TheIlustrados(Spanish:[ilusˈtɾaðos],"erudite",[1]"learned"[2]or "enlightened ones"[3]) constituted theFilipinointelligentsia(educatedclass) during theSpanish colonial periodin the late 19th century.[4][5]Elsewhere inNew Spain(of which the Philippines were part), the termgente de razóncarried a similar meaning.
They were lateSpanish-colonial-eramiddletoupper classFilipinos, many of whom were educated inSpainand exposed toSpanish liberaland European nationalist ideals. Theilustradoclass was composed ofPhilippine-born and/or raised intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines—mestizos(bothde Sangleyesandde Español),insulares,andindios,among others—and soughtreformthrough "a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power" under Spanish tutelage.
Stanley Karnow,in hisIn Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines,referred to theilustradosas the "richIntelligentsia"because many were the children of wealthy landowners orinquilino(tenant)lesseefamilies. They were key figures in the development ofFilipino nationalism.[3][6][7][8][9][10]
History
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The most prominentilustradoswereGraciano López Jaena,Marcelo H. del Pilar,Mariano Ponce,Antonio LunaandJosé Rizal,the Philippinenational hero.Rizal's novelsNoli Me Tangere( "Touch Me Not" ) andEl Filibusterismo( "The Subversive" ) "exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regime".[9][11]
In the beginning, Rizal and his fellowilustradospreferred not to winindependencefromSpain,instead they wanted legal equality for bothpeninsularesand natives—indios,insulares,andmestizos,among others—in the economic reforms demanded by theilustradoswere that "the Philippines be represented in theCortesand be considered aprovinceof Spain "and" thesecularization of the parishes."[10][11]
However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipinopriests,José Burgos,Mariano GomezandfriarJacinto Zamora,who had been charged with leading a militarymutinyat anarsenalinCavite,nearManila,were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and "other repressive acts and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled theilustrados.This also prompted unity among theilustradosandAndrés Bonifacio's radicalKatipunan.[10]Philippine policies by theUnited Statesreinforced the dominant position of theilustradoswithin Filipino society.Friarestates were sold to theilustradosand most government positions were offered to them.[10]
See also
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editNotes
edit- ^The American Heritage Spanish Dictionary (2nd ed.)
- ^RAE - ASALE."Diccionario de la lengua española - Edición del Tricentenario".Diccionario de la lengua española.
- ^abGlossary: Philippines, Area Handbook Series, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, LOC.gov (undated),retrieved on: July 30, 2007
- ^Thomas, Megan Christine (2012).Orientalists, Propagandists, and Ilustrados: Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism.U of Minnesota Press. p.213.ISBN978-0-8166-7190-8.
- ^Cullinane, Michael (1989).Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908.Ateneo University Press.ISBN978-971-550-439-3.
- ^Grimsley, Mark. The Philippine War: 1899-1902, Ohio-State.edu, 1993, 1996ArchivedOctober 9, 2012, at theWayback Machine,retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- ^Karnow, Stanley.In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines,Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., March 3, 1990, 536 pages, page 15. -ISBN0-345-32816-7
- ^The Rise of the Philippine Middle Class (Ilustrados), Mega Essays LLC, MegaEssays.com, 2007,retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- ^abPhilippines: The Spanish Colony, Student Encyclopedia Article, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Britannica.com,retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- ^abcdHistory of the Philippines,Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs, PhilippineEmbassy-USA.org (undated, archived fromthe originalon July 13, 2007), retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- ^abSalvador, Fr. Emerson, Liberalism in the Philippines, The Revolution of 1898: The Main Facts, Newsletter of the District of Asia, Society of St. Pius X, District of Asia, January - March 2002,retrieved on: August 1, 2007
Sources
edit- Republic of the Philippines, Microsoft Corporation, Encarta.MSN.com, 2007( (Archived2009-10-31), retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- Exiles, Motherland and Social Change, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal (Bibliography), Volume 8, Issue 1-2, SMC.org.ph, (undated),retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- Owen, Norman G., Compadre Colonialism: Studies in the Philippines Under American Rule, A Review by Theodore Friend, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Nov., 1972), pp. 224-226, JSTOR.org, 2007,retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- Majul, Cesar A. The Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Philippine Revolution, A Review by R. S. Milne, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Spring, 1969), pp. 98-99, JSTOR.org, 2007,retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- Proclamation of Philippine Independence and the Birth of the Philippine Republic, The Philippine History Site, OpManong.SSC.Hawaii.edu (undated)ArchivedAugust 4, 2007, at theWayback Machine,retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- Rossabi, Amy. The Colonial Roots of Civil Procedure in the Philippines, Volume 11, Number 1, Fall 1997, The Journal of Asian Law, Columbia.edu,retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- Filipino Nationalism, AngelFire.com (undated),retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- Veneracion, Jaime B., Ph. D. (Professor of History, University of the Philippines and Visiting Professor, BSU), Rizal's Madrid: The Roots of the Ilustrado Concept of Autonomy, Diyaryo Bulakenya, Bahay Saliksikan ng Bulakan (Center for Bulacan Studies), Geocities.com, April 4, 2003,retrieved on: August 1, 2007
- Philippine History, Philippine Children's Foundation, PhilippineChildrensFoundation.org, 2005,retrieved on: August 1, 2007