Wikipedia

Interstate 96

Interstate 96(I-96) is an east–westInterstate Highwaythat runs for approximately 192 miles (309 km) entirely within theLower Peninsulaof the US state of Michigan. The western terminus is at an interchange withUS Highway 31(US 31) andBusiness US 31(Bus. US 31) on the eastern boundary ofNorton Shoressoutheast ofMuskegon,and the eastern terminus is atI-75near theAmbassador BridgeinDetroit.FromGrand RapidsthroughLansingto Detroit, the freeway parallels Grand River Avenue, never straying more than a few miles from the decommissionedUS 16.TheWayne Countysection of I-96 is named theJeffries Freewayfrom its eastern terminus to the junction withI-275andM-14.Though maps still refer to the freeway as the Jeffries, the portion within the city of Detroit was renamed by the state legislature as theRosa Parks Memorial Highwayin December 2005 in honor of the latecivil rights pioneer.There are fourauxiliary Interstatesas well as two current and four formerbusiness routesassociated with I-96.

Interstate 96 marker
Interstate 96
Map
I-96 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained byMDOT
Length192.032 mi[3](309.046 km)
Existed1959[1]–present
HistoryCompleted November 21, 1977[2]
NHSEntire route
Major junctions
West endUS 31inNorton Shores
Major intersections
East endI-75in Detroit
Location
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountiesMuskegon,Ottawa,Kent,Ionia,Clinton,Eaton,Ingham,Livingston,Oakland,Wayne
Highway system
←M-95→BL I-96

Grand River Avenue originated as anIndiantrail before Michigan statehood. It later was used as a wagon road across the state. The roadway was included in theState Trunkline Highway Systemin 1919 as M-16 and later theUnited States Numbered Highway Systemas US 16. Construction of a freeway along the length of the corridor was proposed in the 1940s, and included as part of the Interstate Highway System in the mid-1950s. This construction was started in 1956 and initially completed across the state to Detroit in 1962. The proposed route for the Jeffries Freeway in Detroit was moved in the 1960s; it was built in the 1970s. I-96 was completed on November 21, 1977, in the Detroit area, closing the last gap along the route. Since then, additional interchanges and lanes have been added in places to accommodate traffic needs.

Route description

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I-96 is maintained by theMichigan Department of Transportation(MDOT) as a segment of the largerState Trunkline Highway System.In 2011, the department's traffic surveys showed that onaverage,201,200 vehicles used the highway daily between 6 and 7 Mile roads in Livonia. Near Norton Shores, 20,638 vehicles did so each day between Airline and Fruitport roads. These are the highest and lowest counts along the highway, respectively.[4]As an Interstate Highway, all of I-96 is included in theNational Highway System,[5]a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.[6]In addition, the highway in Detroit has been named the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway by theMichigan Legislatureto honor the civil rights pioneerRosa Parks.[7]The segment from Livonia west to I-275 is the Jeffries Freeway, named for a former mayor of Detroit,Edward Jeffries.[8]

Norton Shores to Grand Rapids

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Westbound I-96 as it passes under Sternberg Road approaching US 31

I-96 begins at athree-quarter cloverleaf interchangewithUS 31northeast of theMuskegon County AirportinNorton Shores,nearMuskegon.At the starting terminus, the highway has a grassy median and two lanes in each direction as it travels southeasterly through ruralMuskegon County.The freeway is paralleled by Airline Highway in an area with a mix of fields and residences as far asFruitport.I-96 bypasses that village to the north and east before crossing intoOttawa Countyat Fruitport Road. After a distance of about five miles (8.0 km) in the county, the trunkline reachesNunica.The highway crosses the Crockery Creek and turns eastward towardCoopersville.The freeway runs parallel to theGrand River,about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to the north. Near Ironwood Drive, I-96 turns southeasterly again and goes throughMarne.[9][10]

Beyond Marne, I-96 passes the western end ofM-11and crosses intoKent County,curving around a rest area for the eastbound lanes. The freeway runs eastward through a light industrial area of the suburb ofWalkeras it enters theGrand Rapids metropolitan area.At the interchange with Alpine Avenue,M-37merges onto the freeway and the tworun concurrentlypast the studios forWZZM-TV[9][10]with its iconicweatherball,a 16-foot-wide (4.9 m) sphere 100 feet (30 m) above the ground that uses colored lights to display a weather forecast.[11]Adjacent to the studios are the ramps from eastbound I-96 to southboundUS 131and from northbound US 131 to westbound I-96.[9][10]These ramps mark the northern end ofI-296,anunsignedauxiliary Interstate Highway designation applied to them and the US 131 freeway south to downtown Grand Rapids.[3]I-96 turns northeasterly past a commercial area to a three-quarter cloverleaf interchange that provides all of the other connections with US 131 next to a crossing of the Grand River.[9][10]

WZZM-TV's Weatherballnext to I-96 in Walker

East of the river, I-96 and M-37 pass through the northern suburb ofComstock Park,intersectingConnector M-44(Conn. M-44, Plainfield Avenue) nearLamberton Lake.Past that interchange, the freeway angles southeasterly and then southward, bypassing Grand Rapids to the northeast. East of downtown, I-96/M-37 meetsI-196(Gerald R. Ford Freeway) at a partial interchange; traffic headed eastbound on I-196 must enter I-96 eastbound and only westbound I-96 traffic may enter I-196. Immediately east of the interchange is another forM-44(East Beltline Avenue) where M-37 separates from the freeway to turn southward. Through this series of interchanges, I-96 curves to the east and then turns back southward after passing through them. There are two more interchanges forM-21(Fulton Street) and Cascade Road before I-96 meets the eastern end of M-11 at 28th Street. The next interchange for 36th Street provides access to theGerald R. Ford International Airport.The freeway continues to the east of the airport and then intersects the eastern end ofM-6(Paul B. Henry Freeway, South Beltline Freeway) at an interchange over theThornapple River.[9][10]

Grand Rapids to Howell

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The freeway exits the edges of the Grand Rapids urban area past the interchange with M-6, turning due east and paralleling the northern edge of Cascade Road. I-96 curves to the south of Pratt Lake near the county line, crossing intoIonia County.Grand River Avenue is thefrontage roadas the freeway heads east through farm fields. South ofIonia,I-96 intersectsM-66.NearPortland,the trunkline turns to the southeast to cross the Grand River again. On the east side of town, the freeway crosses Grand River Avenue, its formerbusiness spurinto town. I-96 continues southeasterly, crossing intoClinton Countyand passes the community ofEagle.Entering the western reaches of theLansing metropolitan area,I-96 merges withI-69and turns southward at an interchange in the southwestern corner of the county; this interchange also provides access toBusiness Loop I-96(BL I-96, Grand River Avenue).[9][10]

Aerial view looking north from the I-496 interchange along I-96/I-69 west of Lansing

These two Interstates run southward together for about 6.5 miles (10.5 km) on the west side of the metropolitan area, picking up a third lane in each direction. The exit numbers and mileposts along the concurrency reflect those of I-96, which is considered the dominant designation of the pair. South of that interchange, the freeway crosses intoEaton Countyand over the Grand River. The trunkline passes near residential subdivisions, and next to the interchange forBL I-69/M-43(Saginaw Highway), there is a large retail development. Farther south,I-496(Olds Freeway) branches off to run into downtown Lansing before the split between I-96 and I-69. I-69 turns southward while I-96 turns southeasterly, dropping back to four lanes in total. After the Lansing Road interchange, the freeway crosses the Grand River one last time and runs due east to bypass Lansing.[9][10]

Southern split between I-96 and I-69 southwest of Lansing

I-96 crosses intoIngham Countyand continues along the southern edges of the Lansing metro area. It passes through areas with residential subdivisions and commercial developments, coming to a pair of interchanges including one for the eastern end of BL I-96 (Cedar Street). Near the crossing of theRed Cedar River,I-96 goes through the interchange for I-496/US 127.East of that interchange, the freeway begins to exit the metro area as the landscape transitions back to farm fields. I-96 continues eastward, bypassingWilliamstonandWebbervilleto the south. Near the latter, the freeway turns more southeasterly and crosses intoLivingston County.In Livingston County, I-96 passes to the south ofFowlervilleand then enters the far northwestern edge ofMetro Detroit,passing south ofHowell.From this point, the freeway expands to six lanes and runs parallel to Grand River Avenue on the southern side of town.[9][10]

Metro Detroit

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Satellite image of the interchange with M-5, I-275 and I-696 in Novi and Farmington Hills

Near theLivingston County Spencer J. Hardy Airporton the western edge of Howell, I-96 meetsM-59,which runs toPontiacand carries theHowell business loopeasterly to Grand River Avenue. The business loop reconnects near Lake Chemung on the east side of town, and I-96 turns further to the southeast. On the northeast side ofBrighton,I-96 crosses over Grand River Avenue and the landscape transitions to include residential subdivisions. I-96 proceeds to crossUS 23.[9][10]

I-96 passes through an area with several lakes as it crosses intoOakland County.This area includes theIsland Lake State Recreation Areato the south and theKensington Metroparkto the north of the freeway in an area where it crosses theHuron River.The Interstate runs throughWixomintoNovi,where it passes to the south of theTwelve Oaks Mall.Southeast of the mall, I-96 enters a complex interchange on the border between Novi andFarmington Hillsthat connects it toM-5(Haggerty Connector),I-275andI-696(Reuther Freeway). The trunkline drops a lane in each direction as it enters the interchange and turns southward. The freeway then merges into I-275 and increases to four lanes in each direction running south in Farmington Hills.[10][12]

According to theFederal Highway Administration,I-275 ends at the junction with I-96 andM-14along the boundary betweenLivoniaandPlymouth Townshipand not at the interchange in Novi and Farmington Hills.[a]MDOT considers I-275 to extend northward concurrently with I-96 to the Novi and Farmington Hills,[12]and maps from other providers follow MDOT's lead and label the freeway north of M-14 as I-96/I-275.[14]

I-96/I-275 runs southward for about two miles (3.2 km) before crossing intoWayne Countyat the interchange with8 Mile Roadnear theMeadowbrook Country Club.The freeway curves to the east aroundSchoolcraft College;then, south of 5 Mile Road, I-96 meets the interchange with M-14 and I-275 where it turns to the east along the Jeffries Freeway. To the north and south sides of I-96 are a pair ofservice drivesnamed Schoolcraft Road[10][12]which follow the 4 Mile location on theMile Road Systemfor Detroit.[15]To the north of the Jeffries are residential neighborhoods, and to the south are commercial or industrial areas. At Inkster Road, the freeway crosses intoRedford Townshipwhere it intersectsUS 24(Telegraph Road) nearEliza Howell Park.East of the park, I-96 enters Detroit.[10][12]

Past theOuter Driveinterchange, I-96 splits into alocal-express lanesconfiguration. There are twocarriagewaysin each direction, and the central ones have three lanes that bypass almost all of the exits while the outer ones have two lanes that have access to each exit. The Jeffries turns southeasterly and separates from Schoolcraft Road shifting one-half mile (0.80 km) to the south. The interchange withM-39(Southfield Freeway) features slip ramps so that traffic can pass between the local and express lanes. Further east, I-96 turns northeasterly to cross M-5 (Grand River Avenue). I-96 curves over to the interchange withM-8(Davison Avenue) and the local-express configuration ends as the freeway turns back to the south to cross over Grand River Avenue.[10][12]

I-96 east at Davison Avenue, the east end of the local–express split

From the crossing south of Davison, I-96 runs parallel to Grand River Avenue southeasterly with eight lanes total. The two run together as far as the interchange withI-94(Edsel Ford Freeway) near Bishop Park. I-96 turns more south-southeasterly there through residential neighborhoods on Detroit's southeastern side. I-96 terminates at an interchange that connects it to I-75 (Fisher Freeway) and to theAmbassador Bridge.[9][10]

History

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Interstate 96 was mostly constructed in sections that opened from 1957 to 1962, but it was not completed in the Detroit area until 1977. Even before theNational Interstate and Defense Highways Actwas signed in 1956, the route was being planned as a replacement of the old US 16, which wasdecommissionedin the state in 1962.

Beginnings

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See also:US Highway 16 in Michigan

The Muskegon–Grand Rapids–Lansing–Detroit corridor was initially named the Grand River Road,[16]an Indian trail[17]that was designated as a military highway in 1825.[18]The roadway was included as a branch of "Division 2" of theState Trunkline Highway Systemwhen that was created in May 1913.[19]When the system was signposted in 1919,[20]the highway was assigned theM-16designation.[21]Grand River Avenue was the firstpaved highwayacross the state when paving was completed in 1926.[22]The entire highway was designated as part of US 16 later that year.[23]

1958 numbering plan for Michigan's Interstates

East of Grand Rapids, the highway was a major artery of national importance, and was added to the proposed "Interregional Highway System" as part of a northern route betweenChicagoand Detroit by the 1940s.[24]A branch from Grand Rapids to Muskegon was added later that decade,[25]and in 1957 the Chicago–Detroit route was labeled as part ofI-94,with I-94N on the spur to Muskegon.[26]Michigan, believing that this would "cause considerable confusion to the public", requested a change in April 1958, which would move I-94 to the shorterKalamazooroute (which was planned as I-92), make the Muskegon–Detroit route I-96, and assign I-67 to the connection from I-94 to I-96 at Grand Rapids,[27]but this was initially rejected by theAmerican Association of State Highway Officials(AASHO).[28]By mid-1959, Michigan's plan had been approved, with one change: I-96 would take the south leg from I-94 atBenton Harborto Grand Rapids, and the north leg to Muskegon would be I-196.[29]

Construction of the Brighton–Farmington Expressway piece of the US 16 upgrade began in 1956,[30]and, when a four-mile (6.4 km) piece opened on August 1, 1957, it was the first section of funded Interstate to open in Michigan.[31]The entire 23-mile (37 km) freeway from east ofBrightonto a bypass ofFarmingtonwas completed in December of that year.[32]By early 1959, when signs for I-96 and I-196 were posted, 59 miles (95 km) of the "Detroit–Muskegon Freeway" had been completed and marked as US 16.[1]With the opening of 51 miles (82 km) from west of Lansing to east ofHowell,the entire route, except in the Detroit area, opened for travel on December 12, 1962.[33]US 16 was decommissioned in the state at that time;[34]the portions into Muskegon and Detroit, beyond the ends of the freeway, became separate related highways namedBusiness Spur I-196(BS I-196) for Muskegon andBS I-96for Detroit.[35]

In 1963, theMichigan State Highway Departmentpetitioned AASHO to again make the change it had requested back in 1958, moving I-96 over I-196 to end at Muskegon and renumbering I-96 west of Grand Rapids to I-67. The state cited problems with destination signing and numerous complaints from the public about confusion caused by the numbering.[36]At their October 21, 1963, meeting, AASHO approved the relocation of I-96, but rejected I-67, stating that the number should be kept for a more major route in case the system is expanded, and instead assigned I-196 to the not-yet-complete Benton Harbor–Grand Rapids highway.[37]The signage was switched in January 1964.[38]With the scheduled completion of theLodge Freewayon October 29, 1964, a full freeway route was available from I-96 into downtown Detroit via I-696 and the Lodge,[39]but it would be some time before I-96 was finished into the city.[2]

Construction of the Jeffries Freeway

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The Detroit Expressway and Transit System plan, prepared in 1945 for the city of Detroit, included a Grand River Expressway, which was to parallel Grand River Avenue into downtown and relievecongestionon that artery. A rail line would be built in themedianof the freeway west of West Chicago Street, wherestreetcarswould exit onto the existing surface tracks on Grand River Avenue into downtown. The plan called for a future conversion torapid transitwith a grade-separated route to downtown.[40]TheDepartment of Street Railwaysdetermined in 1947 that the operation would cost $6 million per year (equivalent to $64.3 million/yr in 2023[41]), and the planned transit line was dropped from the plans. By 1961, the proposed highway was renamed the Jeffries Freeway, afterEdward Jeffries,who served asDetroit mayorfrom 1940 to 1948.[42][43]

Approaching where the Jeffries Freeway (I-96) splits into Express and Local lanes in Detroit

Originally, the route of I-96 from the east end of the existing freeway in Farmington through Detroit, named the Jeffries Freeway (commonly referred to as simply "the Jeffries" ), was to closely parallel Grand River Avenue (formerly US 16).[44]However, by 1963, severalfreeway revoltswere taking place in urban locations throughout the country, including Detroit. Several of Detroit's planned freeways were modified, scaled back, or outright cancelled. To minimize the impact to existing communities and businesses, it was decided that the Jeffries Freeway would no longer utilize the Grand River Avenue corridor. Instead, the new I-96 freeway corridor would partially useright-of-wayfrom theC&O Railroadthrough the city of Livonia (ultimately being built over Schoolcraft Road), and utilize the planned I-275 freeway bypassing Detroit to the west to connect back to the existing freeway.[45]

The first piece of the Jeffries Freeway connected theFisher Freeway(I-75) with theEdsel Ford Freeway(I-94) in 1970.[46][47]It was extended northwest to Livernois Avenue (exit 188A) in July 1971,[8]and then to Grand River Avenue at Schaefer Highway (exit 185) in 1973.[48][49]In 1976, the freeway was extended west to theSouthfield Freeway(exit 183), and the entire I-275 concurrent section was opened.[50]The final piece was completed on November 21, 1977, connecting the Detroit section to I-275.[2]The I-96 designation was assigned along the I-275 freeway south to the Jeffries Freeway, and eastward along the new freeway to the M-39 interchange; the remaining stub of I-96 around Farmington was redesignated as an extension ofM-102(nowM-5).[51][52]

Subsequent history

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Since the completion of I-96 in 1977, several changes to the freeway have taken place. Beginning in 1984, an extension of theUS 27freeway (later to become I-69) bypassing Lansing opened; US 27 was then cosigned with I-96 along the western side of Lansing.[53][54]Three years later, the I-69 designation was applied to this new bypass, resulting in a triple concurrency (I-96/I-69/US 27)[55][56]that existed until 2002, when US 27 was decommissioned in Michigan.[57]

Exit and entry ramps from the 36th Street interchange

From 2003 to 2005, the Beck Road interchange (exit 160) inNoviwas reconstructed as asingle point urban interchange(SPUI), the first in the metropolitan Detroit area and the first on I-96.[58]An interchange between 36th Street and I-96 was built starting in 2005 and was completed in 2006. The project aimed to improve access to the Gerald R. Ford International Airport southeast of Grand Rapids.[59]The reconstruction of the Wixom Road interchange near Novi as a SPUI was completed in late fall of 2008.[60]Another interchange at Latson Road in Howell was approved for construction on July 19, 2012. This interchange was designed to bring improved access to the eastern Howell area, which prior to construction of the Latson Road exit was only accessible from westbound I-96.[61]The project was completed on December 2, 2013.[62]Also in 2013, the two interchanges nearNunicaservingM-104andB-31were reconstructed, with two ramps removed from the former and two added to the latter; a new partial interchange was also built in preparation ofM-231,[63]which opened on October 30, 2015.[64]

On April 5, 2014, MDOT closed I-96 between Newburgh Road and US 24 (Telegraph Road). The project was estimated to cost $148 million (equivalent to $188 million in 2023[41]), and would rebuild the seven miles (11 km) of roadway, replace two bridges, and repair 32 other bridges. The department also planned to install new drainage and replace the signs along I-96. The project was expected to be completed in October 2014.[65]Instead, it was finished ahead of schedule, and that segment of I-96 was re-opened on September 21, 2014.[66]

Also in 2015, work began on bypassing the 1960s interchange with US 23 nearBrighton.A new set of through lanes was built on I-96 between the previous eastbound and westbound lanes with three new bridges over northbound and southbound US 23, and Old US 23. The existing lanes of I-96 were changed to becollector-distributor lanesfor ramp traffic.[67]This project was completed in November 2016.[68]

MDOT started work to add a flex route on I-96 between Kent Lake Road and the I-275/I-696/M-5 interchange in Novi on March 21, 2022. Under this plan, the shoulders of the highway will be available as extra lanes during peak traffic periods, and indicated with overhead light systems. In addition,ramp meterswill be installed at ramps onto the freeway.[69]The construction was completed in October 2024, but the flex route will not be operational until 2025.[70]

Gateway Project

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Not to be confused withGateway Projectin New Jersey and New York.

Beginning on February 25, 2008, MDOT and theDetroit International Bridge Companyinitiated the Ambassador Gateway Project at the eastern end of I-96. The adjacent section of I-75 closed completely to traffic in both directions to start the complete reconstruction of the road to better connect I-75 and I-96 to theAmbassador Bridge,and the plans included the reconstruction of a mile (1.6 km) of I-96.[71]That segment of I-96 closed on July 14, 2008,[72]and it was scheduled to reopen a month early the following September.[73]The overall project to realign ramps and connect the bridge to the freeways was mired in lawsuits between MDOT and the private company that owns the bridge. Thecompany's ownerwas jailed forcontempt of courtduring court proceedings in early 2012.[74]MDOT was later ordered to assume responsibility for construction,[75]and the department completed the project on September 21, 2012.[76]

Incidents

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On January 12, 2005, a largemultiple-vehicle collisionconsisting of over 200 motor vehicles occurred on both directions of I-96 nearWilliamstoninIngham County.Two people were killed in the incident. It was one of the largest collisions in US history and was blamed on heavy fog.[77]

In October 2012, reports of a sniper shooting cars along I-96 in four counties led to a federal investigation and a multi-jurisdictional task force of 100 law enforcement officials. As of October 30, 2012, 25 shootings had been linked to one suspect.[78]TheFederal Bureau of Investigation,theBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives,andCrime Stoppersoffered a $102,000 (equivalent to $134,000 in 2023[41]) reward for information leading to the arrest of the perpetrator.[79]The suspect, Raulie Casteel ofWixom,was arrested on November 5, 2012,[80]and ordered to stand trial in 2013 in Oakland County for 60 charges in one case,[81]with a second trial on terrorism and murder charges to be brought by theMichigan Attorney General.[82]On October 30, 2013, the suspect pleadedno contest, but mentally ill,in the Oakland County case,[83]and he was sentenced to serve anywhere from six years and eight months to 10 years in prison on multiple assault charges (as well as two concurrent years on weapons charges) for that case on February 4, 2014. The trial for the Livingston County case began on January 14, 2014,[84]and after being convicted on the terrorism charge, Casteel was sentenced to 16 to 40 years in state prison.[85]

Exit list

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CountyLocationmi[3]kmExitDestinationsNotes
MuskegonNorton Shores0.0000.0001
US 31/LMCTsouth / Airline Road –Grand Haven,Ludington,Muskegon



Bus. US 31north /LMCTnorth –Downtown Muskegon		Signed as exits 1A (south, Grand Haven, Airline Road) and 1B (north, Ludington, Muskegon) for US 31; no eastbound exit to Airline Road; freeway continues west as Bus. US 31; exit 110 on US 31
Fruitport Township0.2930.4721CHile RoadEastbound exit and entrance only; westbound access is at exit 1A; provides access from northbound US 31 to eastbound I-96
3.5175.6604Airline Road –Fruitport
5.1008.2085Fruitport Road –FruitportWestbound exit and eastbound entrance; trucks and commercial vehicles must use exit 4 instead
OttawaCrockery Township8.877–
9.292		14.286–
14.954		9
M-104west –Grand Haven,Spring Lake

M-231south (120th Avenue)		Formerly directional access (eastbound to eastbound and westbound to westbound only), with eastbound exit signed as B-31, Nunica; new eastbound exit and westbound entrance built 2013, connecting to M-231; eastern terminus of M-104 and northern terminus of M-231[63]
10.08116.22410B-31–NunicaConverted to full interchange in late 2013; eastbound exit and westbound entrance were previously at exit 9[63]
Coopersville15.99125.73516B-35–Coopersville,EastmanvilleWestbound entrance via Randall Avenue
18.58429.90819Lamont,CoopersvilleConnects to 48th Avenue
Wright Township22.80536.70123MarneConnects to 16th Avenue via Jackson Street (eastbound) and Franklin Street (westbound)
Tallmadge Township23.93938.52624M-11–Walker,GrandvilleEastbound exit and westbound entrance; western terminus of M-11
24.21538.970258th Avenue, 4 Mile RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance; westbound access to M-11
KentWalker26.43042.53526Fruit Ridge Avenue
28.36745.65228Walker Avenue
30.29548.75530
M-37north (Alpine Avenue) –Newaygo		Western end of M-37 concurrency; signed as exits 30A (south) and 30B (north) westbound
30.711–
31.440		49.425–
50.598		31US 131(I-296south) –Grand Rapids,Kalamazoo,Big Rapids,CadillacSigned as exits 31A (south) and 31B (north); northern terminus of unsigned I-296; exit 89 on US 131
Grand Rapids33.06353.21033

Conn. M-44east (Plainfield Avenue)		Western terminus of Conn. M-44
36.53358.79436Leonard Street
37.07359.66337
I-196west (Gerald R. Ford Freeway) –Downtown Grand Rapids,Holland		Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; eastern terminus of I-196
37.80160.83538

M-37south (East Beltline Avenue) toM-21

M-44east (East Beltline Avenue)		Eastern end of M-37 concurrency; M-21 signed westbound only; western terminus of M-44
Grand Rapids Township38.687–
38.788		62.261–
62.423		39M-21–Lowell,FlintNo westbound exit or eastbound entrance from westbound M-21; missing connections at exit 38
40.01464.39640Cascade Road –CascadeFormerUS 16
Cascade Township42.98669.17943
M-11west (28th Street) –Cascade		Signed as exits 43A (west) and 43B (east); eastern terminus of M-11
44.165–
44.174		71.077–
71.091		4436th StreetSigned as access toGerald R. Ford International Airport
45.776–
46.015		73.669–
74.054		46
M-6west –Holland		Eastern terminus of M-6
Lowell Township52.30384.17452
M-50east –Charlotte,Lowell		Western terminus of M-50
IoniaBoston Township58.91294.81059Saranac,ClarksvilleSaranac signed eastbound only; connects to Nash Highway
Berlin Township64.429103.68864Saranac,Lake OdessaSaranac signed westbound only; connects to Jordan Lake Road
67.427108.51367M-66–Ionia,Battle Creek
Orange Township73.291117.95073Portland Road,Grand River Avenue
Portland76.071122.42476Kent Street
77.493124.71377Grand River Avenue–PortlandFormerBS I-96;Portland signed westbound only
ClintonEagle83.617134.56984Westphalia,EagleConnects to Grange Road; westbound connection via Clark Road
Eagle Township86.273138.84386
M-100south (Wright Road) –Grand Ledge		Northern terminus of M-100
Watertown Township89.670144.31089
I-69east –Flint		Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit 81 on I-69
90.040144.90590
BL I-96east (Grand River Avenue)		Western terminus of BL I-96; signed westbound as only Grand River Avenue
90.466145.59191
I-69east –Flint		Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; western end of I-69 concurrency
EatonDelta Township93.118149.85993
M-43/BL I-69east (Saginaw Highway) –Grand Ledge		Signed as exits 93A (west) and 93B (east)
94.579–
94.815		152.210–
152.590		95
I-496east –Downtown Lansing		Western terminus of I-496
96.667–
96.687		155.570–
155.603		97
I-69south –Fort Wayne		Eastern end of I-69 concurrency; exit 72 on I-69
Windsor Township97.847–
97.858		157.469–
157.487		98Lansing RoadSigned as exits 98A (south) and 98B (north); formerUS 27
InghamLansing101.425163.228101M-99(M L King Boulevard) –Eaton Rapids
104.395–
104.404		168.007–
168.022		104
BL I-96west (Cedar Street) –Holt		Indirect access to Cedar Street, requires exiting onto atrumpet interchangewith Edgewood Boulevard; eastern terminus of BL I-96; signed eastbound as only Cedar Street
Delhi Township106.490–
106.518		171.379–
171.424		106
I-496west /US 127–Jackson,East Lansing,Downtown Lansing		Signed as exits 106A (south) and 106B (north); eastern terminus of I-496; exit 73 on US 127
Alaiedon Township109.732176.597110Okemos,MasonConnects to Okemos Road
Wheatfield Township117.504189.104117Dansville,WilliamstonSigned as exits 117A (Dansville) and 117B (Williamston) eastbound; connects to Williamston Road
Webberville121.914196.202122
M-43west /M-52–Webberville,Stockbridge		Eastern terminus of M-43
LivingstonFowlerville128.493206.789129FowlervilleConnects to Grand Avenue
Howell Township133.305214.534133

M-59east /BL I-96east (Highland Road) –Howell,Pontiac		Western terminus of BL I-96 and M-59; signage eastbound omits Highland Road; signage westbound omits BL I-96, Howell, and Pontiac
Howell136.799220.157137
D-19south –Howell,Pinckney		Northern terminus of D-19
Genoa Township140.113225.490140Latson RoadOpened December 2, 2013[62]
141.218227.268141
BL I-96west –Howell		Westbound exit and eastbound entrance from eastbound Grand River only; eastern terminus of BL I-96
Brighton145.130233.564145Grand River Avenue–BrightonSignage westbound omits Brighton
Brighton Township146.768236.200147Spencer Road –BrightonSignage eastbound omits Brighton; connected to exit 148 westbound
147.578–
147.755		237.504–
237.789		148US 23–Ann Arbor,FlintSigned as exits 148A (south) and 148B (north); exit 60 on US 23
149.458240.529150Pleasant Valley RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
151.056243.101151Kensington Road
OaklandLyon Township152.887246.048153Kent Lake Road –South LyonOnly South Lyon signed eastbound
154.900249.287155New Hudson,MilfordConnects to Milford Road; signed as exits 155A (New Hudson) and 155B (Milford) westbound
Wixom159.236256.266159Wixom Road
Novi160.299–
160.313		257.976–
257.999		160Beck Road –Novi
162.413261.378162Walled Lake,Novi,NorthvilleNorthville signed eastbound only; Walled Lake signed westbound only; connects to Novi Road
163.381262.936163
I-696east (Reuther Freeway) –Port Huron

M-5east /Grand River Avenue

I-275south –Toledo		Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; western terminus of I-696; exit 1 on I-696
163.818263.640164
M-5north / 12 Mile Road		Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
Farmington Hills164.964265.484165
I-696east (Reuther Freeway) –Port Huron
M-5/Grand River Avenue		Northern end of I-275 concurrency; westbound exit and eastbound entrance; westbound access to 12 Mile Road; exit 1 on I-696
Oakland–Wayne
county line		Farmington Hills–Livoniacity line167.383269.3771678 Mile Road–Northville
WayneLivonia168.440271.0781697 Mile RoadSigned as exits 169A (west) and 169B (east) westbound
169.438272.6841706 Mile Road
Plymouth Township170.503–
171.610		274.398–
276.180
I-275south –Toledo

M-14west –Ann Arbor		Southern end of I-275 concurrency; exit 29 on I-275 northbound; eastern terminus of M-14
Livonia172.365277.395173Newburgh Road, Levan RoadSigned as exits 173A (Newburgh Road) and 173B (Levan Road) westbound
174.366280.615174Farmington Road
175.369282.229175Merriman Road
176.374283.846176Middle Belt Road
Redford Township177.372285.453177Inkster Road
178.341287.012178Beech-Daly Road
179.303–
179.345		288.560–
288.628		179US 24(Telegraph Road)
Detroit180.328–
180.355		290.210–
290.253		180Outer Drive
180.465290.430Western end of express lanes
181.488292.077182Evergreen Road
182.527–
182.559		293.749–
293.800		183M-39(Southfield Freeway)Additional westbound exit and eastbound entrance on the express lanes; exit 11A on M-39
183.505–
183.515		295.323–
295.339		184Greenfield Road
184.575–
184.700		297.045–
297.246		185Schaefer Highway,Grand River Avenue(M-5)Former eastern terminus of M-5
185.579–
185.586		298.660–
298.672		186AWyoming Avenue
185.935–
186.141		299.233–
299.565		186BDavison Avenue (M-8)Western terminus of M-8; no exits to westbound Davison Avenue
186.362299.921Eastern end of express lanes
186.996300.941187Grand River Avenue(M-5)Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
187.452–
187.880		301.675–
302.364		188Livernois Avenue,West Chicago Avenue, Joy RoadSigned as exits 188A (Livernois Avenue, West Chicago Avenue) and 188B (Joy Road) westbound; West Chicago Avenue signed westbound only
189.070–
189.107		304.279–
304.338		189Tireman Avenue, West Grand Boulevard
189.791–
189.818		305.439–
305.482		190AI-94(Edsel Ford Freeway) –Port Huron,ChicagoExit 213B on I-94
190.093305.925190BWarren Avenue
190.857–
191.233		307.155–
307.760		191US 12(Michigan Avenue)
M L King Jr. Boulevard
190.933307.277—
I-75north (Fisher Freeway) –Flint
M-10(Lodge Freeway) – Civic Center		Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit 48 on I-75
191.466308.135192AVernor HighwayEastbound exit and westbound entrance
191.966308.939192BBridgetoCanadaEastbound exit and westbound entrance
192.032309.046—
I-75south (Fisher Freeway) –Toledo		Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit 48 on I-75
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
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Auxiliary Interstates

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I-96 has four related,auxiliary Interstate highwaysthat connect the main freeway to downtowns and other cities.I-196is a relatively long freeway spur, beginning at I-96 east of downtownGrand Rapidsand heading west through downtown toHolland,and then south to I-94 nearBenton Harbor.[9]The unsignedI-296connects I-96 north of downtown Grand Rapids with I-196 in downtown,[3]and it is signed as US 131.I-496is a loop through downtownLansing,which I-96 bypasses to the south, andI-696is a northern bypass ofDetroit,connecting I-96 inNoviwith I-75 inRoyal Oakand I-94 inSt. Clair Shores.[9]

Business routes

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Main article:Business routes of Interstate 96

There have been six business routes of I-96 inMichigan.There are twobusiness loopsdesignated Business Loop I-96 (BL I-96): one throughLansingand one throughHowell.[9]Both follow the old route ofUS 16,with appropriate connections to I-96.[35]There are three formerbusiness spursthat were designated Business Spur I-96 (BS I-96). One connected to the carferry docks inMuskegon,running concurrentlywith part ofBusiness US 31(Bus. US 31) along former US 16, but it has been eliminated.[86][87]The second spur ran into downtownPortlanduntil it was decommissioned in 2007.[88]Two routes in the Detroit area—a loop throughFarmingtonand a spur intoDetroit—both usingGrand River Avenue,and meeting at the temporary end of I-96 near Purdue Avenue, were eliminated when I-96 was moved to the completed Jeffries Freeway in 1977.[51][52]The Farmington business route is still state-maintained as anunsigned highway,while the Detroit business route remained unsigned until it was decommissioned in 2016 and replaced by an extension ofM-5.[89]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^FHWA'sRoute Log and Finder Listdocuments the length of I-275 as 29.97 miles (48.23 km),[13]which corresponds to the length from I-75 to the southern I-96 junction.[3]It also omits any mention of an overlap with I-96 from its notes.[13]

References

edit
  1. ^ab"New Highway Signs".The Holland Evening Sentinel.February 25, 1959. p. 1.ISSN1050-4044.OCLC13440201.RetrievedJune 4,2019– viaNewspaperArchive.com.
  2. ^abcKulsea, Bill & Shawver, Tom (1980).Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation.Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 27.OCLC8169232.RetrievedJanuary 18,2021– viaWikisource.
  3. ^abcdeMichigan Department of Transportation (2021).Next Generation PR Finder(Map). Michigan Department of Transportation.RetrievedOctober 11,2021.
  4. ^Bureau of Transportation Planning (2008)."Traffic Monitoring Information System".Michigan Department of Transportation.RetrievedJune 30,2012.
  5. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006).National Highway System, Michigan(PDF)(Map). Scale not given. Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on August 20, 2008.RetrievedOctober 7,2008.
  6. ^Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (September 26, 2012)."What is the National Highway System?".National Highway System.Federal Highway Administration.Archivedfrom the original on August 28, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 1,2013.
  7. ^Michigan Legislature(2001)."Rosa Parks Memorial Highway".Michigan Memorial Highway Act (Excerpt) Act 142 of 2001.State of Michigan. MCL 250.1098.Archivedfrom the original on June 11, 2007.RetrievedAugust 18,2006.
  8. ^abBarnett, LeRoy (2004).A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan.Allegan Forest, Michigan: Priscilla Press. pp.120–1.ISBN1-886167-24-9.OCLC57425393.
  9. ^abcdefghijklmMichigan Department of Transportation (2012).Pure Michigan: State Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ K8–M13.OCLC42778335,794857350.
  10. ^abcdefghijklmn"Overview Map of Interstate 96"(Map).Google Maps.RetrievedJuly 20,2012.
  11. ^Staff Writer (August 15, 2011)."The Story of the 13 Weatherball".Walker, Michigan:WZZM-TV.Archived fromthe originalon April 12, 2013.RetrievedMarch 9,2013.
  12. ^abcdeMichigan Department of Transportation (2012).Pure Michigan: State Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Detroit Area inset. §§ C3–C7, C7–E7, E7–E11.OCLC42778335,794857350.
  13. ^abAdderly, Kevin (May 23, 2017)."Table 2: Auxiliary Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31, 2016".Route Log and Finder List.Federal Highway Administration.RetrievedJune 16,2017.
  14. ^Rand McNally(2013). "Michigan: Cities" (Map).The Road Atlas(2013 Walmart ed.). c. 1:316,800. Chicago: Rand McNally. p. 52. Detroit & Vicinity inset. §§ H3–J3.ISBN0-528-00626-6.OCLC773666955.
  15. ^Gavrilovich, Peter & McGraw, Bill (2000).The Detroit Almanac: 300 Years of Life in the Motor City.Detroit:Detroit Free Press.pp.20–1.ISBN978-0-937247-34-1.OCLC45227386.
  16. ^Woodard, Sadie G. (1966).Grand River Road: A Traveler's View of a Historic Route that Traversed Early Michigan.Lansing, Michigan: Plane Tree Press. p. 12.OCLC433271.
  17. ^Wayne County Department of Public Services."Part I: An Indian Trail".History: The River Road.Wayne County Department of Public Services. Archived fromthe originalon December 18, 2007.RetrievedSeptember 6,2010.
  18. ^Wayne County Department of Public Services."Part II: A Military Road".History: The River Road.Wayne County Department of Public Services. Archived fromthe originalon December 19, 2007.RetrievedSeptember 6,2010.
  19. ^Michigan Legislature (1915)."Chapter 91: State Reward Trunk Line Highways".In Shields, Edmund C.; Black, Cyrenius P. & Broomfield, Archibald (eds.).The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan.Vol. 1. Lansing, Michigan: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford. pp.1868–72.OCLC44724558.RetrievedJanuary 24,2012.
  20. ^"Michigan May Do Well Following Wisconsin's Road Marking System".The Grand Rapids Press.September 20, 1919. p. 10.OCLC9975013.
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  22. ^Barnett, LeRoy (2004).A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan.Allegan Forest, Michigan: Priscilla Press. p. 93.ISBN1-886167-24-9.OCLC57425393.
  23. ^Bureau of Public Roads&American Association of State Highway Officials(November 11, 1926).United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials(Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC:United States Geological Survey.OCLC32889555.RetrievedNovember 7,2013– viaWikimedia Commons.
  24. ^Public Roads Administration(c. 1943).Routes of the Recommended Interregional Highway System(Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Public Roads Administration.RetrievedMay 10,2008– via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. ^Public Roads Administration (August 2, 1947).National System of Interstate Highways(Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Public Roads Administration.Archivedfrom the original on October 23, 2010.RetrievedMay 10,2008.
  26. ^American Association of State Highway Officials(August 14, 1957).Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways(Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials.RetrievedMay 10,2008– via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. ^Michigan State Highway Department (April 25, 1958)."Recommended Numbering: Interstate Highways in Michigan".Michigan State Highway Department. Archived fromthe originalon November 21, 2003.RetrievedMay 10,2008.
  28. ^American Association of State Highway Officials (June 27, 1958).Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways(Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials.RetrievedMay 10,2008– via Wikimedia Commons.
  29. ^"Spring to Bring Debut for Interstate Road Numbering".The Herald-Press.St. Joseph, Michigan.Associated Press.January 8, 1959. p. 5.OCLC10117184.RetrievedJuly 11,2018– viaNewspapers.com.
  30. ^"Road Plans Revised".The Holland Evening Sentinel.June 30, 1956. p. 1.ISSN1050-4044.OCLC13440201.
  31. ^Kelley, Frank E. (June 29, 2006)."Meeting Minutes"(PDF).Michigan State Transportation Commission.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on April 10, 2008.RetrievedMay 10,2008.
  32. ^"Expressway to Be Opened by Dec. 13".Ironwood Daily Globe.Associated Press. December 6, 1957. p. 10.OCLC10890811.RetrievedJuly 11,2018– via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^"Michigan Freeway Hits 1,000th Mile".The Milwaukee Sentinel.December 13, 1962. part 1, p. 12.ISSN1052-4479.OCLC11723897.
  34. ^"Drop US 16 Designation".The Holland Evening Sentinel.April 14, 1962. p. 2.ISSN1050-4044.OCLC13440201.RetrievedApril 12,2017– via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^abMichigan State Highway Department (1964).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ K7, M13.OCLC12701120,81213707.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  36. ^"Muskegon Freeway Link Number Change Sought".The Holland Evening Sentinel.August 24, 1963. p. 1.ISSN1050-4044.OCLC13440201.Archivedfrom the original on April 13, 2017.RetrievedApril 12,2017– via Newspapers.com.
  37. ^"New Numbers Seen for Road".The Holland Evening Sentinel.United Press International.October 23, 1963. p. 4.ISSN1050-4044.OCLC13440201.Archivedfrom the original on April 12, 2017.RetrievedApril 12,2016– via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^"Route Number Changes Slated".Lansing State Journal.December 12, 1963. p. 10.OCLC61312043.RetrievedSeptember 17,2017– via Newspapers.com.
  39. ^"Lodge Road to be Opened".The Holland Evening Sentinel.United Press International. October 28, 1964. p. 5.ISSN1050-4044.OCLC13440201.Archivedfrom the original on April 13, 2017.RetrievedApril 12,2017– via Newspapers.com.
  40. ^Andrews, W. Earle. (1945).Detroit Expressway and Transit System.New York: Detroit Transportation Board.OCLC7195393.
  41. ^abcJohnston, Louis & Williamson, Samuel H. (2023)."What Was the U.S. GDP Then?".MeasuringWorth.RetrievedNovember 30,2023.United StatesGross Domestic Product deflatorfigures follow theMeasuringWorthseries.
  42. ^"Detroit Will Stay Accessible During I-75 Shutdown".The Detroit News.January 18, 1999.ISSN1055-2715.OCLC137348716.
  43. ^Malo, Alger F. (January 1961). "The Relation of Mass Transportation to Total Transportation in Detroit".Traffic Quarterly.Vol. 15, no. 1. New York:Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Control.pp.226–41.ISSN0041-0713.OCLC1695558.
  44. ^Bureau of Public Roads (September 1955)."Detroit and Environs"(Map).General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955.Scale not given. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 41.OCLC4165975.RetrievedSeptember 6,2010– via Wikimedia Commons.
  45. ^Michigan State Highway Department (1964).I-96 Freeway Planning and Route Location Study, City of Detroit(Report). Vol. 1. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. p. 20.
  46. ^Michigan Department of State Highways (1970).Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map(Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Detroit and Vicinity inset. § E8.OCLC12701120.
  47. ^Michigan Department of State Highways (1971).Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map(Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Detroit and Vicinity inset. § E8.OCLC12701120,77960415.
  48. ^Michigan Department of State Highways (1973).Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map(Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ E7–E8.OCLC12701120,81679137.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  49. ^Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1974).Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ E7–E8.OCLC12701177,83138602.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  50. ^Milliken, William(1975).Economic Report of the Governor(Report). Lansing, Michigan:Office of the Governor.p. 37.
  51. ^abMichigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1977).Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map(Map) (1976–1977 ed.). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ D5, E5–E5.OCLC12701177.
  52. ^abMichigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1978).Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map(Map) (1978–1979 ed.). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ D5, E5–E5.OCLC12701177.
  53. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (1984).Say Yes to Michigan!: Official Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § L11.OCLC12701177.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  54. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (1985).Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § L11.OCLC12701177.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  55. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (1986).Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § L11.OCLC12701177.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  56. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (1987).Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § L11.OCLC12701177.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  57. ^Debnar, Kari & Bott, Mark (January 14, 2002)."US 27 Designation Soon to Be Deleted from Michigan Highways"(Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived fromthe originalon February 23, 2002.RetrievedMarch 14,2012.
  58. ^Kalousdian, Aram (August 7, 2004)."Single Point Interchange Under Construction".Michigan Contractor and Builder.Reed Business Information.OCLC761993683.Archived fromthe originalon February 22, 2016.RetrievedJuly 21,2012– viaHighBeam Research.
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  60. ^Kalousdian, Aram (November 3, 2008)."Wixom/I-96 Interchange Reconstructed".Michigan Contractor and Builder.Reed Business Information.OCLC761993683.Archived fromthe originalon June 10, 2014.RetrievedJuly 21,2012– via HighBeam Research.
  61. ^Greenwood, Tom (July 19, 2012)."$32M Interchange Project OK'd for I-96 in Livingston County".The Detroit News.Archived fromthe originalon May 26, 2024.RetrievedJuly 19,2012.
  62. ^abBehnan, Christopher (December 2, 2013)."Long-Awaited Latson Road Interchange Ready to Roll".Livingston County Daily Press & Argus.Howell, Michigan. Archived fromthe originalon December 2, 2013.RetrievedDecember 2,2013.
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  89. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (2019).Truck Operator's Map(PDF)(Map). c. 1:221,760. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Detroit and Vicinity inset.
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