TheInns of ChanceryorHospida Cancellariewere a group of buildings and legal institutions in London initially attached to theInns of Courtand used as offices for the clerks ofchancery,from which they drew their name. Existing from at least 1344, the Inns gradually changed their purpose, and became both the offices and accommodation forsolicitors(as theInns of Courtwere to barristers) and a place of initial training forbarristers.
The practice of training barristers at the Inns of Chancery had died out by 1642, and the Inns instead became dedicated associations and offices for solicitors. With the founding of theSociety of Gentleman Practisersin 1739 and theLaw Society of England and Walesin 1825, a single unified professional association for solicitors, the purpose of the Inns died out, and after a long period of decline the last one (Clement's Inn) was sold in 1903 and demolished in 1934.
History
editThe Inns of Chancery evolved in tandem with theInns of Court.During the 12th and early 13th centuries the law was taught in theCity of London,primarily by the clergy. But during the 13th century an event occurred which ended legal education by the Church. Apapal bullin 1218 prohibited the clergy from practising in the secular,common lawcourts. As a result, law began to be practised and taught by laymen instead of by clerics. To protect their schools from competition,Henry IIandHenry IIIissued proclamations prohibiting the teaching of thecivil lawwithin the City of London.[1]These schools were based in hostels or "inns", which later took their name from the landlord of the inn in question.[2]
The Inns of Chancery sprung up around the Inns of Court, and took their name and original purpose from thechanceryclerks, who used the buildings as hostels and offices where they would draft their writs.[3]As with the Inns of Court the precise dates of founding of the Inns of Chancery are unknown, but the one commonly said to be the oldest isClifford's Inn,[4]which existed from at least 1344.[5]Thavie's Inn,founded in 1349, is considered to be the next oldest, and several legal historians mistakenly considered it the oldest of them all.[6]
For several centuries, education at one of the Inns of Chancery was the first step towards becoming abarrister.A student would first join one of the Inns of Chancery, where he would be taught in the form ofmootsandrote learning.[7]He would also be taught byReaderssent from the Inn of Court that his Inn of Chancery was attached to, who would preside over the moots and discuss cases with the students.[8]At the end of each legal term, particularly promising students would be transferred to the parent Inn of Court and begin the next stage of their education.[8]By 1461 there were approximately 100 students studying at the Inns of Chancery at any one time.[9]
At the same time, the Inns of Chancery was used as accommodation and offices bysolicitors,the other branch of the English legal profession.[5]During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the purpose of the Inns changed. After the outbreak of theFirst English Civil Warin 1642, the practice of teaching barristers in the Inns ceased, and as a result the Inns of Chancery became a dedicated association for solicitors instead, offering offices and accommodation. The foundation of the Society of Gentlemen Practisers andLaw Society of England and Walesin 1739 and 1825 respectively as professional bodies for the solicitors profession relegated the Inns of Chancery to little more than eccentric dining clubs, and they were gradually dissolved and sold. In 1897 a popular book reported that nobody could remember the purpose of the buildings and that an 1850 investigation had failed to uncover their origins.[10]The last Inn to be sold wasClement's Inn,which was sold in 1903,[5]and demolished in 1934.[9]
Inns
edit
John Fortescuewrote of ten Inns of Chancery, each one attached to anInn of Court"like Maids of Honour to a Princess".[7]Only nine are known of in detail;[11]the other was St George's Inn.[12]
The ten Inns were:
- Clement's Inn,Lyon's InnandClifford's Innattached to theInner Temple,
- St George's Inn,Strand Inn,andNew Innattached to theMiddle Temple,
- Furnival's InnandThavie's Innattached toLincoln's Inn,and
- Staple InnandBarnard's Innattached toGray's Inn.[3][11]
(An eleventh Inn of Chancery, theOuter Temple,was said to exist by the legal historianJohn Bakerin 2008.[13]This is denied by other writers.[14])
Many Inns were originally independent of the Inns of Court, and fell in and out of allegiance with them, with some claiming independence right up to the nineteenth century. Most Inns became directly attached to Inns of Court during the sixteenth century, however, when the Inns of Court began charging higher acceptance fees to students trained in independent Inns of Chancery than they did to students trained in "their" Inns of Chancery.[15]
Inner Temple attachments
editClement's Inn was the last to be dissolved, being shut down in 1903. Located nearSt Clement Danes,the Inn was also named afterSaint Clementand took as its coat of arms his, with a large letter C insable.[15]The buildings were completely rebuilt in the 19th century in theQueen Anne Style.Noted members includedSir Edmund Saunders,andWilliam ShakespearemadeJustice Shallow,a character inHenry IV, Part 2,a member of the Inn.[16]Members were noted as "a wild lot" known for their drinking and parties.[17]In its later years the Inn was a poor one, and had no library or chapel, with most of the funds being spent on repairs and maintenance for the building.[18]
Lyon's Inn was "a place of considerable antiquity", with records from 1413.[4]Originally a hostel, it was purchased by the inhabitants and turned into an Inn of Chancery. Initially a small but respected Inn that educated people as noted asSir Edward Coke,Lyon's Inn became a disreputable institution that "perished of public contempt long before it came to the hammer and the pick".[19]By the time it was dissolved it was inhabited only by the lowest lawyers and those struck off the rolls, and when surveyed it was found that it was run by only two Ancients, neither of whom had any idea what their duties were, and the Inn had not dined for over a century.[19]The Inn was dissolved in 1863,[20]pulled down in 1868[21]and replaced with the thirdGlobe Theatre.[20]
Clifford's Inn was the oldest of the Inns of Chancery, and was first mentioned in 1344.[5]Although generally considered a dependent of the Inner Temple, its members always maintained that they were independent.[22]As a note of that "independence" it became custom for the Inner Temple to send them a message once a year, which would be received but deliberately not replied to.[22]Their coat of arms was a modified form of the Clifford family arms, with "cheque or and azure, a fess gules, a bordure, bezantée, of the third."[22]Noted students includeJohn Selden;Sir Edward Cokewas also said to have studied there, but historical records find no evidence of this, and he was always associated with Lyon's Inn more than Clifford's.[23]
Middle Temple attachments
editThe first lawyers to occupy the premises which later became the Middle Temple came from St George's Inn,[24]arriving by 1346.[25]The inn was later deserted in favour of New Inn.[26]
Strand Inn, also called Chester Inn,[21]was the shortest lived of the Inns of Chancery. Founded in the fifteenth century it was pulled down in the 1540s byLord Somersetin his role asLord Protectorso that he could buildSomerset House.[4]The students instead went to New Inn, and Strand Inn was absorbed into that Inn.Thomas Occlevewas said to have studied at Strand Inn.[4]
New Inn was founded in the late 15th century on the premises of Our Lady Inn, a hostel.[4]Noted students includedSir Thomas More,who attended New Inn before going toLincoln's Inn.[27]The buildings of New Inn were pulled down in 1902 to make way fora roadbetweenHolbornand theStrand.[4]After the destruction of Strand Inn, New Inn was the only Inn of Chancery left attached to the Middle Temple.[28]
Lincoln's Inn attachments
editFurnival's Innwas founded before or during the reign ofHenry IVand named after the Lords Furnival.[29]During the 1820s the Inn was completely rebuilt. Noted tenants includeCharles Dickens,who began to writeThe Pickwick Paperswhilst living there.[30]The Inn was demolished in 1897.[31]
Thavie's Inn was the second oldest Inn of Chancery, and was founded around 1349. It was sold in 1769.[32]Lawyers from Thavie's Inn were the first to occupy the premises which became Inner Temple in the 1320s.[33]
Gray's Inn attachments
editStaple Inndated from at least 1415,[34]and was originally an inn where wool merchants stayed and haggled. In reference to this, the Inn coat of arms contained a bale of wool.[35]During the reign of Elizabeth I it was the largest of the Inns of Chancery, with 145 students and 69 as permanent residents. The buildings survived the great fire of London and were rebuilt in the seventeenth century,[36]and again in the nineteenth.[34]The Inn was shut down and the building sold to thePrudential Assurance Companyin 1884, and part of it is now used as the headquarters of theInstitute of Actuaries.[37]
Barnard's Inn, originally known as Mackworth's Inn after its owner,John Mackworth,was established in 1454 as an Inn of Chancery.[38]A large Inn, Barnard's had 112 students a year during the reign ofElizabeth Iwith 24 in permanent residence.[38]When it was an institute of legal education, it enforced the odd practice of fining a student when he got something wrong: a halfpenny for a defective word, a farthing for a defective syllable and a penny for an improper word.[38]Barnard's was under the supervision of Gray's Inn, who traditionally sent a Reader to the Inn every year, who was treated with great respect.[38]Noted pupils includedSir John Holt,later a distinguished jurist.[38]The Inn was badly damaged in theGordon Riotsafter a rioter set fire to the distillery next door. In 1880 it was bought by theWorshipful Company of Mercersand used to house theMercers' School.[39]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Bellot (1902) p. 32
- ^Watt (1928) p. 5
- ^abSteel (1907) p. 586
- ^abcdefSteel (1907) p. 590
- ^abcd"The Inns Of Court And Inns Of Chancery And Their Records".Inner Temple.Retrieved17 August2009.
- ^Watt (1928) p. 55
- ^abWatt (1928) p. 9
- ^abWatt (1928) p. 10
- ^abWatt (1928) p. 57
- ^"Legal lore: curiosities of law and lawyers".archive.org.1897.Retrieved28 July2016.
- ^abLoftie (1895) p. 252
- ^Bellot (1902), pp. 24-25; 32
- ^Baker (2008) p. 386
- ^Bellot (1902), p. 22.
- ^abLoftie (1895) p. 280
- ^Webster (1911), p. 586
- ^Steel (1907) p. 592
- ^Steel (1907) p. 593
- ^abSteel (1907) p. 591
- ^abLoftie (1895) p. 283
- ^abWebster (1911), p. 584
- ^abcLoftie (1895) p. 262
- ^Loftie (1895) p. 266
- ^Bellot (1902), pp. 24-25; 238
- ^Bellot (1902), pp. 21-22
- ^Bellot (1902), p. 238
- ^Bellot (1902), pp. 240
- ^Bellot (1902) p. 239
- ^Steel (1907) p. 587
- ^Loftie (1895) p. 261
- ^"Furnival's Inn"(PDF).Notes and Queries.9(2).Oxford University Press.3 December 1898.[dead link]
- ^Watt (1928) p. 3
- ^Bellot (1902), pp. 22-25
- ^ab"History of Staple Inn - Actuaries".Institute of Actuaries.Archived fromthe originalon 21 May 2008.Retrieved18 August2009.
- ^Douthwaite (1886) p. 254
- ^Douthwaite (1886) p. 256
- ^"Lincoln's Inn History".Lincoln's Inn.Archived fromthe originalon 21 May 2008.Retrieved18 August2009.
- ^abcdeDouthwaite (1886) p. 257
- ^"Gresham College - Barnard's Inn".Gresham College.Archived fromthe originalon 11 June 2009.Retrieved18 August2009.
Bibliography
edit- Baker, John (2008). "The Inn of the Outer Temple".Law Quarterly Review(124).Sweet & Maxwell.ISSN0023-933X.
- Bellot, Hugh H. L. (1902).The Inner and Middle Temple legal, literary, and historic associations.Methuen & Co.OCLC180158440.
- Douthwaite, William Ralph (1886).Gray's Inn, Its History & Associations.Reeves and Turner.OCLC2578698.
- Loftie, W J (1895).The Inns of court and chancery.New York: Macmillan & co.OCLC592845.
- Ringrose, Hyacinthe (1909).The Inns of court an historical description of the Inns of court and chancery of England.Oxford: R.L. Williams.OCLC80561477.
- Steel, H. Spenden (1907). "Origin and History of English Inns of Chancery".The Virginia Law Register.13(8). Virginia Law Review: 585–593.doi:10.2307/1103274.ISSN1547-1357.JSTOR1103274.
- Watt, Francis; Dunbar Plunket Barton; Charles Benham (1928).The Story of the Inns of Court.Boston: Houghton Mifflin.OCLC77565485.
- Webster, James C. (1911)..InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 584–587.
