Inverellis a large town in northernNew South Wales,Australia, situated on theMacintyre River,close to theQueenslandborder. It is also the centre ofInverell Shire.Inverell is located on theGwydir Highwayon the western slopes of theNorthern Tablelands.It has a temperate climate. In the2021 census,the population of Inverell was 12,057 and the Inverell Shire population was 17,853.[1]
| Inverell New South Wales | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Inverell Court House, built in 1886 | |||||||||
  Inverell | |||||||||
| Coordinates | 29°46′S151°07′E/ 29.767°S 151.117°E | ||||||||
| Population | 12,057 (2021 census)[1] | ||||||||
| Established | 1856 | ||||||||
| Postcode(s) | 2360 | ||||||||
| Elevation | 582 m (1,909 ft)[2] | ||||||||
| Location |
| ||||||||
| LGA(s) | Inverell Shire | ||||||||
| County | Gough | ||||||||
| State electorate(s) | Northern Tablelands | ||||||||
| Federal division(s) | New England | ||||||||
| |||||||||
History
editPrior to British colonisation, theJukambalandWeraeraiAboriginal peoples lived in and occupied this region.[3]Around 1838, colonistPeter MacIntyredirected his employee, Alexander Campbell, to take up land in the area for his sheep and cattle. Campbell subsequently laid claim to a large section of pastureland along theMacintyre River,which he called 'Byron Plains' after Peter Byron, one of MacIntyre's stockmen. Campbell later staked out 50,000 acres for himself on the southern side of Byron Plains. He named his run 'Inverell', the word being ofGaelicorigin, and signifies "meeting place of the swans"; fromInbhir,aconfluence,andeala,a swan.[4][3]In the initial years, the local Aboriginal people resisted this occupation by spearing MacIntyre's shepherds and taking his livestock.[5][6]
Inverell is at the junction of the MacIntyre River and Swanbrook Creek and was also known as "Green Swamp" in the 1850s. Wheat growers, Colin and Rosanna Ross established a store there in 1853,[7]and it was proposed that a town be surveyed. In 1858, this was done and in the following years the plan was approved and the first land sale was held.ByronPost Office (open since 1855) was replaced by the Inverell Post Office on 15 September 1859.[8]The municipality was proclaimed in March 1872.[9]The last section of the Inverell branchline, fromDelungrato Inverell, was opened on 10 March 1902.[10]The last train ran to Inverell on 22 June 1987,[10]and the Delungra to Inverell section of the line was closed on 2 December 1987.[10]
In 1871, the population of Inverell was 509, this increased to 1,212 in 1881.[11]After Federation, the population of Inverell was 1,230 in 1911, and grew to 6,530 (1947) and 8,209 (1961 census).[12][13][14]
Myall Creek Massacre
editThe massacre of at least 28Wirrayaraaypeople by European convicts and settlers took place at Myall Creek near Inverell on 10 June 1838 was notable in that it was one of the very rare cases in colonial Australia for which white people were subsequently executed for the murder of Indigenous people.[15]The crime became known as theMyall Creek Massacre.On 18 December 1838, seven men were publicly hanged at the Sydney Gaol for the atrocity.
Every year on the Sunday of the June long weekend, hundreds of people, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous, gather at theMyall Creek Massacre and Memorial Siteto attend an annual memorial service.[15]
Mining
editDiamonds were discovered at Copes Creek in 1875 and were mined atCopetonfrom 1883 to 1922. Commercial sapphire mining was commenced in 1919 at Frazers Creek near Inverell. Rich alluvial deposits in streams were worked initially by hand miners, but this ceased in the 1930s due to the economic effects of theGreat Depression.There was little recorded production up until approximately 1960, when commercial sapphire mining resumed due to a worldwide sapphire shortage. During the 1970s there were over 100 active mining operations in theNew Englandregion, however this number declined significantly in the 1980s due to weakening demand and exhaustion of the previously rich alluvial sources. Currently there are only a small number of commercially active mines in the area.[16][17]
Heritage listings
editInverell has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
- 56 Byron Street:Inverell Shire Council Building[18]
- 97 Otho Street:Inverell Post Office[19]
- Flepper Place
Population
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1921 | 4,369 | — |
| 1933 | 5,305 | +21.4% |
| 1947 | 6,530 | +23.1% |
| 1954 | 7,514 | +15.1% |
| 1961 | 8,209 | +9.2% |
| 1966 | 8,413 | +2.5% |
| 1971 | 9,712 | +15.4% |
| 1976 | 9,432 | −2.9% |
| 1981 | 9,734 | +3.2% |
| 1986 | 9,693 | −0.4% |
| 1991 | 9,736 | +0.4% |
| 1996 | 9,378 | −3.7% |
| 2001 | 9,525 | +1.6% |
| 2006 | 9,749 | +2.4% |
| 2011 | 9,347 | −4.1% |
| 2016 | 9,547 | +2.1% |
| 2021 | 9,654 | +1.1% |
| Source:Australian Bureau of Statisticsdata.[20][21] | ||
According to the2016 censusof Population, there were 11,660 people in Inverell.
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 9.5% of the population.
- 86.0% of people were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were Philippines 1.4% and England 1.2%.
- 89.8% of people spoke only English at home.
- The most common responses for religion were Anglican 28.8%, Catholic 22.9% and No Religion 20.2%.[1]
Industry
editThe Inverell district is in a fertile agricultural region which produces a wide range of crops, includingwheat,barley,oats,sorghum,wine grapesandmaize.There are also some mining activities withtin,sapphires,zirconsanddiamonds(mainly industrial) being found.[16]Inverell is known as the "Sapphire City" because of the sapphires that have been found throughout the local district, which contributed a significant amount of Australia's sapphire production in the 1970s.[22][17]
Copeton Dam,the region's main water supply, was completed in 1976.[23]While being smaller than Sydney Harbour, it can hold nearly 2 times the capacity ofPort Jackson(Sydney Harbour).[23]The Inland Fishing Festival is held there every year.
Culture and tourism
editThe Grafton to Inverell Cycle Classic is an annual one day cycling race.[24]Beginning inGrafton,passing throughGlen Innesand finishing in Inverell, the Classic is a 230 km ride over the demandingGibraltar Range.The race starts at 23 metres above sea level and climbs to 1260 metres, before finishing in Inverell at 630 metres. The race is six to seven hours long, depending on weather conditions.[25]Inverell is home to theBruderhof,an Anabaptist community who share all their possessions. They run a publishing business.[26]
TheNational Transport Museumcomprises more than 120 vehicle exhibits ranging from vintage, veteran, classic and motorcycles in a purpose-built structure on Rifle Range Road.
Inverell is the last place in Australia to have a Coles New World supermarket.[citation needed]It has resisted external pressure to rename the supermarket since the early 90s.[citation needed]
Education
editThere are two primary schools in Inverell; Ross Hill School and Inverell Public School. The two local high schools are Inverell High School and Macintyre High School. Holy Trinity School is a Roman Catholic School in Inverell which caters for students from Kindergarten to Year Ten.
Transport
editInverell is served byInverell Airport.
Inverell lies on theGwydir Highway,one of the primary east–west routes through New South Wales.Thunderbolts Wayterminates at Copes Creek, 16 km south of the Gwydir Highway intersection at Inverell.[27][28]
Bus services in Inverell are provided by Inverell Bus Service, which operates two town loops, to the east and west. Interurban bus service is provided bySymes CoachestoGlen Innes.
NSW TrainLinkoperates three Coach services in and out of Inverell: between Moree andGrafton,between Inverell andTamworthviaManillaand between Inverell andArmidaleviaTingha.[29][30]
Sports
editThe most popular sport in Inverell isRugby league.The local team are the Inverell RSM Hawks, who compete in theGroup 19,playing out of Varley Oval. The club has won six first grade titles in the competition and its predecessor, Group 5, with the last coming in 2016. The club has produced numerousNational Rugby Leagueplayers, includingOwen CraigieandPhilandChris Bailey.
Other sports teams include the Inverell Highlanders RUFC competing in theCentral Northern Rugby Union,Inverell Saints AFC competing inAFL North West NSWand Inverell FC competing in theNorthern Inland Football.
Climate
editInverell, like most of theNorth West Slopesfeatures a textbooksubtropical climatewith a marked summer peak in rainfall. The town is located on the boundary region between the cool, wetNorthern Tablelandsof theGreat Dividing Rangeand the hot, dry plains of western New South Wales, having climate characteristics of both regions.
The highest maximum temperature recorded at Inverell was 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) on 4 January 1903 at the Inverell Comparison site.[31]The lowest maximum temperature for any of the Inverell weather sites was 3.0 °C (37.4 °F) on 3 July 1984 at Inverell Research Centre.[32]In September 1892, the town had its biggest snowfall, with 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 cm) falling.[33]On 5 August 1923, snow fell in parts of the Inverell district.[34]
| Climate data for Inverell Research Centre (1949–2020); 664 m AMSL; 29.78° S, 151.08° E | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 41.1 (106.0) |
41.3 (106.3) |
35.7 (96.3) |
32.1 (89.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.1 (89.8) |
36.2 (97.2) |
39.2 (102.6) |
41.5 (106.7) |
41.5 (106.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.1 (80.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
26.0 (78.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
22.8 (73.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.4 (61.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
3.6 (38.5) |
4.4 (39.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
10.3 (50.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
5.7 (42.3) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 99.1 (3.90) |
93.9 (3.70) |
69.8 (2.75) |
40.2 (1.58) |
47.9 (1.89) |
45.5 (1.79) |
47.9 (1.89) |
44.4 (1.75) |
48.3 (1.90) |
75.8 (2.98) |
87.0 (3.43) |
98.9 (3.89) |
800.6 (31.52) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2mm) | 9.8 | 8.4 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 92.6 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 279.0 | 245.8 | 260.4 | 237.0 | 201.5 | 180.0 | 195.3 | 248.0 | 258.0 | 279.0 | 267.0 | 279.0 | 2,930 |
| Source:[35] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Inverell Comparison (1874–1997); 584 m AMSL; 29.78° S, 151.11° E | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 43.7 (110.7) |
41.7 (107.1) |
41.1 (106.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
29.4 (84.9) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
39.4 (102.9) |
41.9 (107.4) |
43.7 (110.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.6 (87.1) |
29.8 (85.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.7 (85.5) |
23.5 (74.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.3 (59.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
3.7 (38.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
0.5 (32.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 98.7 (3.89) |
83.4 (3.28) |
65.1 (2.56) |
43.3 (1.70) |
47.9 (1.89) |
49.7 (1.96) |
50.8 (2.00) |
44.4 (1.75) |
48.5 (1.91) |
67.7 (2.67) |
73.9 (2.91) |
90.6 (3.57) |
765.8 (30.15) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2mm) | 8.7 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 84.9 |
| Average afternoonrelative humidity(%) | 42 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 49 | 51 | 48 | 41 | 39 | 39 | 37 | 38 | 43 |
| Source:Australian Bureau of Meteorology; Inverell Comparison | |||||||||||||
Over the years, Inverell has had three weather stations run by government astronomers (prior to 1908) or theBureau of Meteorology(after 1908), or both.[36]These stations are:
- Inverell Comparison (began observations in 1874, ceased observations in November 1997)[31]
- Inverell Research Centre (began observations in 1949, still operational; converted to anAutomatic Weather Stationin recent years)[32][37]
- Inverell (Raglan Street) (began observations in March 1995, still operational; observations done by human observer)[2][38]
Notable people
editNotable people from or who have lived in Inverell include:
- Chris Bailey(born 1982),rugby leagueplayer
- Phil Bailey(born 1980), former professional rugby league player
- Owen Craigie(born 1978), formerrugby leagueplayer
- Lucien Lawrence Cunningham[39](1889–1948), Farmer and politician
- Steve Elkington(born 1962), golfer, 1995 US PGA Champion.
- Susan Hampton(born 1949), poet, winner of the Judith Wright Award
- Heinrich Haussler(born 1984), cyclist
- Peter Hewat,former rugby union player
- George Kneipp(1922–1993), a judge of theSupreme Court of QueenslandinTownsville, Queensland(1969–1992)
- Colin Madigan(1921–2011), architect
- Rick McCosker(born 1946), cricketer and Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1976
- Leon Punch(1928–1991), former Deputy Premier of New South Wales
- Ivan Sen(born 1971), filmmaker
- Leo Senior(1887–1975), former rugby league player
- Scott Sunderland(born 1966), former cyclist.
- John Williams(born 1955),NSWNationalsSenator
- Bronwyn Oliver, née Gooda (1958–2006), Sculptor. Considered one of Australia’s most significant artists. Works commissioned for private, public and corporate spaces and held in the National Gallery of Australia, National Gallery of Victoria and Art gallery of NSW.
References
edit- ^abcAustralian Bureau of Statistics(27 June 2017)."Inverell (State Suburb)".2016 Census QuickStats.Retrieved17 August2016.
- ^ab"Climate statistics for Inverell (Raglan St)".Climate statistics for Australian locations.Bureau of Meteorology.Retrieved12 November2011.
- ^abWeidemann, Elizabeth (1981).World of Its Own: Inverell's early years(PDF).Inverell: DeVill.ISBN0908467028.
- ^"Inverell".Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW.Geographical Names Board of New South Wales.Retrieved6 August2013.
- ^"New England".The Armidale Chronicle.New South Wales, Australia. 7 October 1922. p. 2.Retrieved9 October2023– via National Library of Australia.
- ^"To the Editor of the Sydney Herald".The Sydney Herald.Vol. X, no. 1100. New South Wales, Australia. 27 November 1840. p. 2.Retrieved9 October2023– via National Library of Australia.
- ^Reader's Digest Guide to Australian Places,Reader's Digest, Sydney
- ^Phoenix Auctions History."Post Office List".Phoenix Auctions.Retrieved25 January2021.
- ^"Major Events in the History of the Inverell District 1827 – 1920"(PDF).Inverell Tourism.p. 2.Retrieved22 March2013.
- ^abcBozier, Rolfe."Inverell Branch".NSWrail.net.Retrieved11 November2011.
- ^"NSW 1881 census page vii".NSW 1881 Census - Historical and Colonial Census Data Archive.Australian National University.Retrieved22 March2013.
- ^"CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 1911 - Part XIV Summary"(PDF).Census of the Commonwealth of Australia 1911.Australian Bureau of Statistics. p. 220.Retrieved22 March2013.
- ^"CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 30th June, 1947 - PART VIII. - POPULATION AND OCCUPIED DWELLINGS IN LOCALITIES"(PDF).CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 30th June, 1947.Australian Bureau of Statistics. p. 30.Retrieved22 March2013.
- ^"CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 30TH JUNE, 1961 - VOL I.-NSW PART V.-POPULATION AND DWELLINGS IN LOCALITIES"(PDF).STRALIA.Australian Bureau of Statistics. March 1963. p. 28.Retrieved22 March2013.
- ^abcorporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent, Acton Peninsula."National Museum of Australia - Myall Creek massacre".www.nma.gov.au.Retrieved10 September2019.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^abNew England Holiday, New England Regional Tourist Zone Association, n.d.
- ^ab"Mine details - Inverell, Glen Innes & Inverell Area".Retrieved21 October2022.
- ^"Inverell Shire Council Building (former)".New South Wales State Heritage Register.Department of Planning & Environment.H00553.Retrieved18 May2018.
Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence.
- ^"Inverell Post Office".New South Wales State Heritage Register.Department of Planning & Environment.H01407.Retrieved18 May2018.Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence.
- ^"Statistics by Catalogue Number".Australian Bureau of Statistics.Retrieved18 January2024.
- ^"Search Census data".Australian Bureau of Statistics.Retrieved18 January2024.
- ^"Inverell, Northern Tablelands NSW Australia".Totaltravel.Yahoo!7.Retrieved22 March2013.
- ^ab"Copeton Dam Brochure"(PDF).State Water Corporation. 2009. p. 2. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 March 2012.Retrieved22 March2013.
- ^"Grafton to Inverell Bike Race 232km",Under Armour, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA (mapmyride.com). Retrieved 11 November 2016
- ^"Grafton to Inverell Cycle Classic".www.graftontoinverell.com.au.Retrieved12 November2016.
- ^"About Us".Plough.Retrieved22 July2017.
- ^1:100000 topographic maps 9138 Inverell, 9137 Bundarra, 9136 Bendemeer, 9236 Armidale, 9235 Yarrowitch, 9234 Upper Manning and 9233 Gloucester. Retrieved 19 April 2010
- ^"Gilgai".Land and Property Management Authority - Spatial Information eXchange.New South Wales Land and Property Information.Retrieved19 April2010.
- ^North Western TimetableNSW TrainLink
- ^NSW TrainLinkSymes Coaches
- ^ab"Climate statistics for Inverell Comparison".Climate statistics for Australian locations.Bureau of Meteorology.Retrieved12 November2011.
- ^ab"Climate statistics for Inverell Research Centre".Climate statistics for Australian locations.Bureau of Meteorology.Retrieved12 November2011.
- ^"Inverell snow 1892"(PDF).library.inverell.nsw.gov.au.Retrieved7 September2024.
- ^"COUNTRY REPORTS".The Sydney Morning Herald.National Library of Australia. 7 August 1923. p. 10.Retrieved12 November2011.
- ^"Climate Statistics for Inverell Research Centre".Climate statistics for Australian locations.Bureau of Meteorology. March 2019.Retrieved2 August2018.
- ^"A Hundred Years of Science and Service"(PDF).Bureau of Meteorology. 2001. pp. 5–6.Retrieved12 November2011.
- ^"Basic Climatological Station Meta-data - Inverell Research Centre"(PDF).Bureau of Meteorology.Retrieved12 November2011.
- ^"Basic Climatological Station Metadata - Inverell (Raglan St)"(PDF).Bureau of Meteorology.Retrieved12 November2011.
- ^Mcmullin, Ross (1993)."Australian Dictionary of Biography".Australian Dictionary of Biography.
External links
edit
Inverelltravel guide from Wikivoyage