TheIndian 1-rupee coin(₹1) is an Indian coin worth oneIndian rupeeand is made up of a hundredpaisas.Currently, one rupee coin is the smallest Indian coin in circulation. Since 1992, one Indian rupee coins are minted fromstainless steel.Round in shape, the one rupee coins weighs 3.76 grams (58.0 grains), has a diameter of 21.93-millimetre (0.863 in) and thickness of 1.45-millimetre (0.057 in). Inindependent India,one rupee coins was first minted in 1950 and is currently in circulation.
India | |
| Value | ₹1 |
|---|---|
| Mass | 3.09 g |
| Diameter | 20 mm (0.79 in) |
| Composition | Stainless steel |
| Years of minting | 1950–present |
| Mint marks | ⧫ =Mumbai B = Mumbai Proof issue * =Hyderabad ° =Noida No mint-mark =Kolkata |
| Obverse | |
 | |
| Designer | RBI |
| Design date | 2011 |
| Reverse | |
| Designer | RBI |
| Design date | 2011 |
History
editSur Empire
editSher Shah Suri,the founder of theSur EmpireruledNorth Indiafrom 1540 to 1545AD.[1]During his reign, Suri issued pure silver coins in 1542 and named itRupiya(from Sanskrit रौप्य, raupya, meaning silver). The denomination remained in usage through theMughal,Maratha,East India companyandBritishrules.[2][3]The rupiya was retained by the East India company till 1835 and formed the basis of the British Raj currency till 1947.[4]Each rupiya coin weighed 178 grains (11.5 grams). Thesub-unitof rupyia were copper pieces and 40 copper pieces constituted as one rupiya. Sher Shah Suri named the copper pieces asPaisa.[2][4][5]
| 1Rupiyacoin (Sher Shah Suri) | |
|---|---|
| |
| Obverse:Trace ofKalima,name of fourKhalifas,Sher Shah Suri's name and pious wish "Khald Allah mulk". | Reverse:Name of mint (some coins bore word "Jahapanah" instead of mint name) and date. |
| Coins were minted in different mints like Ujjain, Agra, Punduah, Chunar, Satgaon etc. | |
Danish, Dutch, French and Portuguese India
editEach minted their own coinage, withDanish IndiausingFano;[6]French India:Roupie and fanontill 1954;Portuguese Indiarupiatill 1958,...
British East India company
editIn 1717 AD, theEast India Companyobtained permission from the Mughal emperorFarrukhsiyarto coin Mughal style currency, at their Bombay factory. In 1835 AD, theCoinage Act of 1835for uniform coinage came into force.[2][7]Composed of 91.7% silver, the new one rupee coins weighed 11.66 grams (179.9 grains) and had a diameter of 30.55 millimetres (1.203 in). The reverse of all one rupee coins minted after 1835 and before 1862 AD bore "East India Company" instead of the Mughal Empire.[8]The one rupee coins had bust ofKing William IIII(IV minted as IIII) and were first minted in 1835 AD.[9]Rupee coins issued after 1840 bore the busts ofQueen Victoria(1840 to 1901 AD).[2][10][11]
TheEast India Companywanted to introduce thePound sterlingin India, due to the popularity of the Rupiya, the Pound sterling could not be introduced in India.
Madras Presidency
editTheMadras Presidencyissued one rupee coins until 1815 AD. One rupee was equal to twelvefanams.[5]
| 1Rupee coin(Madras Presidency) | |
|---|---|
| |
| Obverse: | Reverse: |
British Raj (1858-1947)
editTheBritish Rajstarted in India in 1858 AD and lasted until Indian independence in 1947.[12]In 1862, new one rupee coins were issued, were known as theRegal issue,bore the bust of Queen Victoria on the obverse and "India" minted on the reverse side.[8]From 1862 to 1939 AD, one rupee coins were minted from 91.7% silver, weighed 11.66 grams (179.9 grains), had a diameter of 30.78 millimetres (1.212 in) and thickness of 1.9 millimetres (0.075 in). The obverse side of the coins featured the busts ofQueen Victoria(1862 to 1901 AD),Edward VII(1903 to 1910 AD),George V(1911 to 1936 AD) andGeorge VI(1938 to 1947 AD).Edward VIIIwas never featured on any one rupee coin since his reign (Jan-Dec 1936 AD) was short.[2][10]
Due toWorld War IandII,there was a shortage of silver. As a result of the shortage, 0.917 silver one rupee coins were replaced by Quaternary silver alloy (0.500) in 1940. In 1947, the silver one rupee coin was replaced by nickel coins.[2]
Princely States
editSeveralPrincely Statesissued their own currency, on the demise of the Mughal empire, withHyderabad stateissuing its ownHyderabadi rupee,between 1918 and 1959. As did: Alwar, Ambliara, Awadh, Bahawalpur, Bharatpur, Bikanir, Bund, Chuda, Dhar, Indergadh, Jaisalmer, Jaora, Junagadh, Kalat, Kutch, Mangrol, Mengani, Muli, Mysore, Nawanagar, Palitana, Rajkot, Ramgarh, Sailana, Sayala and several others.[13][14][15]
One rupee coinage from 1835 to 1947
edit| One Rupee coins (1835 to 1947):East India Company and British Raj | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | Technical parameters | Description | Year of minting | Known mintage |
Comments | |||||||
| Obverse | Reverse | Weight | Diameter | Thickness | Metal | Edge | Obverse | Reverse | First | Last | ||
 |
 |
11.66 g | 30.5 mm | 1.9 mm | Silver (0.917) |
Reeded | Bust ofKing William IIII with his name. |
Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. |
1835 | 1840 | 69,472,000 [16] |
|
 |
 |
11.66 g | 30.78 mm | 1.9 mm | Bust ofQueen Victoria surrounded by her name. |
Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. |
1840 | 1901 | 2,454,825,107 [8] |
|||
 |
11.66 g | 30.6 mm | 1.9 mm | Bust ofEdward VII surrounded by his name. |
Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. |
1903 | 1910 | 849,622,000 [17] |
||||
 |
11.66 g | 30.5 mm | 1.9 mm | Bust ofGeorge V surrounded by his name. |
Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. |
1911 | 1936 | 1,807,479,000 [18] |
Coins minted in 1911 had nick name "pig rupee".[2] | |||
 |
11.66 g | 30.5 mm | 1.9 mm | Bust ofGeorge VI surrounded by his name. |
Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath. |
1938 | 1939 | 772,980,000 [19] |
||||
 |
11.66 g | 30.5 mm | 1.9 mm | Silver (0.500) |
Security | 1939 | 1945 | |||||
 |
 |
11.8 g | 28 mm | 2.48 mm | Nickel | 1947 | 1947 | 160,039,000 [20] |
Only minted in 1947. | |||
Independent India
editOn 15 August 1947, India obtainedindependenceand themonetary systemandcoinageof theBritish Rajwere retained. It was not until 15 August 1950 that India introduced new coins. Introduction of new coins (including one rupee coin) was done in following chronology and reasons;[12][21]
- Motifsand symbol ofsovereigntywere adapted to represent Indian independence.
- Introduction ofmetric systemand related impact on Indian coinage.
- Changes due to metallic value of coins.
- "Coinisation" of currency notes for cost-benefit.
Subunits
editFrom 1947 to 1957, theIndian rupeewas notdecimalisedand was divided into 16annas.Each anna was further divided to fourIndian pices(from 1835 to 1947, each pice was divided into threeIndian pies;till the pie was demonetized in 1947). Table below shows sub-units of one rupee (1835–present).[3]
| Denomination | Sub-unit | Sub-unit | Sub-unit | From | To | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rupee | Anna (1 Rupee=16 Anna) |
Pice (1 Anna = 4 Pice) |
Pie (1 Pice = 3 Pie) |
1835 | 1947 | Piedemonetizedin 1947. |
| - | 1947 | 1950 | The Frozen Series | |||
| 1950 | 1957 | The Anna Series | ||||
| Paisa (1 Rupee = 100 Paisa) |
- | - | 1957 | 1964 | Naya Paisa Series. Anna & Pice demonetized in 1957. | |
| 1964 | Present | Except50 paisa,all lower coins demonetized. | ||||
| (1835–1947):1 Indian rupee = 16 anna = 64 pice = 192 pie. (1947–1957):1 Indian rupee = 16 anna = 64 pice. (1957–1964):1 Indian rupee = 100 naye paise. (1964–present):1 Indian rupee = 100 paise.[21] | ||||||
Mintage
editMintage
editAs of 2020, one rupee coins are minted by theIndia Government MintsinMumbai,Kolkata,Hyderabadand inNoida.All coins are circulated only through theReserve Bank of India.[22]
Mint marks
editThe following mint marks have been used on one rupee coins since 1947.[23][24][25]
| Mint | Mark | Description | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
Coins minted inIndian mints
| |||
| Hyderabad | ☆ | Five-pointed star | |
| Kolkata | No mint-mark | Since this was the first Indian mint, coins minted in Kolkata don't carry a mark.[23] | |
| Mumbai | ⧫ | Diamond | |
| • | Small dot (solid) | ||
| B | Letter B below year | ||
| M | Letter M below year | On coins minted after 1996. | |
| Noida | ° | Small dot (hollow) | |
Coins minted in foreign mints
| |||
| Birmingham | H | Letter H below year | One rupee coins (KM#79.1) in 1985 were also minted in Birmingham mint, United Kingdom.[24] |
| Kremnica | mk | Letters "mk" in circle | One rupee coins (KM#92.2) from 1998 to 2001 were also minted in the Kremnica mint, Slovakia.[25] |
| Mexico | Mo | °M, letter "M" beneath circle | One rupee coins (KM#92.2) in 1997 were also minted in the Mexican Mint.[25] |
| Pretoria | M | Letter "M" in oval | One rupee coins (KM#92.2) from 1998 to 2000 were also minted in the Pretoria mint, South Africa.[25] |
| Royal Mint | • | Small dot | One rupee coins (KM#79.1) in 1985 were also minted in Royal Mint in Llantrisant, United Kingdom.[24] |
See also
edit
References
edit- ^Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007).The Mughul Empire,Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan,ISBN81-7276-407-1,p.83
- ^abcdefg"Facts about Indian coinage".mymoneysage.in.Retrieved29 August2017.
- ^ab"History of Indian coins".indianumismatics.wordpress.com.Retrieved29 August2017.
- ^ab"History of Pashtuns".barmazid.com.Retrieved29 August2017.
- ^ab"Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins".mapsofindia.com.Retrieved29 August2017.
- ^"2 Royaliner, 2 Fano, 2 Fanams - Christian VII, India".en.numista.com.Retrieved2022-01-06.
- ^"British India Coinage".Reserve Bank of India.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^abc"Queen Victoria coin variants".Numista.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^"1835 one rupee".Numista.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^ab"British India 1 rupee coins".Numista.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^J. Franklin Campbell (13 October 2004)."VICTORIA | The Coins of British India One Rupee: Mint Mark Varieties (1874–1901)".jfcampbell.us.Archived fromthe originalon 13 September 2019.Retrieved17 August2022.
- ^ab"British Raj".BBC.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^"Banknotes from Indian Princely states – Numista".en.numista.com.Retrieved2022-01-06.
- ^"Reserve Bank of India - Museum".m.rbi.org.in.Retrieved2022-01-06.
- ^"Coins from Indian Princely states – Numista".en.numista.com.Retrieved2022-01-06.
- ^"William IIII coin variants".colnect.com.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^"Edward VII coin variants".Numista.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^"George V coin variants".colnect.com.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^"George VI coin variants".colnect.com.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^"George VI Nickel coin".Numista.Retrieved30 August2017.
- ^ab"Republic India Coinage".Reserve Bank of India.Retrieved28 August2017.
- ^"Indian coins".Reserve Bank of India.Retrieved28 August2017.
- ^ab"Mint marks".indian-coins.com.Retrieved28 August2017.
- ^abc"Mint marks (abroad 1)".Numista.Retrieved28 August2017.
- ^abcd"Mint marks (abroad 2)".Numista.Retrieved28 August2017.