Wikipedia

Igorot people

Theindigenous peoples of the Cordillerain northernLuzon,Philippines,often referred to by theexonymIgorot people,[2]or more recently, as theCordilleran peoples,[2]are anethnic groupcomposed of nine mainethnolinguistic groupswhose domains are in theCordillera Mountain Range,altogether numbering about 1.8 million people in the early 21st century.[1]

Igorot
Elderly Igorots in traditional attire
Total population
1,854,556[1]
Regions with significant populations
Philippines
(Cordillera Administrative Region,Ilocos Region,Cagayan Valley)
Languages
Bontoc,Ilocano,Itneg,Ibaloi,Isnag,Kankanaey,Bugkalot,Kalanguya,Isinai,Filipino,English
Religion
Christianity(Roman Catholicism,Protestantism),Animism(Indigenous Philippine folk religions)

Their languages belong to thenorthern Luzon subgroupofPhilippine languages,which in turn belongs to theAustronesian(Malayo-Polynesian) family.

These ethnic groups keep or have kept until recently[timeframe?]their traditional religion and way of life.[vague]Some live in the tropical forests of the foothills, but most live in rugged grassland and pine forest zones higher up.[according to whom?]

Etymology

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From the root wordgolot,which means "mountain,"Igolotmeans "people from the mountains", a reference to any of various ethnic groups in the mountains of northern Luzon. During theSpanish colonial era,the term was variously recorded asIgolot,Ygolot,andIgorrote,compliant toSpanish orthography.[3]

TheendonymsIfugaoorIpugaw(also meaning "mountain people" ) are used more frequently by the Igorots themselves, asigorotis viewed by some as slightly pejorative,[4]except by theIbaloys.[5]The Spanish borrowed the termIfugaofrom the lowland Gaddang and Ibanag groups.[4]

Cordillera ethnic groups

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TheBanaue Rice Terraces

The Igorots may be roughly divided into two general subgroups: the larger group lives in the south, central and western areas, and is very adept atrice-terracefarming;the smaller group lives in the east and north. Prior to Spanish colonisation of the islands, the peoples now included under the term did not consider themselves as belonging to a single, cohesive ethnic group.[4]

Bontoc

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Main article:Bontoc people
A Bontok man

The Bontok ethnolinguistic group can be found in the central and east portions of the Mountain Province. It mainly consists of theBalangaosandGaddangs,with a significant portion who identify as part of the Kalinga group. The Bontok live in a mountainous territory, particularly close to the Chico River and its tributaries. Mineral resources (gold,copper,limestone,gypsum) can be found in the mountain areas. Gold, in particular, has been traditionally extracted from the Bontoc municipality. TheChico Riverprovides sand, gravel, and white clay, while the forests of Barlig and Sadanga within the area have rattan, bamboo and pine trees.[6]They are the second largest group in theMountain Province.[6]The Bontoc live on the banks of theChico River.They speakBontocandIlocano.They formerly practiced head-hunting and had distinctive body tattoos. The Bontoc describe three types of tattoos: Thechak-lag′,the tattooed chest of the head taker;pong′-o,the tattooed arms of men and women; andfa′-tĕk,for all other tattoos of both sexes. Women were tattooed on the arms only.

Ibaloi

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Main article:Ibaloi people
A woman in traditional Ibaloi clothing

The Ibaloi (also Ibaloy, Ibaluy, Nabaloi, Inavidoy, Inibaloi, Ivadoy) and Kalanguya (also Kallahan and Ikalahan) are one of theindigenous peoplesof thePhilippineswho live mostly in the southern part ofBenguet,located in theCordilleraof northernLuzon,andNueva Vizcayain theCagayan Valleyregion. They were traditionally an agrarian society. Many of the Ibaloi and Kalanguya people continue with their agriculture and rice cultivation.

Their native language belongs to theMalayo-Polynesianbranch of theAustronesian languagesfamily and is closely related to thePangasinan language,primarily spoken in the province ofPangasinan,located southwest of Benguet.

Baguio,the major city of theCordillera,dubbed the "Summer Capital of the Philippines," is located in southern Benguet.

The largest feast of the Ibaloi is thePeshit or Pedit,a public feast mainly sponsored by people of prestige and wealth.Peshitcan last for weeks and involves the killing and sacrifice of dozens of animals.

One of the more popular dances of the Ibaloi is thebendian,a mass dance participated in by hundreds of male and female dancers. Originally a victory dance in time of war, it evolved into a celebratory dance. It is used as entertainment (ad-adivay) in thecañaofeasts, hosted by the wealthy class (baknang).[7]

Ifugao

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Main article:Ifugao people
An Ifugao man fromBanaue

Ifugaos are the people inhabitingIfugao Province.They come from the municipalities of Lagawe (Capital Town), Aguinaldo, Alfonso Lista, Asipulo, Banaue, Hingyon, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lamut, Mayoyao, and Tinoc. The province is one of the smallest provinces in the Philippines with an area of only 251,778 hectares, or about 0.8% of the total Philippine land area. It has a temperate climate and is rich in mineral and forest products.[8]

The term "Ifugao" is derived from "ipugo"which means" earth people "," mortals "or" humans ", as distinguished from spirits and deities. It also means" from the hill ", aspugomeans hill.[8]The termIgorotorYgolotewas the term used by the Spanish colonial officials for mountain people. The Ifugaos, however, prefer the nameIfugao.

As of 1995, the population of the Ifugaos was counted to be 131,635. Although the majority of them are still in Ifugao province, some of them already transferred toBaguio,where they worked as woodcarvers, and to other parts of the Cordillera region.[8]They are divided into subgroups based on the differences in dialects, traditions, and design/color of costumes. The main subgroups are Ayangan, Kalangaya, and Tuwali. Furthermore, the Ifugao society is divided into 3 social classes: thekadangyansor the aristocrats, thetagusor the middle class, and thenawotwotsor the poor ones. Thekadangyanssponsor the prestige rituals calledhagabianduyauyand this separates them from thetaguswho cannot sponsor feasts but are economically well off. Thenawotwotsare those who have limited land properties and are usually hired by the upper classes to do work in the fields and other services.[8]

Kalanguya/Ikalahan

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Main article:Kalanguya people

The Kalanguya or Ikalahan people are a small group distributed amongst the mountain ranges ofSierra Madre,theCaraballo Mountains,and the eastern part of the Cordillera mountain range. The main population resides in theNueva Vizcayaprovince, with Kayapa as the center. They are considered to be part of the Igorot (mountain people) but distinguish themselves with the name Ikalahan, the name taken from the forest trees that grow in the Caraballo Mountain.[9]

They are among the least studied ethnic groups, thus their early history is unknown. However,Felix M. Keesingsuggests that, like other groups in the mountains, they fled from the lowlands to escape Spanish persecution.[9]

Isinai

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TheIsinai/Isinay are a small ethnic group living in theCagayan Valley,specifically in the municipalities ofBambang,Dupax del Sur,AritaoinNueva Vizcaya,as well as aroundQuirino province,and in the northern areas of Nueva Ecija and Aurora. Their ethnic communities show a decline in population, with only around 12,600 members on record. They speak theIsinai language(also spelled Isinay), which is aNorthern Luzon languageprimarily spoken inNueva Vizcayaprovincein the northernPhilippines.Bylinguistic classification,it is more divergent from otherSouth-Central Cordilleran languages,such asKalinga,ItnegorIfugaoandKankanaey.[10]

Isneg

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Main article:Isnag people
An elderly Isneg woman

The Isnag, also Isneg or Apayao, live at the northwesterly end of northern Luzon, in the upper half of the Cordillera province ofApayao.The term "Isneg" derives fromitneg,meaning inhabitants of theTineg River.Apayao derives from the battle cryMa-ap-ay-aoas their hand is clapped rapidly over their mouth. They may also refer to themselves asImandayaif they live upstream, orImallodif they live downstream. The municipalities in the Isneg domain include Pudtol, Kabugao, Calanasan, Flora, Conner, Sta. Marcela, and Luna. Isnag populations also live in the Eastern area of the Province ofIlocos Norte,specifically the municipalities of Adams, Carasi, Marcos, Dingras, Vintar, Dumalneg and Solsona; and in the Northwestern part of the Province of Cagayan, specifically the municipalities of Santa Praxedes, Claveria, Pamplona and Sanchez Mira. Two major river systems, theAbulog Riverand theApayao River,run through Isnag country.[11]

Jars ofbasiare half-buried in the ground within a small shed,abulor,constructed of 4 posts and a shed. Thisabuloris found within the open space,linongorsidong,below their houses (balay). They grow upland rice, while also practicing swidden farming and fishing.[11]: 99–100, 102 

Say-amwas an important ceremony after a successful headhunting, or other important occasions, hosted by the wealthy, and lasting one to five days or more. Dancing, singing, eating, and drinking mark the feast, and Isnegs wear their finest clothes. The shaman,Anituwan,prays to the spirit Gatan, before the first dog is sacrificed, if a human head had not been taken, and offered at the sacred tree,ammadingan.On the last day, a coconut is split in honor of the headhunter guardian, Anglabbang.ThePildapis an equivalentsay-ambut hosted by the poor. Conversion to Christianity grew after 1920, and today, the Isnegs are divided in their religious beliefs, with some still being animistic.[11]: 107–108, 110–111, 113 

Itneg/Tinguian

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Main article:Itneg people

The Itneg people, also known as Tinguian people, live in the mountainous area of Abra in northwestern Luzon who descended from immigrants from Kalinga, Apayao, and the Northern Kankana-ey; they also live inNueva Era, Ilocos Norte.They refer to themselves asItneg,though the Spaniards called themTingguianwhen they came to the Philippines because they are mountain dwellers. The Tingguians are further divided into 11 distinct subgroups which are the Adasen, Balatok, Banao, Belwang, Binongan, Gobang, Inlaud, Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit and Moyadan. Wealth and material possessions (such as Chinese jars, copper gongs calledgangsa,beads, rice fields, and livestock) determine the social standing of a family or person, as well as the hosting of feasts and ceremonies. Despite the divide of social status, there is no sharp distinction between rich (baknang) and poor. Wealth is inherited but the society is open for social mobility of the citizens by virtue of hard work.Mediumare the only distinct group in their society, but even then it is only during ceremonial periods.[12]

Ilongot

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Main article:Bugkalot
Ilongot men in 1910

The Ilongot (or Ibilao) are a tribe who inhabit the southernSierra MadreandCaraballo Mountains,on the east side ofLuzonin thePhilippines,primarily in the provinces ofNueva VizcayaandNueva Ecijaand along the mountain border between the provinces ofQuirinoandAurora.[13]An alternative name of this tribe and itslanguageis "Bugkalot". They are known as a tribe of headhunters. Presently, there are about 87,000 Ilongots. The Ilongots tend to inhabit areas close to rivers, as they provide a food source and a means for transportation. Their native language is theIlongot language,currently spoken by about 50,000 people. They also speak theIlocano&Tagalog languages,the latter is spoken in Nueva Ecija & Aurora as much as Ilocano.

Kalinga

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Main article:Kalinga people
Children fromLubuagan, Kalingaperform the muscle dance.

The Kalingas are mainly found inKalinga provincewhich has an area of 3,282.58 sq. km. Some of them, however, already migrated toMountain Province,Apayao,Cagayan,andAbra.As of 1995, they were counted to be 105,083, not including those who have migrated outside the Cordillera region.[14]

Kalinga territory includes floodplains ofTabuk,andRizal,plus theChico River.Gold and copper deposits are common inPasilandBalbalan.Tabuk was settled in the 12th century, and from there other Kalinga settlements spread, practicing wet rice (papayaw) andswidden(uwa) cultivation. Kalinga houses (furoy,buloy,fuloy,phoyoy,biloy)are either octagonal for the wealthy, or square, and are elevated on posts (a few as high as 20–30 feet), with a single room. Other building include granaries (alang) and field sheds (sigay).[14][15]

ApoWhang-odapplying traditional Kalinga tattoos using the characteristicAustronesiantattooing tools – the hafted needle and the mallet

The nameKalingacame from the Ibanag and Gaddang termkalinga,which meansheadhunter.Edward Dozierdivided Kalinga geographically into three sub-cultures and geographical position: Balbalan (north); Pasil, Lubuagan, and Tinglayan (south); and Tanudan (east). Teodoro Llamzon divided the Kalinga based on their dialects: Guinaang, Lubuagan, Punukpuk, Tabuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan.[14]

Kankanaey

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Main article:Kankanaey people
A Kankanaey chief from the town of Suyoc, inMankayan, Benguet(takenc. 1904).

The Kankanaey domain includes Western Mountain Province, northern Benguet and southeastern Ilocos Sur. Like most Igorot ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordilleras.

Kankanaey houses include the two-storyinnagamang,the largerbinangi,the cheapertinokbob,and the elevatedtinabla.Their granaries (agamang) are elevated to avoid rats. Two other institutions of the Kankanaey of Mountain Province are thedap-ay,or the men's dormitory and civic center, and theebgan,or the girls' dormitory.[16][17]

Kankanaey's major dances includetayaw,pat-tong,takik(a wedding dance), andbalangbang.Thetayawis a community dance that is usually done in weddings it maybe also danced by the Ibaloi but has a different style.Pattong,also a community dance from Mountain Province which every municipality has its own style, whileBalangbangis the dance's modern term. There are also some other dances like thesakkuting,pinanyuan(another wedding dance) andbogi-bogi(courtship dance).

Ethnic groups by linguistic classification

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Political map of theCordillera Administrative Region.

Below is a list of northern Luzon ethnic groups organized by linguistic classification.

Different Igorot groups speakIlocano languageas alingua francaafter the imposition of a migration policy for Ilocano settlers into the Cordillera area in 1970s & the inmigration of Ilocano settlers into Nueva Vizcaya in 1700s and into northern areas of Central Luzon (Nueva Ecija & Aurora) from 19th - 20th centuries.

Igorot diaspora

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There are Igorot minorities outside their homeland. Outside the Cordillera Administrative Region, they reside in neighboring provinces ofIlocos region,Cagayan Valley,Central Luzon(particularlyNueva Ecija&Aurora),Metro ManilaandCalabarzon,(where Igorot Village is located inCainta,Rizal)[22]andBicol Region.[23]

InVisayas,Igorots also form minority communities inAklan,Iloilo,Negros Occidental,Negros Oriental,Cebu,Siquijor,Bohol,BiliranandLeyte.[23]

Igorots are also found as a minority in several areasMindanao,setting communities inAgusan del Norte,Tagum City,Davao City,Digos City(Igorot Village is also found in the mountainous area in the city),[23]few other parts ofDavao del Sur,Davao de Oro,North Cotabato,South Cotabato,Sultan Kudarat,Lanao del Norte[23]andBukidnon.[24]Most of them are soldiers, policemen and government officials who are temporarily deployed in the area, but many have settled permanently as civilians retired from their posts and intermarried with the Mindanaoans of various ethnicities. There is an organization for Igorot residents of Mindanao.

Igorots can also be found in other countries, mostly as overseas workers.[25][26]

History

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Further information:Igorot RevoltandIgorot Resistance to Spanish Colonization
A seatedBulul,the anthropomorphical representations of rice divinities protecting the seeds and the harvest of Ifugao people

Spanish colonial era

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The gold found in the land of the Igorot was an attraction for the Spanish.[27]Originally gold was exchanged at Pangasinan by the Igorot.[28]The gold was used to buy consumable products by the Igorot.[29]Both gold and desire to Christianize the Igorot were given as reasons for Spanish conquest.[30]In 1572 the Spanish started hunting for the gold.[31]Benguet Province was entered by the Spanish with the intention of obtaining gold.[32]The fact that the Igorots managed to stay out of Spanish dominion vexed the Spaniards.[33]The gold evaded the hands of the Spaniards due to Igorot opposition.[34]The Igorot would also be used as mercenaries and scouts during thePhilippine Revolutionand thePhilippine-American War.[35][36]

American colonial era

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A watercolor depiction of an Igorot farm,c. 1896

Samuel E. Kane wrote about his life amongst the Bontoc, Ifugao, and Kalinga after the Philippine–American War in his bookThirty Years with the Philippine Head-Hunters(1933).[37]The first American school for Igorot girls was opened inBaguioin 1901 by Alice McKay Kelly.[37]: 317 Kane argued thatDean C. Worcester"did more than any one man to stophead-huntingand to bring the traditional enemy tribes together in friendship. "[37]: 329 Kane wrote of the Igorot people, "there is a peace, a rhythm and an elemental strength in the life...which all the comforts and refinements of civilization can not replace...fifty years hence...there will be little left to remind the young Igorots of the days when the drums andganzasof the head-huntingcanyaosresounded throughout the land.[37]: 330–331 

In 1903, Missionary BishopCharles Brenttraveled through northern Luzon, in hopes of directing missionary efforts to convert the pagan Igorot populace. A mission church was established for theBontoc Tribeof the Igorots in theBontoc, Mountain Province.The Bontoc missionaries wrote the first Igorot grammars, which were published by the government.[38]

Igorot men with spears, axes and shields next to American spectators at the Lewis and Clark Exposition, inPortland, Oregonin 1905

In 1904, a group of Igorot people were brought toSt. Louis, Missouri,United States, for theSt. Louis World's Fair.They constructed the Igorot Village in the Philippine Exposition section of the fair, which became one of the most popular exhibits. The poetT. S. Eliot,who was born and raised in St. Louis, visited and explored the Village. Inspired by their tribal dance and others, he wrote the short story, "The Man Who Was King" (1905).[39]In 1905, 50 tribespeople were on display at a Brooklyn, New York, amusement park for the summer, ending in the custody of the unscrupulousTruman Hunt,a showman "on the run across America with the tribe in tow."[40]

On February 12, 1912, aMountain ProvinceIgorot chief named Gagaban became the first Filipino to fly in an airplane, riding as a passenger in a biplane called the "Red Devil" with Lee Hammond as the pilot.[41]

World War II

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See also:Battle of Baguio (1945)andBattle of Bessang Pass

During theJapanese occupation of the Philippines,Igorotsfought against Japan.Donald Blackburn's World War IIguerrillaforce had a strong core of Igorots.[42]: 148–165 A young Igorot woman,Naomi Flores,was an important member of the Miss U Spy Ring.[43]GeneralTomoyuki Yamashitasurrendered to Filipino and American forces inKiangan, Ifugaoin early September 1945;[44]a shrinewas built in the town commemorating his surrender.[45]

Postwar era

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On June 18, 1966,Republic ActNo. 4695was enacted to splitMountain Provinceand create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao,Kalinga-Apayao,and Mountain Province.[46][47]Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of theCagayan Valleyregion,[48]with Benguet and Mountain Province placed under theIlocos Region.

Martial law

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Further information:Chico River Dam ProjectandMacli-ing Dulag
Detail of the Wall of Remembrance at theBantayog ng mga BayaniinQuezon City,showing names from the first batch of Bantayog Honorees, including that ofMacli-ing Dulag.

After the declaration ofMartial lawbyFerdinand Marcosin 1972, the region became the focus of militarization as a result of local objections to the government's push for theChico River Dam ProjectnearSadanga, Mountain ProvinceandTinglayan, Kalinga.[49][50][51]Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition, Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. 848 in December 1975, constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan, Tinglayan, Tanudan, and Pasil into a "Kalinga Special Development Region" (KSDR),[52]in an effort to neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam.[51]

Empowered by Martial Law to conduct warrantless arrests, the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribalpapangat(leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case, a 12-year-old child.[51]: 9 By December 1978, parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where the army could freely fire on any animals or permit-less humans at will.[51]

On April 24, 1980, Marcos-controlled military forces assassinatedMacli-ing Dulag,apangat(leader) of theButbut tribe of Kalinga.[53]The assassination became a watershed moment, marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be openly critical against Marcos and the military, and building up a sense of Igorot identity.[54]

Mount Data Peace Accord

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After the end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution, the succeeding government under PresidentCorazon Aquinosecured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras, theCordillera People's Liberation Army(CPLA) led byConrado Balweg.The Aquino government made asipator indigenous treaty, which would be known as theMount Data Peace Accord,with the CPLA on September 13, 1986, ending hostilities.[55]

See also

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References

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  40. ^Prentice, Claire, 2014,The Lost Tribe of Coney Island: Headhunters, Luna Park, and the Man Who Pulled Off the Spectacle of the Century,New Harvest.The Lost Tribe of Coney Island: Product Details.New Harvest. October 14, 2014.ISBN978-0-544-26228-7.
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Further reading

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  • Boeger, Astrid. 'St. Louis 1904'. InEncyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions,ed. John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle. McFarland, 2008.
  • Conklin, Harold C.; Pugguwon Lupaih; Miklos Pinther (1980). American Geographical Society of New York (ed.).Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao: A Study of Environment, Culture, and Society in Northern Luzon.Yale University Press.ISBN0-300-02529-7.
  • Jones, Arun W, “A View from the Mountains: Episcopal Missionary Depictions of the Igorot of Northern Luzon, The Philippines, 1903-1916” inAnglican and Episcopal History71.3 (Sep 2002): 380–410.
  • Narita, Tatsushi. "How Far is T. S. Eliot from Here?: The Young Poet's Imagined World of Polynesian Matahiva". InHow Far is America from Here?,ed. Theo D'haen, Paul Giles, Djelal Kadir and Lois Parkinson Zamora. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2005, pp. 271–282.
  • Narita, Tatsushi.T. S. Eliot, the World Fair of St. Louis and 'Autonomy'(Published for Nagoya Comparative Culture Forum). Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan Press, 2013.
  • Rydell, Robert W.All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916.The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  • Cornélis De Witt Willcox (1912).The head hunters of northern Luzon: from Ifugao to Kalinga, a ride through the mountains of northern Luzon: with an appendix on the independence of the Philippines.Vol. 31 of Philippine culture series. Franklin Hudson Publishing Co.ISBN978-1-4655-0254-4.RetrievedApril 24,2014.
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