James Weddell

James WeddellFRSE(24 August 1787 – 9 September 1834) was a Britishsailor,navigatorandseal hunterwho in February 1823 sailed to latitude of 74° 15′ S—a record 7.69 degrees or 532statute milessouth of theAntarctic Circle—and into a region of theSouthern Oceanthat later became known as theWeddell Sea.

Weddell in 1828

Early life

He was born inOstendon the Belgian coast, the son of a Scottish sea captain (captains were permitted their wives at sea). He was apprenticed as a seaman (this normally started at age eight) and so received little education, but could at least read and write. He originally worked on merchant ships on the north-east Scottish coast.

He entered the merchant service very early in his life and was apparently bound to the master of aNewcastlecollier(a coal transport vessel) for some years. About 1805 he shipped on board a merchantman trading to theWest Indies,making several voyages there.

In 1808 he struck his captain, which was considered a severe crime, and was handed to theRoyal Navyfor punishment. This proved a positive rather than negative step. He studied navigation during his imprisonment and on release joined the Royal Navy as amidshipman.He rose rapidly through the ranks, becoming captain.

He was aboardHMSHopein 1813 in theEnglish Channelwhen she captured the "Young True Blooded Yankee",a small Americanprivateer.With the end of theNapoleonic Warhe was laid off on half pay in February 1816, and for a while resumed merchant voyages to the West Indies. In 1819 he was paid off in full from theRoyal Navy.

Voyages to the Antarctic

Print of James Weddell's second expedition, showing the brigJaneand cutterBeaufoy

In 1819 Weddell was introduced to James Strachan, a shipbuilder of NorthLeith,a partner of "Strachan & Gavin" shipbuilders.

Strachan, together with James Mitchell, a Scottish insurance broker living inLondon,owned the 160-tonbrigJane,an American-built ship taken during the War of 1812 and re-fitted for sealing. News of the discovery of theSouth Shetland Islandshad just broken, and Weddell suggested that fortunes might be made in the new sealing grounds. His first voyage as the captain of theJanetook him to theFalkland Islandsand further south. He returned with the holds full, and the voyage was so profitable that Strachan and Mitchell had a second ship, theBeaufoy,built.

The next voyage from 1821 and 1822 took both ships to the South Shetland Islands. However, there were some 45 sealers operating in the area, andsealwere already becoming rare (a mere two years after the discovery of the islands), and so he scouted for new hunting grounds.

Michael McCleod, the captain of theBeaufoy,sighted theSouth Orkney Islandson 22 November 1821, an independent discovery from that ofPowellandPalmerjust a few days earlier. There, they hunted for seals, and arrived back in England in July.

On the third voyage from 1822 to 1824, Weddell again commanded theJane,while the captain of theBeaufoywas oneMatthew Brisbane.Together they sailed to the South Orkneys again. Sealing proved disappointing, though, and after searching for land between the South Shetlands and the South Orkneys (and not finding any), they turned south in the hope to better sealing ground. The season was unusually mild and tranquil, and on 20 February 1823, the two ships had reachedlatitude74°15′S andlongitude34°16′45″W (−74.25, −34.279): the southernmost position any ship had ever reached up to that time. A few icebergs were sighted, but there was still no sight of land, leading Weddell to theorize that the sea continued as far as the South Pole. Another two days' sailing would have brought him toCoats Land(to the east of theWeddell Sea), but Weddell decided to turn back.

After deciding to go back, Weddell cheered the crew with the announcement of being southward of any former navigator and held a little ceremony; the colours were hoisted, a gun was fired, both crews gave three cheers, and an allowance ofgrogdispelled the gloom. A hope was infused that fortune might yet favor the crew of sealers. The area was namedThe Sea of George the Fourth,but the naming did not become permanent. The region would not be visited again until 1911, whenWilhelm Filchnerdiscovered theFilchner-Ronne Ice Shelf.

Weddell returned north and sheltered atSouth Georgia,where he and his crews searched for the elusive seal. They wintered at the Falklands and sailed again for the South Shetlands in November 1823. At the beginning of 1824, the two ships separated. Weddell returned in March 1824 to the Falklands and headed back to England, where he arrived in July.

TheWeddell sealwas discovered and named in the 1820s during expeditions led by James Weddell.

His record for a southerly voyage, three degrees beyond that ofJames Cook,caused some raised eyebrows. Weddell was persuaded by Strachan and Mitchell to incorporate everything in a book. The first edition appeared in 1825, followed by second enlarged edition in 1827, incorporating some information from theBeaufoywhich had returned to England in 1826.

Weddell appears to have been resident inEdinburgh, Scotlandin the summer of 1826, when he was cited for non-payment of a debt of £245, loaned to him by the Commercial Bank. As his name appears on no directory in this period he was either living with a friend or relative.

Papers now in theNational Archives of Scotlandshow that he and his sponsors appear to have fallen out over liability for payment, and is probably more than coincidence that the navigational instruments taken by Weddell on board, cost, according to his book, £240. The Leith merchants engaging him may have felt that these were unnecessary for a sealing expedition, yet Weddell has been criticised by such historians as David Walton for failing to take more instruments, not fewer. The legal papers fail to indicate what happened to the debt.

He was certainly in Edinburgh in February 1827 as he was elected an Ordinary Fellow of theRoyal Society of Edinburgh,requiring his physical presence (were he not present he would have been elected an Honorary Fellow). His proposer was AdmiralNorwich Duff.

Later life

TheJaneandBeaufoyat their furthest south in 1823

Weddell offered his services to theAdmiraltywith a proposal for a return voyage to the high southern latitudes, but was turned down. Instead, he returned to trading along the warmer Atlantic coasts. In 1829 he was again master of theJane,but on a passage fromBuenos AirestoGibraltarJaneleaked so badly that she had to be given up at theAzores.Weddell and his cargo were transferred to another ship for the passage to England, but this ran aground on the island ofPico,and Weddell only barely survived.

The loss of theJanemeant financial ruin for Weddell, who was forced to take paid employment as a ship's master. In September 1830 he left England as master ofEliza,bound for theSwan River Colonyin westernAustralia.From there he proceeded toTasmania.He sailed back to England in 1832.

Weddell died on 9 September 1834 at the age of forty-seven. Although perhaps less affluent and famous than might be expected, he died in his house at Norfolk Street offthe Strandin London. He was buried in the churchyard ofSt Clement Danesin theStrand,very close to his home.

Commemorations

Three places are named after him – the Weddell Sea,Weddell Islandsin theSouth Orkney Islands,andWeddell Islandin theFalklands.Also theWeddell sealis named after him.

Publications

• A Voyage Towards theSouth Pole(1825)

References

This article is heavily based on thepublic-domain biography of James Weddellby Raymond Howgego; which is nearly the same as the one which appears in Raymond Howgego's publishedEncyclopedia of Exploration (Part 2: 1800 to 1850).See also 'James Weddell and a debt of £245' by A.J. Mullay in History Scotland, Vol. 9 (1), 2009, pp35–38.