

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  1. ^"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)".Metropolitan Transportation Authority.2023.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
  2. ^abcdDougherty, Peter (2006) [2002].Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006(3rd ed.). Dougherty.OCLC49777633– viaGoogle Books.
  3. ^Metropolitan Transportation Authority,2006 Final Proposed Budget – November Financial Plan 2006–2009,"Section VI: MTA Capital Program Information"(PDF).(135KiB):"Joralemon Tube to Nevins Street"
  4. ^Metropolitan Transportation Authority,2005 Adopted Budget – February Financial Plan 2005–2008,"Section VII: MTA Capital Program Information"(PDF).(91.7KiB):shows Utica Avenue on "EPK" and Sutter Avenue on "NLT"
  5. ^Metropolitan Transportation Authority,2005 Final Proposed Budget – November Financial Plan 2005–2008,"Section VI: MTA Capital Program Information"(PDF).(1.02MiB):"Sutter Avenue Portal to end"
  6. ^Gargan, Edward A. (June 11, 1981)."Agency Lists Its 69 Most Deteriorated Subway Stations".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  7. ^District, New York (State) Public Service Commission First (1910).Report.
  8. ^abcdeNew York Times,Brooklyn Joyful Over New Subway,May 2, 1908, page 1
  9. ^ab"SUBWAY TO BROOKLYN OPENED FOR TRAFFIC; First Regular Passenger Train Went Under the East River Early This Morning. NOT A HITCH IN THE SERVICE Gov. Hughes and Brooklyn Officials to Join in a Formal Celebration of Event To-day. SUBWAY TO BROOKLYN OPENED TO TRAFFIC"(PDF).RetrievedSeptember 1,2016.
  10. ^ab"Brooklyn Joyful Over Its Tunnel".The New York Times.January 10, 1908.RetrievedMarch 6,2010.
  11. ^Gasparini, D. A. (February 2006)."Battery-Joralemon Street Tunnel".Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities.20(1). American Society of Civil Engineers: 92–107.doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:1(92).[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^Aronson, Michael (June 15, 1999)."The Digger Clifford Holland".Daily News.New York. Archived fromthe originalon July 5, 2017.RetrievedJuly 2,2010.
  13. ^"National Register Information System".National Register of Historic Places.National Park Service.January 23, 2007.
  14. ^Report of the Public Service Commission For The First District of the State of New York For The Year Ending December 31, 1908.New York State Public Service Commission. 1908.
  15. ^"Another Centennial–Original Subway Extended To Fulton Street".New York Division Bulletin.48(1). New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association. January 2005.RetrievedAugust 31,2016– via Issu.
  16. ^1908–1909 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company for the Year Ended June 30, 1909.Interborough Rapid Transit Company. 1909. p. 3.
  17. ^District, New York (State) Public Service Commission First (1909).Report.pp. 8–9.
  18. ^"Subway Contracts Solemnly Signed; Cheers at the Ceremonial Function When McCall Gets Willcox to Attest"(PDF).The New York Times.March 20, 1913.ISSN0362-4331.Archived(PDF)from the original on May 4, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 11,2018.
  19. ^"Exercises In City Hall.; Mayor Declares Subway Open – Ovations for Parsons and McDonald".The New York Times.October 28, 1904.RetrievedDecember 16,2018.
  20. ^"Brooklyn Joyful Over New Subway — Celebrates Opening of Extension with Big Parade and a Flow of Oratory — An Ode to August Belmont — Anonymous Poet Calls Him" the Brownie of the Caisson and Spade "— He Talks on Subways".The New York Times.May 2, 1908. p. 1.RetrievedNovember 6,2016.
  21. ^"618 Miles of Track In The Dual System; City Will Have Invested $226,000,000 When Rapid Transit Project Is Completed".The New York Times.August 3, 1913.RetrievedApril 25,2018.
  22. ^Comptroller's Monthly Report For March 1916 And From January 1, 1916 To March 31, 1916.New York City Department of Finance. 1916. p. 121.
  23. ^"Differ Over Assessment Plans in Transit Projects: Eastern Parkway Subway and Livonia Avenue Extension the Cause of Bitter Dissension Among Property Owners Uptown".The Daily Standard Union.March 13, 1910.RetrievedAugust 14,2016– via Fulton History.
  24. ^"Subway Festival Held in Brooklyn; McCall Turns the First Sod for Interborough Extension from Atlantic Ave".The New York Times.May 24, 1914.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on November 3, 2020.RetrievedMay 20,2023.
  25. ^ab"Line Begun Today Taps Big Section".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.May 23, 1914. p. 23.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  26. ^"Digging August 1".The Chat.June 13, 1914. p. 14.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  27. ^"Lines Tap Big Section".The Chat.May 30, 1914. p. 32.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  28. ^"To Open More Bids for Subway Work".The Standard Union.June 1, 1914. p. 14.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  29. ^"Contracts Wait on Board of Estimate".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.June 21, 1914. p. 10.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  30. ^"Transit Co. of B'klyn Wins Tube Contract".Times Union.June 16, 1914. p. 1.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  31. ^"Now Sure That the Trees on Parkway Can Be Saved".The Chat.July 18, 1914. p. 19.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  32. ^"Urges City to Save Fine Parkway Elms".The Standard Union.July 18, 1914. p. 2.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  33. ^"Finds Way to Save Big Parkway Trees".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.October 1, 1914. p. 1.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  34. ^"Eastern Parkway Bids to Be Opened April 20".The Standard Union.March 19, 1915. p. 9.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  35. ^"Bids Opened for Parkway Subway".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.April 20, 1915. p. 2.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  36. ^"Inter-Continental Co. May Construct Parkway Tube".Times Union.April 21, 1915. p. 5.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  37. ^"Pushing Work on Brooklyn Subways".The Standard Union.May 30, 1915. p. 8.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  38. ^"More Subway Contracts".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.June 29, 1915. p. 20.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  39. ^"Open New Subway Bids".The New York Times.July 28, 1915. p. 5.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  40. ^"Litigation May Stop All Work on Dual Subway".Times Union.August 5, 1915. p. 1.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  41. ^"Seek Writ to Build Times Sq. Subway; Board of Estimate Refuses to Approve $12,000,000 Dual System Contracts".The New York Times.August 13, 1915.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  42. ^"Build Eastern Parkway Tube by Open-cut Method".The Chat.July 3, 1915. p. 36.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  43. ^"City Duped in Plan to Get Subway Dirt; Flaw in Contracts".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 30, 1915. pp. 1,2.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  44. ^"Hylan Rides Through New Brooklyn Subways".New-York Tribune.August 20, 1920. p. 6.RetrievedMay 21,2023.
  45. ^Ferber, Nat J. (August 20, 1920)."Listening In for the Brooklyn Times".Brooklyn Times Union.p. 4.RetrievedMay 21,2023.
  46. ^ab"New Brooklyn Subways Open".New-York Tribune.August 24, 1920. p. 8.RetrievedMay 21,2023.
  47. ^abcdef"Brooklyn Tube Extensions Open: I.R.T. Begins Service on Eastern Parkway and Nostrand Avenue Lines"(PDF).New York Times.August 23, 1920.RetrievedDecember 20,2015.
  48. ^"More Interborough Service for Brooklyn 2 New Lines".pudl.princeton.edu.Interborough Rapid Transit Company. August 23, 1920.RetrievedSeptember 19,2016.
  49. ^"Eastern P'kway Tubes to Run Monday, Aug. 23".Brooklyn Times Union.August 13, 1920. p. 1.RetrievedMay 21,2023.
  50. ^abcd"Subway Stations Opened: Last Three in Eastern Parkway Branch of I.R.T. Put Into Service"(PDF).New York Times.October 11, 1920.RetrievedDecember 20,2015.
  51. ^"IRT Brooklyn Line Opened 90 Years Ago".New York Division Bulletin.53(9). New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association. September 2010.RetrievedAugust 31,2016– via Issu.
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  53. ^"The Dual System of Rapid Transit (1912)".nycsubway.org.New York State Public Service Commission. September 1912.RetrievedMay 30,2017.
  54. ^"Most Recent Map of the Dual Subway System WhIch Shows How Brooklyn Borough Is Favored In New Transit Lines".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.September 9, 1917. p. 37.RetrievedAugust 23,2016– via Brooklyn Newspapers.
  55. ^"Public Service Commission Fixes July 15 For Opening of The New Seventh and Lexington Avenue Subway Lines — Will Afford Better Service and Less Crowding — Shuttle Service for Forty-Second Street — How the Various Lines of the Dual System Are Grouped for Operation and List of Stations on All Lines"(PDF).The New York Times.May 19, 1918. p. 32.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedNovember 6,2016.
  56. ^Whitney, Travis H. (March 10, 1918)."The Seventh and Lexington Avenue Subways Will Revive Dormant Sections — Change in Operation That Will Transform Original Four-Tracked Subway Into Two Four-Tracked Systems and Double Present Capacity of the Interborough"(PDF).The New York Times.p. 12.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedAugust 26,2016.
  57. ^District, New York (State) Public Service Commission First (1908).Proceedings of the Public Service Commission for the First District. State of New York.The Commission. p. 1143.
  58. ^"New Subway Service Between Brooklyn and Manhattan Boroughs".The New York Times.April 13, 1919.RetrievedSeptember 5,2009.
  59. ^"Work Begins on New Tubes Under River".The New York Times.October 11, 1914.RetrievedFebruary 28,2010.
  60. ^Aronson, Michael (June 15, 1999)."The Digger Clifford Holland".Daily News.New York.RetrievedJuly 2,2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  61. ^"Under-River Tunnel Headings Meet".nycsubway.org.RetrievedFebruary 28,2010.
  62. ^"Open Clark Street Line".The New York Times.April 16, 1919. p. 18.
  63. ^"New Tunnel to Brooklyn".pudl.princeton.edu.Interborough Rapid Transit Company. April 9, 1919.RetrievedSeptember 19,2016.
  64. ^Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949.New York City Board of Transportation. 1949.hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
  65. ^"$2.5 Million Project Set to Ease IRT Nevins–Atlantic Trouble Spot".Brooklyn New York World – Telegram.August 23, 1961.RetrievedAugust 29,2016– via Fulton History.
  66. ^Annual Report 1964–1965.New York City Transit Authority. 1965.
  67. ^abVerde, Ben (October 16, 2020)."MTA Announces Repairs Are On the Way for 2, 3 and 4 Lines With Changes in Service".Brownstoner.RetrievedDecember 1,2022.
  68. ^Quinn, Anna (October 15, 2020)."Three-Year Upgrade Started On Brooklyn's 4 Trains, MTA Says".Prospect Heights-Crown Heights, NY Patch.RetrievedDecember 1,2022.
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  70. ^Report of the Public Service Commission for the First District of the State of New York.New York State Public Service Commission. 1916. p. 181.
  71. ^"MTA announces new station elevator paid in full by Macy's".News 12 – The Bronx.September 21, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 22,2023.
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