Juba(/ˈdʒuːbə/)[2]is thecapitaland largest city ofSouth Sudan.The city is situated on theWhite Nileand also serves as the capital of theCentral Equatoria State.It is the most recently declared national capital and had a population of 525,953 in 2017. It has an area of 52 km2(20 sq mi), with the metropolitan area covering 336 km2(130 sq mi).
Juba | |
|---|---|
From top, left to right: View of Juba, John Garang Mausoleum Square, aerial view, United Nations (UTair) Boeing 737,White Nileriver in Juba | |
 Flag  Seal | |
  Juba Location of Juba in South Sudan | |
| Coordinates:4°51′N31°36′E/ 4.850°N 31.600°E | |
| Country |  South Sudan |
| State | Central Equatoria |
| County | Juba |
| Payam | Juba |
| Founded | 1922 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor-council government |
| • Mayor | Flora Gabriel Modi (2023–present)[1] |
| Area | |
| 52 km2(20 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 336 km2(130 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 550 m (1,800 ft) |
| Population (2017 estimate) | |
| 525,953 | |
| • Density | 10,000/km2(26,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00(Central Africa Time) |
| • Summer (DST) | (Not Observed) |
| Climate | Aw |
Juba was established in 1920–21 by theChurch Missionary Society(CMS) in a smallBarivillage, also called Juba. The city was made as the capital ofMongalla Provincein the late 1920s. The growth of the town accelerated following the signing of theComprehensive Peace Agreementin 2005,[3]which made Juba the capital of theAutonomous Government of Southern Sudan.Juba became the capital of South Sudan in 2011 after itsindependence,but influential parties wantedRamcielto be the capital. The government announced the move of the capital to Ramciel, but it is yet to occur.
History
editUnder theKhedivate of Egypt,Juba served as the southernmost garrison of theEgyptianarmy, quartering only a handful of soldiers. Disease was common; soldiers often fell ill due to themalaria,meningitisandblackwater feverthat was prevalent in the region. Explorers and campaignersSamuel BakerandFlorence Bakerused the nearby island ofGondokoroas a base during their expeditions to what is nowSouth Sudanand northernUgandafrom 1863 to 1865 and 1871 to 1873.[4]
The present city of Juba was established on the site of a smallBarivillage, also called Juba,[5]where theChurch Missionary Society(CMS) had established a mission and the Nugent Memorial Intermediate School in 1920–21.[6][7][8]In the late 1920s,Anglo-Egyptian officialsordered Bari residents to relocate so that a new town could be constructed to serve as the capital ofMongalla Province.[9]The site was chosen by Anglo-Egyptian officials partly because of the presence of the CMS Nugent Memorial Intermediate School there, and partly because its proximity to river transportation on theNile.[10][11]Major construction of the new city of Juba was underway by 1927.[9]Traders fromRejafrelocated to the new city in 1929, and the Governor's office of Mongalla was moved there in 1930.[12][13]
Greek merchants supplying the British Army played an early and central role in the establishment of Juba in the early 1920s.[14]Their number never exceeded 2,000, but because of their excellent relationship with the native Bari people and the large amount of resulting assistance they received, they built many structures in the downtown Juba Market area as well as in the area that the contemporaryBritish soldierscalled the Greek Quarter, which is today the small suburb of Hai Jalaba. Many of these structures are still standing today. Public buildings such as the Ivory Bank, Notos Lounge, the old Sudan Airways Building, Paradise Hotel, and the Nile Commercial Bank and Buffalo Commercial Bank were all built by Greeks. Greek merchants were responsible for the construction of the Central Bank building in the mid-1940s, as well as the Juba Hotel in the mid-1930s.[15]
From the establishment ofAnglo-Egyptian Sudanin 1899 the British administered southern Sudan separately from the north. In 1946, without consulting Southern opinion, the British administration began instead to implement a policy of uniting the north and the south. To facilitate the new policy, theJuba Conferencewas convened as a gesture to southerners,[16]the hidden aim being the appeasement of northern Sudanese nationalists and theEgyptian government.[17]
Until 1956, Juba was inAnglo-Egyptian Sudan,which was jointly administered by the United Kingdom and theKingdom of Egypt.In 1955, a mutiny of southern soldiers inToritsparked theFirst Sudanese Civil War,which did not end until 1972. During theSecond Sudanese Civil War,Juba was a strategic location that was the focus of much fighting.[citation needed]
In 2005, Juba became the interim seat and the capital of theAutonomous Government of Southern Sudanafter the signing of theComprehensive Peace Agreement(before the agreement,Rumbekhad been the proposed interim capital). With the advent of peace, the United Nations increased its presence in Juba, shifting its management of operations inSouthern Sudanfrom its previous location inKenya.Under the leadership of the United NationsOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,the United Nations established a camp known as "OCHA Camp", which served as a base for many United Nations agencies andnon-governmental organizations.[citation needed]
Juba became the world's newest national capital on 9 July 2011, when South Sudan formally declared its independence from theRepublic of the Sudan.However, influential parties including the South Sudanese government expressed dissatisfaction with the city's suitability as a national capital, and the government proposed that a newplanned citybe built as a replacement capital elsewhere, most likelyRamcielinLakes.[18]
On 5 September 2011, the government announced the capital of South Sudan would move some 250 km away from Juba toRamciel,which is located in the middle of South Sudan, about 60 km East ofYirol West County,Lakes State.As of June 2020, the move has yet to occur.
In September 2015,nearly 200 people were killed in a tanker explosion in Juba.[19]
Since the beginning of the2023 Sudan Conflict,approximately 6,000 refugees have arrived in the city.[20]Many settled in Gorom, an area near the city, and have struggled from lack of humanitarian aid.
Government
editJuba is led by acity council,formed in March 2011. The council was established by GovernorClement Wani Kongawho appointed by Mohammed El Haj Baballa mayor of the council and formerYeiCounty CommissionerDavid Lokonga Moseswas appointed as deputy mayor. A ministerial committee to keep Juba clean and sanitary was also created by gubernatorial decree at the same time.[21]
InMichael Lado Allah-Jabuwas appointed mayor of the city council following the removal of Kalisto Lado by Governor ofCentral EquatoriaEmmanuel Adil Anthony.[22]Allah-Jabu was himself removed by Adil Anthony on 27 June 2023. Following his removal,Emmanuel Khamiswas appointed caretaker mayor.[23]
Prior to March 2011, the area now administered by Juba City Council was divided into Juba, Kator, and Munikipayams.It is now a standalone subdivision ofJuba County,[21]of which it is the county seat.[24]
Transportation
edit
The city is a river port and the southern terminus of traffic along theNile(specifically along the Bahr-al-Ghazal portion of theWhite Nile).[25]Before the civil war, Juba was also a transport hub, with highways connecting it toKenya,Ugandaand theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.
Since the end of the war Juba has been unable to recover to its pre-war state and is no longer a significant trade city. Roads and the river harbour are no longer in use due to being in disrepair. TheUnited Nationsand theSouth Sudanese governmentare working on repairing the roads, but a full repair is expected to take many years. In 2003, theSwiss Foundation for Mine Action(FSD) started to clear the roads leading from Juba to Uganda and Kenya. It was expected that these roads would be completely de-mined and rebuilt in the course of 2006–2008.[citation needed]The rebuilding of the roads, which are mostly unpaved, takes a tremendous amount of effort and time because of the limited work season due to the lengthy rainy season, which lasts from March until October. The roads are important for the peace process in Sudan as people need them to return to their homes and to regain what they feel is a normal life. The first road that has started to be rebuilt is the road to Uganda. This road is particularly important, as many of the original inhabitants of Juba fled to Uganda during the war. As of 2009[update],there are three paved roads in Juba, one that was re-surfaced in July. The main one is a concrete road, built by the British in the 1950s.[citation needed]
Between 2008 and 2011, theUgandan governmentand theSouthern Sudanese governmentundertook joint efforts to develop a railway link between theNorthern Ugandancity ofGuluand Juba, with an extension toWau.A memorandum of understanding between the two governments was signed to that effect in August 2008.[26]The same memorandum outlined plans to develop the road network between the two countries. Recent media reports from the region suggest that the railway link from Juba may link directly with Kenya, bypassing Uganda.[27] Juba International Airport(IATA:JUB,ICAO:HJJJ) is the site of large numbers of flights bringing UN andnon-governmental organization(NGO) aid intoSouth Sudan,as well as passengers and general air freight. The construction of a new terminal was begun in late 2007 when the oil prices were very high ($100+). Since then – with the oil prices going back down – the fate of the new terminal is uncertain. Building on the new terminal restarted in early 2014.[citation needed]As of February 2014, there are daily flights toJomo Kenyatta International AirportinNairobi,Kenya;Khartoum International Airportin Sudan;Entebbe International AirportinEntebbe,Uganda;andBole International AirportinAddis Ababa,Ethiopia. TheUnited Nations Mission in South Sudan(UNMISS) has a large compound near the Juba Airport.
Demography
editIn 2005, Juba's population was 163,442. Based on analysis of aerial photos, the best estimate of several donors working in Juba calculated the 2006 population at approximately 250,000. The 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census took place in April/May 2008, stating the population ofJuba Countyto be 372,413 (the majority residing in Juba City, which dominates thecounty), but the results were rejected by theAutonomous Government of Southern Sudan.[28]Juba is developing very rapidly due to oil money and the Chinese coming for work and development.[citation needed]In 2011, the population of the city of Juba is estimated at 372,410, but may potentially be more.[29]As of 2013[update],the city's population was growing at a rate of 4.23%.[30]The Juba City Council's CEO, Martin Simon Wani, has claimed the population exceeds one million with up to a million more living in surrounding suburbs.[31]Suburbs adjacent to Juba have become increasingly dense as people from the countryside move into the city for economic opportunities.[32][33]
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
| 1973 (census) | 56,740 | |
| 1983 (census) | 83,790 | |
| 1993 (census) | 114,980 | |
| 2005 (estimate) | 163,440 | |
| 2006 (estimate) | 250,000 | [34] |
| 2008 (estimate) | 250,000 | [30] |
| 2011 (estimate) | 372,410 | |
| 2014 (estimate) | 492,970 |
Economy
editJuba has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence.[citation needed]The prospect of an economic boom has brought thousands of merchants to Juba, mostly from northern Sudan and fromEast Africa.As of October 2010[update],several regional and international businesses have established a presence in Juba. TheCommercial Bank of Ethiopiaand the Kenyan banking conglomerateKenya Commercial Bankhas its South Sudanese headquarters in the city and a branch network of eleven branches throughout South Sudan.[35]The three indigenous South Sudanese commercial banks namely;Buffalo Commercial Bank,Ivory BankandNile Commercial Bank,all maintain their headquarters in Juba.Equity Bank,another regional finance services provider also has a branch in Juba.National Insurance Corporation(NIC), the leading Ugandan insurance services provider, maintains an office in the city.[36]Despite recent economic difficulties brought about by the15 December 2013 civil war,Juba has continued to grow and construction is still booming. This is probably due to the high demand for affordable housing and hotel accommodations. Research from theOverseas Development Institutefound that markets in Juba are transient, as many traders only come to make a quick profit and so do not invest in storage facilities or shops.[37][38]
Roads In Juba
editJuba has major roads that go to major towns in South Sudan, such roads include the Juba-Nimule road[39]and theAggrey Jaden Road.[40]as others are seen in the table below;
| Number | Name of Road | Distance | Designated | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Juba–Nimule Road | 192 kilometres (119 mi) | 2007 | 2012[41] |
| 2 | Gulu–Nimule Road | 105 kilometres (65 mi) | 2012 | 2015 |
| # | Kangi-Bar-Urud Road | 28 kilometres (17 mi) | 2017? | 2017[42](Expected) |
| # | Aggrey Jaden Road(Juba-Yei- Kaya Road) | 243 kilometres (151 mi) | 2022 | 2025 (Expected) |
| # | Juba-Torit-Nadapal Highway | 353 kilometers (219miles) | ? | ? |
| # | Juba-Bor-Malakal Highway | 500 kilometres (311 mi) | 2020 | 2025 (Expected) |
| # | Juba–Terekeka–Rumbek Road | 392 kilometres (244 mi) | 2019 | 2025 (Expected)[43][44] |
| Kajo- keji - Juba Road | 156 kilometers (97miles) |
Food in Juba
editA variety of foods are eaten in Juba including:
- Kisra: A staple food inSouth Sudan,Kisra is a type of flatbread made from sorghum flour or maize flour. It is typically served with soup or stew and is prepared by mixing sorghum flour with water to form a thick batter, which is then left to fermented for a few days before being cooked on a hot griddle.[45]
- Bamia: A popular dish in Juba,bamiais a stew made withokra,tomatoes, onions, and meat (usually beef or goat). The okra is sliced and cooked with the other ingredients until tender, resulting in a thick and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or kisra.[46]
- Ful Medames: A traditional breakfast dish in Juba, Ful medames is made from cooked fava beans that are smashed andseasonedwithgarlic,lemon juice, andolive oil.It is typically served with flatbread orpita.[46][45]
- Asida: A type of porridge made fromsorghumflour, Asida is popular dish in Juba that is often served with meat orvegetablestew. The sorghum flour is mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is then cooked until it reaches a smooth andcreamyconsistency.[46][45]
- Malakwang: A traditional dish in South Sudan, Malakwang is a stew made from leafy greens, peanuts, butter, and meat, (usually goat or beef). The greens are cooked with the otheringredientsuntil tender, resulting in a rich and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or Ugali.
- Ugali: A staple food in manyAfricancountries, Ugali is a type of maize porridge that is often served with stews or soups. Themaize flouris mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is often cooked until is reaches a smooth and firm consistency. It is typically eaten by hand, using it to scoop up stew or soup.[46]
Education
edit- TheUniversity of Jubawas founded in 1975.[47]
- Upper Nile University in Juba
- The Juba Public Peace Library was founded on 1 October 2019.[48][49]The library was donated by The South Sudan Library Foundation and contains over 13,000 books. It was the first public library of South Sudan. The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.[49][50]
- Kampala International University[51]
- Catholic University of South Sudan
- Episcopal University of South Sudan
- Starford International University
- Ayii University
Health services
edit- Juba Teaching Hospital[52]
- Juba Military Referral Hospital
- Al Sabah Children's Hospital
- Nyakurun PHCC[53]
- Munuki PHCC
- Gurei PHCC
Places of worship
editAmong theplaces of worship,they are predominantlyChristianchurches and temples:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Juba(Catholic Church),Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan(Anglican Communion),Baptist Convention of South Sudan(Baptist World Alliance),Presbyterian Church in Sudan(World Communion of Reformed Churches).[54]
Climate
editJuba has atropical wet and dry climate(Köppen:Aw),[55]and as it lies near the equator, temperatures are hot year-round. However, little rain falls from November to March, which is also the time of the year with the hottest maximum temperatures, reaching 38 °C (100 °F) in February. From April to October, more than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rain falls per month. The annual total precipitation is nearly 1,000 mm (39 in).
| Climate data for Juba (1971–2000, extremes 1931–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 42.2 (108.0) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.6 (110.5) |
42.4 (108.3) |
43.7 (110.7) |
38.5 (101.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.5 (101.3) |
39.0 (102.2) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.4 (104.7) |
42.8 (109.0) |
43.7 (110.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 36.8 (98.2) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.7 (99.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
33.5 (92.3) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
34.7 (94.5) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 28.2 (82.8) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.9 (85.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.5 (81.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 5.1 (0.20) |
11.0 (0.43) |
36.7 (1.44) |
111.5 (4.39) |
129.9 (5.11) |
117.8 (4.64) |
144.7 (5.70) |
127.5 (5.02) |
103.7 (4.08) |
114.5 (4.51) |
43.1 (1.70) |
8.2 (0.32) |
953.7 (37.55) |
| Average rainy days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.4 | 2.0 | 6.6 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 13.0 | 11.5 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 96.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 44 | 42 | 51 | 64 | 73 | 76 | 81 | 80 | 77 | 73 | 69 | 53 | 65 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 279.0 | 235.2 | 210.8 | 198.0 | 207.7 | 207.0 | 182.9 | 204.6 | 228.0 | 241.8 | 237.0 | 260.4 | 2,692.4 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 76 | 67 | 57 | 54 | 62 | 58 | 50 | 57 | 63 | 64 | 68 | 68 | 62 |
| Source 1:World Meteorological Organization,[56] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA(sun and humidity, 1961–1990),[57]Deutscher Wetterdienst(extremes, mean temperatures)[58] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
edit- Aheu Deng,beauty queen and fashion model
- Bangs,rapper and YouTube personality
- Mangok Mathiang(born 1992), Australian-Sudanese basketball player forHapoel Eilatof theIsraeli Basketball Premier League
- Independent Moses Nunuh, first child born inSouth Sudanafter its independence.[59]Like many other children in South Sudan, he died before his first birthday.[60]
- Emmanuel Jambo,photographer
See also
editReferences
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- ^Martin, Ellen; Mosel, Irina (January 2011)."City limits: urbanisation and vulnerability in Sudan"(PDF).Overseas Department Institute.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 March 2017.Retrieved22 October2020.
- ^Shipman, Pat.To The Heart of the Nile: Lady Florence Baker and the Exploration of Central Africa
- ^Richardson, J.N. (1933). "Bari Notes".Sudan Notes & Records.16(2): 181–186.
- ^Keen, Rosemary (n.d.)."Church Missionary Society Archive, General Introduction and Guide to the Archive".ampltd.co.uk.Adam Matthew Publications, Pelham House.Retrieved16 December2016.
- ^Nalder, Leonard F. (1936).Equatorial province handbook.Anglo-Egyptian Sudan government memoranda.OCLC3450641.
- ^Werner, Roland; et al. (2000).Day of devastation, day of contentment: the history of the Sudanese church across 2000 years Volume 10 of Faith in Sudan.Paulines Publications Africa.ISBN9966215298.
- ^abBadiey, Naseem (2014).The State of Post-conflict Reconstruction: Land, Urban Development and State Building in Juba, Southern Sudan.Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 38.
- ^Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954".The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies.31:139–160.
- ^Tuttle, Brendan (2021)."To the Juba Wharf".Juba in the Making.Retrieved19 July2021.
- ^Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954".The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies.31:139–160.
- ^"Juba in the Making".jubainthemaking.com.L'Humanité, Le Monde Afrique, & Internazionale.
- ^Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954".The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies.31:139–160.
- ^Greek Community of Juba Archives
- ^"Juba conf".madingaweil.com.Archived fromthe originalon 11 March 2007.Retrieved11 March2007.
- ^Okeny, Kenneth (1991)."The 1947 Juba Conference".Northeast African Studies.13(1): 39–58.JSTOR43660336.
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- ^"Adil appoints new Juba mayor after Kalisto's dismissal".The City Review.20 November 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 10 January 2023.Retrieved10 January2023.
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- ^"Central Equatoria State".NileBuffalo Gazette.2008. Archived fromthe originalon 20 March 2011.Retrieved28 July2011.
- ^Parsons, Ellen C. (1905).Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa.Macmillan Company. p.7.Retrieved5 October2017.
- ^"Gulu – Juba Railway in the Offing".Pachodo.org. 20 September 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 7 October 2011.Retrieved20 June2012.
- ^Thome, Wolfgang H. (14 September 2010)."Railway Link From Juba May Go Directly To Kenya".Eturbonews.com.Retrieved20 June2012.
- ^Isaac Vuni (8 July 2009)."South Sudan parliament throw outs census results".Sudan Tribune. Archived fromthe originalon 12 July 2014.Retrieved8 July2009.
- ^"Estimated Population in 2011".Wolframalpha.com.Retrieved20 June2012.
- ^ab"The World Factbook: South Sudan".The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency.Retrieved31 December2013.
- ^Miettaux, Florence (8 September 2023)."From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Archivedfrom the original on 8 September 2023.Retrieved8 September2023.
- ^Miettaux, Florence (8 September 2023)."From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved16 October2023.
- ^"Middle Juba Population, 1995-2013 - knoema.com".Knoema.Retrieved1 June2024.
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- ^"Road Distance Between Juba, South Sudan And Nimule, South Sudan"(Map).Google Maps.Retrieved23 October2022.
- ^"Kangi-Bar-Urud Feeder Road in Wau to be Completed Next Month > Gurtong Trust > Editorial".
- ^Xinhua (3 September 2022)."South Sudan approves over 700 mln USD on road project".China.org.cn.Beijing, China.Retrieved25 October2022.
- ^Peter Wanjala (8 September 2022)."US$ 713.53M approved for Juba-Terekeka-Rumbek road construction".Construction Review Online.Nairobi, Kenya.Retrieved25 October2021.
- ^abc"South Sudanese Food: 10 Must-Try Traditional Dishes of South Sudan | Travel Food Atlas".4 May 2023.Retrieved3 June2024.
- ^abcd"#1 Food From South Sudan: Savor The Best Of South Sudanese Cuisine".2 February 2024.Retrieved3 June2024.
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- ^"Juba Teaching Hospital | EA Health".eahealth.org.Retrieved10 December2022.
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- ^"Climate: Juba – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table".Climate-Data.org.Retrieved27 October2013.
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Independent Moses, like one in 10 babies in South Sudan, had not reached his first birthday, dying of Africa's biggest killer, diarrhoea.
External links
edit
- Fisher, J. 2005,'Southern Sudan's Front-line Town',BBC News, 20 April 2005.
- Holt, K. 2007,'In pictures: Juba's Street Struggle',BBC News, 4 January 2007.
- Sudan And Uganda Sign MoU To Develop InfrastructureArchived2 October 2011 at theWayback Machine
- 'Gulu-Juba rail link underway'
- World's Newest Nation would Start Almost from Scratch– article & video byMcClatchy