Wikipedia

Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links

Afixed linkorfixed crossingis a permanent, unbroken road orrailconnection across water that uses some combination of bridges, tunnels, andcausewaysand does not involve intermittent connections such asdrawbridgesorferries.[1]Abridge–tunnelcombination is commonly used for major fixed links.

This is a list of proposed and actual transport links between continents and to offshore islands. See alsolist of bridge–tunnelsfor another list of fixed links including links across rivers, bays and lakes.

History

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Cosmopolitan Railway

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In 1890William Gilpinfirst proposed to connect all the continents by land via theCosmopolitan Railway.Significant elements of that proposal, such as the EnglishChannel Tunnel,have been constructed since that era. However, the improvement of the global shipping industry and advent of international air travel has reduced the demand for many intercontinental land connections.

Europe

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English Channel

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Main article:Channel Tunnel

There is no public highway connection betweenGreat Britainand theEuropean mainland;only a rail connection, the Channel Tunnel.

A cross channel tunnel was first proposed in 1802 and construction actually started in 1881 before being abandoned.Roll-on/roll-offferry services provided links across the channel for vehicles.

A road tunnel was proposed in 1979, but not considered viable. Construction of the Channel Tunnel started in 1988 and the tunnel opened in 1994. Automobiles andlorries/transport trucksare loaded onto theEurotunnel Shuttle'senclosed railway cars(similar toauto rack/motorailrailway cars) for the trip through the tunnel. A service road tunnel runs the entire length of the crossing, but is closed to general use and used only during emergencies and for maintenance. Cyclists – both amateur and professional –have crossed the channel via the tunnelon special occasions.[2]

There have been proposals at various times for asecond channel tunnelof some kind.[3]

Irish Sea

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Various ferry services link Ireland to Britain and France. A number of options for anIrish Sea fixed crossinghave been proposed over the years, but none are currently under serious consideration.[citation needed]Additionally, there was a short-lived proposal for an underground roundabout beneath theIsle of Man,connecting tunnels to Ireland, Scotland, and two to England.[4]Another proposal was for an additional route fromScotlandto the Isle of Man.[5]

Proposed Irish Sea fixed crossings

Channel Islands to France

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In July 2009, theStates of Jerseywere considering the feasibility of building a 14-mile (23 km) tunnel betweenJersey(aBritish Crown dependency) andLower NormandyinFrance.[6][7][8]There was a revival of the idea in 2018[9]and 2021.[10]It was reported in the local media that a link between Jersey and the neighbouring island ofGuernseywould cost £2.6 billion.[11]

Kerch Strait

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TheCrimean Bridgeis a pair of parallel bridges constructed by theRussian Federationfollowing theannexation of Crimea,to span theKerch Straitbetween theTaman PeninsulaofKrasnodar Kraiand theKerch PeninsulaofCrimea.The bridge complex provides for both vehicular traffic and for rail. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the bridge has been attacked or damaged on three occasions:8 October 2022,17 July 2023and 12 August 2023.[12]As of August 2023, the bridge reopened at a limited capacity.[13]

Germany to Denmark to Sweden

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TheØresund Bridgelinks southernSwedento the Danish island ofZealand.Zealand is linked to the Danish mainland and the rest of Europe by theGreat Belt Fixed Link.Most travellers between Sweden and Germany, both by road and train use the 160 km (99 mi) shorter route with a ferry over theFehmarn Beltsouthwestwards towardsHamburgor southwards toRostock.TheFehmarn Belt Fixed Linkis planned to be opened in 2029. AGedser-Rostock Bridgeis also under consideration but has been put back as the Fehmarn Belt crossing is now under construction. Proposals also exist for a fixed link fromRügento southern Sweden, linkingBerlinand theØresund region.

Sweden to Finland

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Ferry serviceslinkSwedentoFinlandviaÅland.There are proposals of fixed links between Sweden and Finland. A tunnel could be built between Sweden and Åland, about 50 km (30 mi) long, and 100–200 m (330–660 ft) deep, with the lowest depth aroundMärket,a little detour. The area between Åland and Finland is shallow with many islands, able to be connected with bridges - some of which already exist. BetweenUmeåandVaasafurther north, there is a proposal to build theKvarken Bridge,a series of bridges, the longest 26 km (16 mi), in total 40 km (25 mi). None of these proposals have been seriously investigated.

Finland to Estonia

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Ferry services linkFinlandtoEstoniaas well as overground rail and road routes viaSaint Petersburgin Russia.Rail Balticais a proposal for a rail link from Finland to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, bypassing Russia via aHelsinki to Tallinn Tunnel.Thegulfhas heavy ferry traffic, and theport of Helsinkihas the largest number of international passengers of any port in Europe, and most travel toTallinnor back. Finland and Estonia share close linguistic, cultural, economic and historical ties and proponents of what they call "Talsinki"(a portmanteau of the names of the two capitals) point to theØresund regionas an example of a cross-national metropolitan area linked by an underwater bridge-tunnel. A combination of a Finland to Estonia and a Finland to Sweden fixed link would reduce the need for ferries on the route theMSEstoniawas on when itsankin 1994 causing a loss of 852 lives, the biggest peacetime maritime disaster in the Baltic.

Italian mainland to Sicily

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TheStrait of Messinahas a busy ferry traffic. TheStrait of Messina Bridgeis planned[citation needed],but the construction date has been postponed several times.

Italian mainland to Elba

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There is a project to linkElbawithmainland Italy(throughPiombinoinTuscany) crossing the Piombino Channel in a Road Tunnel of 16 km.[14]The feasibility project was launched by the Cacelli Partners Ltd of Riccardo Cacelli, in collaboration with the Adu London studio of the architect David Ulivagnoli.[15][16]

Sardegna-Maddalena

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There's a project of underwater tunnel that will linkPalau(inSardinia) with theisland of La Maddalena,crossing a 3 km stretch of sea.[17][18]

Corsica-Sardegna

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During April's Fool, was suggested an underwater tunnel betweenSanta Teresa(Sardinia) andBonifacio(Corsica).[19]Other April's fool jokes involucrate a Bridge between both islands.[20]However, there were proposals of linking Mainland Italy, Elba andCapraiato the hypothetical route of Corsica-Sardegna connection.[21]Also, there was interest fromHyperloop One,in his Global Challenge, on usingHyperloopto connect both islands.[22][23]

France-Corsica

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During April's Fool, was proposed a Tunnel of 326 km beneath the Mediterranean Sea that will connectLa Ciotat(continental France) andAjaccio(Corsica) that will be finish on 2042.[24]

Italy-Croatia Bridge

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There were proposals to build a railway and highway bridge over theAdriatic seato connectItalyandCroatia,fromAnconatoZadarfollowing a 120 km route. The idea was presented by the Roman architect Giorgio De Romanis, and also called for the creation of a special company "Il ponte sull'Adriatico Srl". The bridge would be suspended above the sea at a height of between 30 and 70 meters, and would also allow the laying of pipes for water, oil and gas, as well as the accommodation of telecommunication cables.[25][26]The idea received the support of the ex-governor of theMarche,Gian Mario Spacca.Some sources considered the project as being more realistic than a bridge between Calabria and Sicily[27]

Norway

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TheBoknafjord tunnel(main part of the Rogfast project) is under construction and will in 2033 be the world's longest and deepest undersea tunnel, 26.7 kilometres (88,000 ft) long and reach 392 metres (1,286 ft) under sea level. It will connect the island ofBoknwith the mainland atStavangerunder the openBokna fjord.

Faroe Islands

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Tunnels and bridgesare an important part of theFaroe Islandstransportation network. The longest proposed one is the 25 kmSuðuroyartunnilin(Suðuroy tunnel).

Europe to Africa

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Gibraltar Tunnel

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Main article:Strait of Gibraltar crossing

TheGibraltar Tunnelis proposed to be a rail tunnel linking Africa and Europe. A tunnel would likely be an electrified rail tunnel with car shuttles due to the depth of theStrait of Gibraltar(up to 900 metres (3,000 ft)) and the length of the tunnel making it a great challenge to remove vehicle exhaust. Similar considerations led to the Channel Tunnel linking the UK and France not being a highway tunnel. There have also been proposals for a bridge over the strait, although ship traffic would complicate this solution. Car ferries currently operate across the strait.

Strait of Sicily

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The proposedStrait of Sicily Tunnelwould linkSicilytoTunisia.Together with the proposedStrait of Messina Bridgefrom Sicily toItalythis would provide a fixed link between Italy and Tunisia.

Europe to Asia

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TheTurkish Straitsare the channel between EuropeanTurkeyand Asian Turkey and consist of the (from south to north) theDardanelles,theSea of Marmaraand theBosphorus.[28][29][30]

The Bosphorus

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Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge(1988) as seen from theRumelian Castle(1452)
Bosphorus Bridge(1973)

Threesuspension bridgescross the Bosphorus. The first of these, theBosphorus Bridge,is 1,074 m (3,524 ft) long and was completed in 1973. The second, namedFatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosporus II) Bridge,is 1,090 m (3,576 ft) long, and was completed in 1988 about 5 km (3 mi) north of the first bridge. The Bosphorus Bridge forms part of theO1 Motorway,while the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge forms part of theTrans-European Motorway.

Construction of a third suspension bridge, theYavuz Sultan Selim Bridge,began on May 29, 2013;[31]it was opened to traffic on August 26, 2016.[32]The bridge was built near the northern end of the Bosporus, between the villages of Garipçe on the European side and Poyrazköy on the Asian side.[33]It is part of the "Northern Marmara Motorway", which will be further integrated with the existing Black Sea Coastal Highway, and will allow transit traffic to bypass city traffic.

TheMarmarayproject, featuring a 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long undersearailwaytunnel,opened on 29 October 2013.[34]Approximately 1,400 m (4,593 ft) of the tunnel runs under the strait, at a depth of about 55 m (180 ft).

An underseawater supply tunnelwith a length of 5,551 m (18,212 ft),[35]named theBosporus Water Tunnel,was constructed in 2012 to transfer water from the Melen Creek inDüzce Province(to the east of the Bosporus strait, in northwesternAnatolia) to the European side of Istanbul, a distance of 185 km (115 mi).[35][36]

TheEurasia Tunnelis a road tunnel betweenKazlicesmeandGoztepe,which began construction in February 2011 and opened to traffic on 21 December 2016. TheGreat Istanbul Tunnel,a proposed undersea road and railway tunnel, will connect Şişli and Beykoz districts.

The Dardanelles

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TheÇanakkale 1915 Bridgeopened in 2022, crossing the strait between the cities ofGeliboluandLapseki.

Africa to Asia

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Suez Canal Bridge

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TheMubarak Peace Bridge,also known as the Egyptian-Japanese Friendship Bridge, Al Salam Bridge, or Al Salam Peace Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Suez Canal at El-Qantara, whose name means "the bridge" inEgyptian Arabic.The bridge links the continents of Africa and Asia.

Saudi–Egypt Causeway

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TheSaudi–Egypt Causewayis a proposal for a causeway and bridge between theSinai Peninsulain Egypt and the northern part ofSaudi Arabia.This would provide a direct road route between Egypt and Saudi Arabia without going through Israel or Jordan. A causeway faces considerable political hurdles as the disruption of Israeli shipping access to the Red Sea was seen as acasus belliby Israel ahead of theSix-Day War.There is a car ferry betweenSafaga,Egypt andDuba, Saudi Arabia.The two uninhabited islands in the strait (Tiran islandandSanafir island), which might be used for a bridge, tunnel or causeway, were disputed between Egypt and Saudi Arabia until PresidentAbdel Fatah al-Sisiof Egypt officially ceded them to Saudi Arabia in 2016/2017.[37][38]The potential construction of a fixed link was cited in some media reports as contributing to the cession.[39][40]

Bridge of the Horns

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TheBridge of the Hornsis a proposed construction project to build a bridge between the coasts ofDjiboutiandYemenacross theBab-el-Mandeb,the strait between theRed SeaandGulf of Aden.[41]There are no ferry services on this route as of 2018.

Jazan-Massawa Tunnel

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Saudi Arabia considers to develop a 440 km tunnel across theRed Seato link its industrial city ofJazanwithMassawa's port inEritrea.It had the support ofPakistanand theChinese Belt and Road Initiative.[42][43]

Asia

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Sri Lanka

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ThePalk Strait bridgeproposal betweenIndiatoSri Lanka.IndiaBoat Mailtrain and ferry service provided a train and ferry service fromIndiatoSri Lankauntil theFirst World War.AnIndia–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnectionis under consideration to link the electricity networks of these countries.

South East Asian islands

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MainlandPeninsular Malaysiais linked toPenang Islandby two road bridges: thePenang Bridgeand theSultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge(Penang Second Bridge). To the south, it is linked toSingapore Islandacross theStraits of Johorby theJohor–Singapore Causewayand theMalaysia–Singapore Second Link;the former also carries Malaysia'sWest Coast Lineto the island.

There are proposals to linkJohor(inMalaysia) andRiau(inIndonesia), in aMalacca Strait Bridgeor underwater tunnel crossingStrait of Malaccaand some islands. The longest connection is a 17.5 kilometer. The total length is between 39 and 40 kilometers.[44][45]There's also a proposal of aSingapore Strait crossinglinkingSingaporewith theRiau archipelagoofIndonesia,most likely with the island ofBatam.[46]Both projects would link Indonesia (specifically Sumatra and Java islands) to Mainland Asia.

Passenger and vehicle ferries link the various islands ofIndonesia,thePhilippines,Singapore,Malaysia,andPapua New Guinea.

There are proposals to linkJava,the most populated Island ofIndonesia,toSumatravia a proposedSunda Strait Bridgeand from Sumatra toSingaporeand/orMalaysiavia theMalacca Strait Bridge.While its construction has not yet started, but the completion date of the bridge is set to August 2025.

Hainan Island

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The Guangdong–Hainan Ferry, or the Yuehai Ferry (part of theGuangdong–Hainan Railway)[47]is a vehicle andtrain ferryconnectingHainanIsland toGuangdonginmainland China.The ferries run across theQiongzhou Strait,betweenZhanjiang,GuangdongandHaikou,Hainan.A road-rail bridge has been proposed.[48]

Bohai Strait

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Bohai Strait tunnel projectis a proposed connection that would connect the Chinese cities ofYantaiandDalianacross theBohai Strait.[49]

Taiwan

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TheTaiwan Strait Tunnel Projectis a proposedundersea tunnelto connectPingtanin thePeople's Republic of ChinatoHsinchuin northernTaiwanas part of theG3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway.First proposed in 1996,[50]the project has since been subject to a number of academic discussions and feasibility studies, including by theChina Railway Engineering Corporation.[51]There exist cross strait ferries, both within outlying islands of Taiwan and between the PRC and Taiwan. Thepolitical status of Taiwancomplicates any such proposal.

Korea to China

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The Korean government considered building underwater tunnels with China, the proposed route would be betweenIncheon-Weihai,being considerate to build an intermediaryartificial islandin the route of 341 kilometers. Other Korean cities, likeOngjin,HwaseongandPyeongtaek,are considered to be part of the routes to China.[49]Also, is part of the Chinese comprehensive development plan for theBohai area.[52]

Mokpo-Jeju

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TheJeju Undersea Tunnelis a project to connect the South Korean provinces ofSouth JeollaandJejuacross theJeju Strait,with intermediate stops at the islands of Bogildo andChujado.[53]The total length of the proposed railway is 167 km, including a 66 km surface interval from Mokpo to Haenam, a 28 km bridge section from Haenam to Bogil Island, and a 73 km stretch from Bogil to Chuja and Jeju Islands.

Busan–Geoje Bridge

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The Busan–Geoje Fixed Link (or Geoga Bridge) is an 8.2-km bridge-tunnelfixed linkthat connects theSouth Koreancity ofBusantoGeoje Island.[54]

Korea to Japan

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The "Korea Japan Friendship Tunnel System"is a proposal for a fixed link from the city ofFukuokaonKyūshū,Japan, to the port city ofBusanin Korea via four islands. The maximum ocean depth in this area is 146 m (479 ft). Similar proposals have been discussed for decades by Korean and Japanese politicians. A road bridge links Kyūshū to the main Japanese island ofHonshu.

Japan to Russia

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TheSeikan Tunnelhas provided a rail link from the main Japanese Island ofHonshuto the northernmost Japanese island ofHokkaidosince 1988. The proposedSakhalin-Hokkaido Tunnelwould link Hokkaido to the Russian island ofSakhalin.When combined with the proposedSakhalin Tunnelbetween Sakhalin and the Russian Mainland and an extension of theBaikal Amur Mainlinethis would give a rail link from Japan toRussiaand the mainland of Asia.

Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge

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TheHong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau BridgelinksHong KongandMacau,andZhuhaiinChina.Opened on October 24, 2018, it is the longest fixed crossing in the world.[citation needed]

Hōyo Strait

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ShikokuandKyushuare the only adjacent major Japanese islands not directly connected by a fixed link. Road travel between the two is possible only viaHonshu,a detour of up to 600 km.

Since 1995, theŌitaandEhimeprefectures have been jointly conducting research into the technical feasibility of bridges over theHōyo Straitand conducting basic research into natural and social conditions, and in 1998, in the "Hoyo Kaikyo Bridge Survey Report" it was concluded that the bridge would be technically feasible. The bridge proposed in the report uses a four-span suspension bridge with a central tower height of 376 m, central span length of 3,000 m, and bridge length of about 8,400 m as the main bridge, connecting the Toyo Strait with two bridges, the extension would be about 12.7 km.[55]The total project cost is currently estimated to be about 1.3 trillion yen (US$12.1 billion).

The Hoyo Kaikyo Route Promotion Council conducted a survey comparing various crossing technologies (bridges, tunnels) and modes of transportation (automobiles, railways) in 1997, and "Transportation method comparison study report" was published. According to the report, in the case of bridges, road bridges are technically possible, but due to the long span, it is difficult to use them as railway bridges and combined bridges.[56]

Qatar–Bahrain Causeway

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TheQatar Bahrain Causewaywas a plannedcausewaybetween the twoArab statesofQatarandBahrain.It was expected that a ferry service would be established between the two countries in 2017.[57]

Due to theQatar diplomatic crisisand Bahrain's siding with Saudi Arabia, the bridge is very unlikely ever to be built.

King Fahd Causeway

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TheKing Fahd Causewayis a series ofbridgesandcausewaysconnectingSaudi ArabiaandBahrain.At 25 km (16 mi), the western terminus of the causeway is theal-Khourneighbourhood ofKhobar, Saudi Arabiaand the eastern terminus is Al Jasra, Bahrain.

Iran-Qatar-Saudi Arabia Tunnel

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Iranand Qatar (who will take most part of the project's financing) have plans for an underwater tunnel connecting the two countries, being planned to be the longest tunnel in the world (having 190 km),[58]it's planned to link the Iranian port ofBandar-e Deyrto an unspecified location in Qatar across thePersian Gulfin both road and railway sections; however, a road tunnel is not considered very feasible due to the long distance. It had the support of Iran's Ports and Maritime Organisation managing director,Ali Akbar Safaei,and Iranian PresidentEbrahim Raisi,who expect the creation of a joint Qatar-Iran committee with the Emir of Qatar,Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.[59][60][61][62][63]Also, it will create a straight and direct route between Saudi Arabia and Iran.[64]

Iran-Oman Causeway

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Iran proposed to build an overpass bridge over thestrait of Hormuzthat will link Iran economically to GCC countries and Yemen through 39 km road link between Oman'sMusandamexclave andsouthern Iran.The idea was having the support of Iranian Ambassador to OmanAli Akbar Sibeveih.[65][66][67]However, Oman's minister of transport and communications,Ahmed bin Mohammed al Futaisi,said that for the moment there were no plans to construct the bridge proposed from the Iranian officials.[68]

Persian Gulf Bridge

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ThePersian Gulf BridgeinQeshm–Bandar Abbas(Iran) will be a 2.4 km- (1.5 mi-) longroad-rail bridge,connectingQeshm Islandto mainlandIran,from the historic port ofLafttoPahal portinBandar Abbas(Hormozgan Province). It was proposed to build anundersea tunnelinstead of a bridge, but was rejected due to high costs.[69]

Masirah island Bridge

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In 2010, Oman's ruler, Sultan Qaboos bin Saeed, asked the government to plan for the construction of a bridge connectingMasirah Islandon Oman's eastern coast to the mainland in a railroad.[70]

Saudi Arabia-Pakistan

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The Saudis were exploring two options to build a 400 km tunnel or bridge to linkGwadar(inPakistan) withMuscat(inOman) at the mouth ofStrait of Hormuzat one end. The objective was to bypass its trade routes (including for oil supplies) with Iran and Qatar, because of theIran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict,also to extend theChinese Belt and Road Initiative.[42][43]

United Arab Emirates-India Tunnel

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A 1,200 miles (2000 km) tunnel, carryingMaglevtrains, is planned to connectIndia’s biggest cityMumbaiand emirateFujairah(United Arab Emirates) through theArabian Seain ahigh-speed railwayline to transport passengers, tourists and workers in just 2 hours. It had the support ofAbdullah Alshehhi,chief consultant ofAbu DhabiNational Advisory Office (aMasdar City-based consultancy), and theGulf Cooperation Council.[71][72][73][74]It is considered the longest submarine tunnel project in the world and will have a depth of 15,000 feet below the surface of theIndian Ocean.[75][76]

Also,Karachi(Pakistan) and Muscat (Oman) are also included future plans of train stations, making provision for a road to be constructed within the tunnel for cars and trucks as well as a floating hotel, shopping centres and fuel stations, featuring pipelines for oil and water. Expansion of the project might include the One Belt One Road Initiative, linking China to Pakistan economic corridor atGwadar PortwithUAE,through the Fujairah port to complement the Chinese silk road.[77]

Seikan tunnel

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One of thelongest tunnels in the worldand - depending on definitions (total length versus length actually under water) - either the longest or the second longest underwater tunnel ahead or behind of the Channel Tunnel, theSeikan Tunnellinks Japan's northernmost main island Hokkaido to Honshu. Initially only built toCape gauge,the rail line running through the tunnel has since been converted to dual gauge to allowstandard gaugeservices, particularlyShinkansen.TheTōya Maruaccidentof 1954, in which a train ferry sank ina typhoon,killing over a thousand people, was a major factor in tilting the decision towards construction of the tunnel. The tunnel opened in 1988 andHokkaido Shinkansenstarted running through it in 2016.

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ThePhilippinesis planning to build a bridge that will spanManila Bayand connect the provinces ofBataanandCavite.TheBataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge,once completed, will be 32.15 kilometers (19.98 mi) long and will consist of two cable-stayed bridges, with a span of 400 meters (1,300 ft) and 900 meters (3,000 ft) each. TheNational Economic and Development Authority(NEDA) approved the bridge project in early 2020 with a budget of₱175.7 billion.The implementation of the bridge project is projected to last six years.[78]

In October 2020, theDepartment of Public Works and Highways(DPWH) signed a $59 million engineering design contract, awarded to the joint venture ofT. Y. Lin Internationalfrom the US and Korea's Pyunghwa Engineering Consultants Ltd., who are working in tandem with Geneva-based Renardet S.A. and local firm DCCD Engineering Corporation.[79]

As of March 2023, the project's detailed engineering design is already 70% complete, according to DPWH. The construction of the bridge is targeted to start in late 2023.[80]

Asia to America

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Bering Strait bridge or tunnel

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Main article:Bering Strait crossing

There is a proposal to span theBering Seawith a bridge or tunnel called theIntercontinental Peace Bridge,theTKM-World Linkor theAmerAsian Peace Tunnel.This would link theAmericanCape Prince of Waleswith theRussianCape Dezhnev.The link would consist of three tunnels connectingAlaskaand Russia via two islands:Little Diomede (USA)andBig Diomede (Russia).The longest single tunnel would be 24 miles (39 km). Since theBering Seaat the site of the proposed crossing has a maximum known depth of 170 feet (52 m), the tunnels might be dug with conventionaltunnel boring machinesof the type used to build the Channel Tunnel. The three tunnel proposal is considered[who?]to be preferable over a bridge due to severe environmental conditions, especially the inescapable winter ice damage.

Each proposed tunnel would be shorter than some current tunnels. The Channel Tunnel linking England with mainland Europe is about 31.34 miles (50.44 km) long; theSeikan Tunnel,an ocean tunnel linkingHokkaidowithHonshuin Japan is 33.46 miles (53.85 km) long; and the SwissGotthard Base Tunnelthrough theAlps,opened in 2016, is 35.7 miles (57.5 km) long.

For a bridge or tunnel to be useful, a road or railway must be built to connect it, despite the very difficult climate and very sparse local population. In Alaska, a 700-mile (1,100 km) link would be needed, and in Russia, a link more than 1,200 miles (1,900 km) long must be constructed. Until around 2010, such road connections were suggested by enthusiasts only, but at that time both the Russian government and the Alaskan state government started to consider such roads. TheAlaska Railroadis currently the only railroad in Alaska, and is not connected to the wider North American rail network, but plans for anA2A Railwaylinking it toAlberta, Canadaand from there to the rest of the North American rail network are under consideration.

Asia to Oceania

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There are no viable options for a fixed link between Asia andOceania.Excluding theIndonesia–Papua New Guinea borderthat divides the island ofNew Guinea,the shortest distances betweenSoutheast Asiaand Oceania still cover a significant distance across the sea betweenIndonesiaandAustralia.The closest would beBadu IslandinQueensland'sTorres Strait Islands,which is 123 kilometres (76 mi) away fromMerauke Regency's coastal border with Papua New Guinea. Otherwise, in theArafura Sea,Rimbija Islandin theNorthern Territory's uninhabitedWessel Islandsis 300 kilometres (190 mi) south ofYos Sudarso Island,also in Merauke Regency; and across theTimor Sea,the northern tip ofMelville Islandis still 317 kilometres (197 mi) south ofSelaruin theTanimbar IslandsofMaluku.[81]

Oceania

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Australia–Papua New Guinea Tunnel

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Atunnel/bridgebetween theAustralian mainlandand the island ofNew Guinea,bridging theTorres Strait,is not considered economically feasible owing to the great distance.Cape Yorkinnorthern Queenslandis 140 km away fromNew Guinea.This is a very long distance compared to existing tunnels or bridges, and the demand for car travel is not so high; as of 2009[82]there are no car ferries between Australia andPapua New Guinea.Passenger travel is by air or private boat only.

Cook Strait

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TheCook StraitbetweenNorth IslandandSouth IslandofNew Zealandhas been suggested for a fixed link. The length would be at least 22 km, and the water depth is around 200 meters.[83]This is mostly considered a too complicated and costly project to be realised.

The Americas

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Vancouver Island

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Ferry serviceslinkVancouver IslandtoBritish Columbiaon theCanadian Mainlandand to theState of Washingtonin theUS.

Proposals have been made for afixed linkto Vancouver Island for over a century. Because of the extreme depth and soft seabed of theGeorgia Strait,and the potential for seismic activity, a bridge or tunnel would face monumental engineering, safety, and environmental challenges at a prohibitive cost.[84]

Prince Edward Island

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Prince Edward Islandis linked toNew Brunswickon the Canadian mainland by theConfederation Bridgewhich opened in 1997.

Newfoundland

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Various proposals have been considered for afixed linkconsisting of bridges, tunnels, and/or causeways across theStrait of Belle Isle,connecting theProvince of Newfoundland and Labrador's mainlandLabradorregion with the island ofNewfoundland.This strait has a minimum width of 17.4 km (10.8 mi).

Long Island

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Nine bridges and 13 tunnels (including railroad tunnels) connect theNew York Cityboroughs ofBrooklynandQueens,onLong Island,toManhattanandStaten Islandand, via these, toNewarkinNew JerseyandThe Bronxon the mainland ofNew Yorkstate. However, no fixed crossing of theLong Island Soundexists east of New York City; most traffic from the mainland United States must pass through the city to access Long Island. Passenger and auto ferries connectSuffolk Countyon Long Island northward across the Sound to the mainland ofNew Yorkstate and eastward[clarification needed]to the state ofConnecticut.There have been various proposals, none successful, to replace these ferries with afixed link across Long Island Soundto provide an alternate route around New York City for Long Island-bound traffic.

Delmarva

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TheChesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel(CBBT) is a 23-mile-long (37 km) fixed link crossing the mouth of the United States'Chesapeake Bay,connecting theDelmarva PeninsulawithVirginia Beach, Virginia.It opened in 1964.

Overseas Highway

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TheOverseas Highwayis a 113-mile (181.9 km) highway carryingU.S. Route 1(US 1) through theFlorida KeystoKey West.

Florida to Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico

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Ferry services between the US and Cuba and between Cuba and Haiti were common before 1960, but were suspended due to theUnited States embargo against Cuba.After thenormalization of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic relationsby U.S. PresidentBarack Obamaand Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro,some American companies began plans to provide regular ferry services betweenFloridaand Cuba. However, PresidentDonald Trumpreinstated many travel restrictions towards Cuba during his term, including prohibition of direct ferry services.[85]

There is only one regular ferry toHavanafrom a foreign port:Cancún,Mexico.[86]

A ferry travels betweenMayagüezinPuerto RicoandSanto Domingoin theDominican Republic.[87]

There have been proposals for a direct link betweenKey West(US) toHavana(Cuba) by tunnel or bridge.[88][89]Also to a direct tunnel betweenFloridaandThe Bahamas.[90]

Ceiba-Vieques Bridge

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On 2009, there was a proposal to build a bridge betweenCeiba(onPuerto Ricoisland) andViequesisland, having an estimated cost of $600 millions. The main goal was to cut travel time to and from the small island town that is actually served by daily ferry runs.[91]

Gulf of Paria crossing

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After the independence ofTrinidad and Tobago,members in the government have spoken of constructing a physical link between the islands ofTrinidadandTobago,wanting to physically unify the country.[92]As public discussion and commentary ensued over feasibility and cost,[93]an alternative proposal of aGulf of Paria crossingwas made of constructing a shorter connection which would connect Trinidad andVenezuela.[94]

In 2017, China showed interest in the construction of a mega bridge in the Caribbean Sea to connect Tobago and Trinidad.[95][96]

On modern times, there have been studies from the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, fromUniversity of the West Indiesat St. Augustine,that have developed studies for a possible bridge linking between Venezuela and Tobago, but only as case study, without official support.[97]

Maracaibo Crossing

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In Venezuela, theGeneral Rafael Urdaneta BridgeconnectsMaracaibowith much of the rest of the country, being a bridge that crosses the narrowest part ofLake Maracaibo,inZulia(northwestern Venezuela). There is another plan of aSecond bridge over Lake Maracaibofor the construction of a mixed road-rail bridge that would link the Zulia cities ofSanta Cruz de MaraandPunta de Palmas,located on both sides of Lake Maracaibo, in the Miranda Municipality.[98]

Darién Gap

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Map of the Darién Gap and the break in thePan-American HighwaybetweenYaviza, PanamaandTurbo, Colombia
Main article:Darién Gap

A notable break in thePan-American Highwayis a section of land located in theDarién Provincein Panama and theColombianborder called theDarién Gap.It is an 87-kilometre (54 mi) stretch of rainforest. The gap has been crossed by adventurers on bicycle, motorcycle,all-terrain vehicle,and foot, dealing with jungle, swamp, insects, kidnapping, and other hazards.

Some people, groups, indigenous populations, and governments are opposed to completing the Darién portion of the highway. Reasons for opposition include protecting the rain forest, containing the spread of tropical diseases, protecting the livelihood of indigenous peoples in the area, and reducing the spread of drug trafficking and its associated violence from Colombia.

Santa Catarina Island

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TheHercilio Luz Bridgeis the first bridge constructed to link the Island ofSanta Catarinato the mainlandBrazil.Two additional crossings connecting the island to the mainland exist:Colombo Salles BridgeandPedro Ivo Campos Bridge.

Chacao Channel bridge

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Chacao Channel bridgemap.

It's a construction project for a bridge that will cross theChacao Channel.It is intended to unite theIsla Grande de Chiloéwith theChilean continental territory,in theLos Lagos Region.The opening of the bridge is planned for 2025.[99][100][101]It will be the longest suspension bridge in Latin America.[102]Previously there were suggestion of a connection by tunnel, but were rejected due to financial problems.[103]

Terrestrial connection project through the Río de la Plata

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At the end of the 19th century, Argentine PresidentDomingo Sarmientopresented the "Argirópolis"project; which included building railway bridges uniting both countries through the Martín García island.

Several land connection projects through theRío de la Platawere evaluated by the governments ofArgentinaandUruguay(alsoMercosur), with the objective of erecting a road for vehicular, rail or both types of transit. Although most of the proposals involve the construction of bridges, others also mention sub-fluvial tunnels as a possible alternative. The project would consist to linkColonia del Sacramentoin Uruguay toPunta Larain Argentina.[104][105][106][107]

Transatlantic tunnel

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Main article:Transatlantic tunnel

Atransatlantic tunnelis a theoretical tunnel that would span the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe, perhaps enabling mass transit. Some proposals envision technologically advanced trains reaching speeds of 500 to 8,000 kilometres per hour (300 to 5,000 mph).[108]Most conceptions of the tunnel envision it between the United States and the United Kingdom ‒ or more specifically between New York City and London.

Advantages compared to air travel would be increased speed and use of electricity instead of oil-based fuel.

The main barriers to constructing such a tunnel are cost, with estimates of between $88 billion and $175 billion, as well as the limits of currentmaterials science.[109]

The proposed routes are a direct link from the US to Europe, or from the US, crossingCanada,Greenland,Icelandand theFaroe Islands,to theUnited Kingdom,using an underwaterVacuum tube train.[110][111]

TheMaritime Research Institute Netherlands(Marin), in 2019, tested a model trans-Atlantic underwater tunnel between the United States and Europe capable of supportinghyperloop.[112][113][114]

See also

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References

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  • "The Three Americas Railway: An International and Intercontinental Enterprise" book written in 1881 by Hinton Rowan Helper discusses the need for an Intercontinental Highway, using railroads, starting on page 418.
  • "The Rotarian", January 1936. Article "Seeking Peace in a Concrete Way" starting on page 42.
  • "Looking far north: the Harriman Expedition to Alaska, 1899" written in 1982 by William H. Goetzmann, Kay Sloan, writes that Harriman in 1899 proposed a "Round the World Railroad" (page 128). The authors go on to write that Harriman traveled to Japan a few years later to continue this proposal.
  • "The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier Between East and West" by James Oliver published in 2006 (256 pages) mentions extensively the Intercontinental Highway. He goes on to mention that the notion of a global highway has been around for hundreds of years including William Gilpen, who suggests it in 1846 was a proponent of a global rail highway to link to the then being proposed European and Asiatic Railway.
  • "Planning and Design of Bridges" by M. S. Troitsky, 1994 describes many of the bridges and tunnels proposed in the Trans Global Highway article including on page 39 this book mentions that in 1958, T.Y. Lin mentions the possible construction of a Bering Strait bridge (and obviously a needed highway network).
  • Alaska History: A Publication of the Alaska Historical Society, Volumes 4-6 (1989) mentions on page 6 that in 1892, a man named Strauss proposed a global highway and a man made bridge over the Bering Strait. The article goes on to mention the Lin proposal of 1958.
  • "Maritime Information Review" a publication of the Netherlands Maritime Information Centre, in 1991 had an extensive article, on "strait crossings" covering the then proposed Bering Strait bridge, the Gibraltar Tunnel and so on, and mentions the proposed global highway network.
  • Popular Mechanics Apr 1994 has an article "Alaska Siberia Bridge" and the article goes on to mention the construction of a global highway.
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