Islamic funeral

Funerals and funeral prayers in Islam(Arabic:جنازة,romanized:Janāzah) follow fairly specificrites,though they are subject to regional interpretation and variation in custom. In all cases, however,sharia(Islamicreligious law) calls forburialof the body as soon as possible, preceded by a simple ritual involving bathing and shrouding the body,followed bySalat al-jinazah(funeral prayer). It is important to determine the cause of death before burial. Mourning for the deceased is observed for three days except for the widow for whom it's 4 months and 10 days.Cremationof the body is strictly forbidden in Islam.

Islamic funerary found at theDomvs RomanainRabat,Malta–c. 11th century

Upon receiving news of the death

Upon receiving news of death of someone or during calamity, the following part ofChapter 2, verse 156is commonly recited:

Recitation of إِنَّا ِلِلَّٰهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ in 2:156

إِنَّا ِلِلَّٰهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ

ʾinnā li-llāhi wa-ʾinnā ʾilayhi rājiʿūn^a

"Indeed, we belong to Allah, and indeed, to Him we return."

Common Islamic burial rituals

Al Baqi Cementry,Madinah

Burial rituals should normally take place as soon as possible and include:

• Collective bathing of the dead body,except in extraordinary circumstances, as in thebattle of Uhud.
• Enshroudingthe dead body in a white cotton or linen cloth.
• Funeral prayer(صلاة الجنازة).
• Burial of the dead body in a grave.
• Positioning the deceased so that the head is faced towardsMecca(Makkah Al-Mukarramah).

According to ahadith,"Recite Surah Yaseen over a dying person".

Bathing the body

Equipment for washing and preparing bodies at Afaq khoja Mosque,Kashgar.2010

Thecorpseis washed (ghusl,bathed), with the purpose to physically cleanse the deceased. The exact manner, method, style and accessories used for bathing the corpse may vary by locale andtemporalposition, except that it is to be done with heated water. Bathing the dead body is an essential ritual of theSunnahof theIslamic prophetMuhammad,and therefore a part of the Islamic sharia. This should occur as soon as possible after death, preferably within hours.

Orthodox practice is to wash the body an odd number of times (at least once) with a cloth covering itsawrah(parts of the body that should be hidden according to sharia).

The "washers" are commonly adult members of the immediate family, who are of the samegenderas the deceased. In cases of violent deaths or accidents, where the deceased has sufferedtraumaormutilation,morguefacilities mend the body and wrap it in a shroud to minimisefluidleakage prior to surrendering it to mourners for washing.

Shrouding

The corpse is typically wrapped in a simple plain cloth (thekafan). This is done to respect the dignity and privacy of the deceased with the family sometimes present. The specifics of this ritual, including the material, style, and colour of the cloth, may vary between regions. However, theshroudshould be simple andmodest.It is for this reason thatMuslimshave generally preferred to use white cotton cloth to serve as the shroud. Men may use only three pieces of cloth and women five pieces of cloth.

The body may be kept in this state for several hours, allowing well-wishers to pass on their respects and condolences.

Funeral prayer

After the announcement of death of the deceased person, the Muslims of the community gather to offer their collective prayers for the forgiveness of the dead. This prayer has been generally termed as theSalat al-Janazah(funeral prayer).

The Janazah prayer is as follows:

• LikeEid prayer,theJanazahprayer incorporates an additional (four)takbirs, theArabicname for the phrase'Allahu Akbar',but there is noruku'(bowing) andsujud(prostrating).
• Supplicationfor the deceased and mankind is recited.
• In extraordinary circumstances, the prayer can be postponed and prayed at a later time as was done in the Battle of Uhud.
• The Janazah is consideredfard kifaayah(communal obligation), meaning that only a few people have to do it, but everyone is considered sinful if no one prays it. It is prayed upon the death of an adult Muslim in the community.

Burial

Grave of a Muslim

Muslim men finishing a grave after a burial

Muslim cemetery,Kashgar.

Following washing, shrouding and prayer, the body is then taken for burial (al-Dafin). The exact manner, customs and style of thegrave,the burial and so forth may vary by regional custom. Muslims typically try their best to follow hadith regarding proper grave burial procedures.

The grave should be perpendicular to the direction of theQibla(i.e. Mecca) so that the body, placed in the grave without acoffin(merely wrapped inkafan) lying on its right side, faces the Qibla.Grave markers should be raised, not more than about 30 centimetres (12 in) above the ground, so that the grave will neither be walked nor sat on.Grave markersare simple, because outwardly lavish displays are discouraged in Islam. Graves are frequently marked only with a simplewreath,if at all. However, it is becoming more common for family members to erect grave monuments.

InMiddle EasternMuslimcultures,women are generally discouraged from participating in the funeral procession. The reason for this is that in pre-Islamic Arabia it was customary for grieving women to wail loudly. Wealthy families often even hiredmoirologiststo attend the funerals of their deceased relative. Wailing at funerals is not permitted according to theSahih Bukhari.Women are allowed to attend or be present if they do not wail or cry or hit themselves in grief, especially in an exaggerated excessive manner as in pre-Islamic Arabia.

Three fist-sized spheres of hand-packed soil prepared beforehand by the gravediggers are used to prop up the corpse, one under the head, one under thechinand one under the shoulder. The lowering of the corpse and positioning of the soil-balls is done by the next of kin. In the case of a deceased husband, a male brother or brother-in-law usually performs this task. In the case of a deceased wife, the husband undertakes this if physically able to. If the husband is elderly, then the eldest son (or son-in-law) is responsible for lowering, alignment and propping the deceased.

Orthodoxyexpects those present tosymbolicallypour three handfuls of soil into the grave while reciting a Quranic verse meaning, "We created you from it, and return you into it, and from it we will raise you a second time".More prayers are then said, asking for forgiveness of the deceased, and reminding the dead of their profession of faith.

ATatarMuslim cemetery

The corpse is then fully buried by the gravediggers, who may stamp or pat down the earth to shape. Commonly, the eldest male will supervise. After the burial, those gathered pay their last respects to the dead by collectively praying for the forgiveness of the dead. This collective prayer is the last formal one for the dead. In some cultures such asthose in Southeast Asia,relatives scatter flowers and pourrosewaterupon the grave before leaving.

Mourning

According toSunni Islam,themourningperiod is to be three days except forwidowswho have an extended period.Islamic mourning is observed by increased devotion, receiving visitors and condolences, and avoiding decorative clothing and jewelry in accordance with theQur'an.Widows must observeiddah,"period of waiting" which is four months and 10 days long.During that time, the widow is not to remarry or to interact with non-mahram(a man she can marry). This rule is to confirm that the woman is not pregnant with the deceased's child prior to remarrying. However, in case of emergencies such as visiting a doctor because of a health emergency, the widow can interact with non-mahram.

Grief at the death of a loved one and weeping for the dead is normal and acceptable.

Sunni Islam expects expressions of grief to remain dignified, prohibiting loud wailing or mourning in a loud voice, shrieking, beating the chest and cheeks, tearing hair or clothes, breaking objects, scratching faces or speakingphrases that make a Muslim lose faith(such as challenging the power of God e.g. "If God exists and is just, he would not allow such injustice" ). Grieving is allowed as part of the funerary rites to allow one to come to terms with the loss of a person passing away as long as it respects Allah.

Directives for widows

The Qur'an prohibitswidowsto engage themselves for fourlunar monthsand ten days, after the death of their husbands. According to the Qur'an:

And those of you who die and leave widows behind, they should keep themselves in waiting for four months and ten days. Then when they have fulfilled their term, there is no blame on you about what they do with themselves in accordance with the norms [of society]. And Allah is well acquainted with what you do. And there is also no blame on you if you tacitly send a marriage proposal to these women or hold it in your hearts. Allah knows that you would definitely talk to them. [Do so] but do not make a secret contract. Of course you can say something in accordance with the norms [of the society]. And do not decide to marry until the law reaches its term. And know that Allah has knowledge of what is in your hearts; so be fearful of Him and know that Allah is Most forgiving and Most Forbearing.

— Quran2:234–235

Islamic scholars consider this directive a balance between the mourning of a husband's death and the protection of a widow from cultural or societal censure if she became interested in remarrying after her husband's death, often an economic necessity.This provision also operates to protect the property rights of the unborn, as the duration is enough to ascertain whether a widow is pregnant or not.

Husbands used to be recommended to make awillin favor of their wives for the provision of one year's residence and maintenance, except if the wives themselves leave the house or take any other similar step. As stated in Qur'an:

And those of you who die and leave widows should bequeath for their widows a year's provision and [bequeath] that [in this period] they shall not be turned out of their residences; but if they themselves leave the residence, there is no blame on you for what they do with themselves according to the norms of society. And Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.

— Quran2:240

However, this verse was abrogated and replaced by the verse cited earlier, naming the waiting period exactly 4 months and ten days, without a specific will required, and in which it is permissible for the widow to leave the house for necessity.

See also

• Islamic view of death
• Burial at sea in Islam
• TheMajmuna Stone,a 12th-century Islamic marble tombstone
• Wadi-us-Salaam,an Islamic cemetery and the largest cemetery in the world
• Pocong,a ghost shrouded inkafanfromJavanese folklore

References

Bibliography

• Ghamidi, Javed(2001).Mizan.Dar al-Ishraq.OCLC52901690.
• Amin Ahsan Islahi,Tadabbur-i-Qur'an,2nd ed., vol. 1, (Lahore: Faran Foundation, 1986)

External links

• Funeral Wise: Islamic Funeral Customs and Service Rituals
• Cases where exhumation are allowed, according to Ja'fari fiqh: Exhuming the body of my dead sister
• Islam Death RitualsArchived2 July 2017 at theWayback Machine