Judah Leon Magnes

Judah Leon Magnes(Hebrew:יהודה לייב מאגנס;July 5, 1877 – October 27, 1948) was a prominentReformrabbiin both the United States of America andMandatory Palestine.He is best remembered as a leader in thepacifistmovement of the World War I period, his advocacy of abinational Jewish-Arab statein Palestine, and as one of the most widely recognized voices of 20th century AmericanReform Judaism.Magnes served as the first chancellor of theHebrew University of Jerusalem(1925), and later as its president (1935–1948).

Judah Leon Magnes
Born	(1877-07-05)July 5, 1877 San Francisco,California,USA
Died	October 27, 1948(1948-10-27)(aged 71) New York City,New York
Spouse	Beatrice Lowenstein

Biography

Magnes was born inSan Franciscoto David and Sophie (Abrahamson) who named him Julian. He changed his name to Judah as a young man. As a young boy, Magnes's family moved toOakland, California,where he attendedSabbath schoolatFirst Hebrew Congregation,and was taught byRay Frank,the first Jewish woman to preach formally from a pulpit in the United States.

Magnes's views of the Jewish people was strongly influenced by First Hebrew's Rabbi Levy,and it was at First Hebrew's building on 13th and Clay that Magnes first began preaching. Hisbar mitzvahspeech of 1890 was quoted at length in theOakland Tribune.

Magnes graduated fromOakland High Schoolas avaledictorianin 1894.He then studied at theUniversity of Cincinnati,where he gained a degree of notoriety in a campaign against censorship of the "Class annual" of 1898 by the university faculty.He graduated from the University of Cincinnati with an A.B. in 1898. He also attended rabbinical seminary atHebrew Union College,and was ordained a rabbi in June 1900. He then went to study inGermany.He studied Judaism at the Berlin Jewish College,Lehranstalt,and pursued his doctoral studies atBerlin University,where he studied underFriedrich PaulsenandFriedrich Delitzsch,and at theUniversity of Heidelberg.It was while he was in Berlin that he began embracing aspects of Zionist thought, though always strongly opposing its nationalistic elements. He spent time traveling through Eastern Europe, and visited Jewish communities in Germany,Poland,andGalicia.In December 1902, he received a PhD in Philosophy from the University of Heidelberg, and returned to the United States in 1903.

On October 19, 1908, Magnes married Beatrice Lowenstein of New York,who happened to beLouis Marshall's sister-in-law.

New York

In America, he spent most of his professional life inNew York City,where he helped found theAmerican Jewish Committeein 1906. Magnes was also one of the most influential forces behind the organization of the Jewish community in the city, serving as president throughout its existence from 1908 to 1922. TheKehillahoversaw aspects of Jewish culture, religion, education and labor issues, in addition to helping to integrate America's German and East European Jewish communities. He was also the president of theSociety for the Advancement of Judaismfrom 1912 to 1920.

The religious views Magnes extolled as a Reform rabbi were not at all within the mainstream. Magnes favored a more traditional approach to Judaism, fearing the overly assimilationist tendencies of his peers. Magnes delivered a Passover sermon in 1910 atCongregation Emanu-El of the City of New Yorkin which he advocated changes in the Reform ritual to incorporate elements of traditional Judaism, expressing his concern that younger members of the congregation were driven to seek spirituality in other religions that cannot be obtained at Congregation Emanu-El. He advocated for restoration of the Bar Mitzvah ceremony and criticized theUnion Prayer Book,advocating for a return to the traditional prayer book.The disagreement over this issue led him to resign from Congregation Emanu-El that year. From 1911–12 he was Rabbi of the Conservative CongregationB'nai Jeshurun.

The Kehillah

In New York he set himself the task of uniting the Jewish communities. In 1880 the city contained around 50,000 Jews mostly of German origin. By 1900 there were nearly a million Jews, most coming from what is now Poland, Hungary, Romania, Belarus and Ukraine, making it the largest Jewish population outside of Europe and the Russian Empire. On 11 October 1908 he was chairman of a conference of Jewish organisations, the invitations to which, in English and Yiddish, had also been signed by labour leaderJoseph Barondessand JudgeOtto A. Rosalsky,amongst others. The conference authorised the formation of a representative community, theKehillah,and gave Magnes the power to appoint an executive committee. The 25 man committee included ProfessorSolomon SchechterandJoseph Silverman.They called a convention in February 1909 to form a constituent assembly. Two hundred and twenty-two organisations responded, including 74 synagogues and 42 mutual benefit societies, out of some 3,500 Jewish organisations existing in the city at the time. The Kehillah's aim was:

"to wipe out invidious distinctions between East European and West European, foreigner and native, Uptown and Downtown Jew, rich and poor; and make us realize that the Jews are one people with a common history and with common hopes."

The committee proceeded to set up a series of boards, or bureaus: Education (1910), Social Morals (1912); Industry (1914); and Philanthropic Research (1916). The first secretary of the Bureau of Education wasHenrietta Szold.A report byMordecai Kaplanrevealed that of some 200,000 Jewish children of school age no more than 50,000 received any form of Jewish education. By 1916 the Bureau directed or supervised 200 schools, 600 teachers and 35,000 pupils. Funding was dependent on wealthy New York Jews such asJacob Schiff,Felix M. WarburgandLouis Marshallwho made an endowment for girls' education. The Bureau eventually evolved into the Jewish Education Committee of New York.Magnes was also closely involved with the Social Morals Bureau which held investigations into the white-slave-traffic and the Jewish underworld. Its work is held responsible of reducing Jewish juvenile delinquency from 30% of the New York total to 14% twenty years later.In the Bureau of Industry he was Chairman of the Conference of the Furriers Trade.

The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee

At the end of 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, Magnes became involved in collecting funds for the Jewish population in Palestine. The following year, a greater crisis arose with the war on theEastern Front,devastating the Jews of thePale of Settlement.Magnes devoted all his energies to this issue. Firstly he set about coordinating the three bodies that had been set up to face the catastrophe. These were the American Jewish Relief Committee, associated with the Kehillah and theAmerican Jewish Committee,the Central Relief Committee from theOrthodoxcommunity, and the People's Relief Committee set up by labour organisations. The result was the creation of a single body called theAmerican Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.

In December 1915, a fund-raising effort was launched at theCarnegie Hall,at which he delivered an emotional appeal which raised a million dollars in donations.By the end of 1915 around five million dollars had been raised.In the spring of 1916 Magnes visited Germany and Poland to organise the distribution of the funds. The visit, via Scandinavia, started inHamburgand Berlin, from there, with the assistance of the German authorities, he visited Poland andVilna.He had to overcome the suspicions of the Zionist leadership in Europe, who suspected him of bias. Despite this, he was able to organise the distribution of funds bridging the gulf between the Central and Eastern European Jewish communities.

Amongst the leaders he met wereMax Warburg,head of the German Jewish Society (Hilfsverein), and RabbiLeo Baeck,then Jewish Chaplain in the German Army. He returned to America in the winter of 1916 and launched a fresh relief appeal to raise ten million dollars. At one meeting he was again able to raise a million dollars in donations and pledges in a single evening.With PresidentWoodrow Wilson's decision to enter the war, he switched his attention to anti-war campaigning.

Pacifism and the anti-war movement

Magnes was aPacifistactivist. According to Israeli professorArthur A. Goren,he considered himself a follower ofMahatma Gandhiand the prophetJeremiah,and opposed all forms ofnationalismby military force. He had developed Pacifist views in 1898 as a result of theSpanish–American War.Magnes believed it to be an "unrighteous" war. Following the assassination of PresidentWilliam McKinley,who had led the United States into war with Spain, by an anarchist activist, Magnes wrote to his parents from Europe that he was not "enraged at the anarchists for it at all. In my opinion, dishonest men in public office are greater anarchists than those who kill a president once in twenty years".

Following the United States' entry into the war in Europe in the spring of 1917, Magnes switched all his attention to campaigning against it. He became one of the movement's high-profile leaders. Like most of its leaders his sympathies were with the working classes. People suchEugene Debswho was sentenced to ten years in prison for his activities;Norman Thomas;Roger Nash Baldwin;Scott Nearing;Morris Hillquit,who took 22% of the vote in New York's Mayoral elections on an anti-war platform; andOswald Garrison Villard.Most of these men were involved in what became thePeople's Council of America for Democracy and the Terms of Peacewith Magnes its first chairman. On 30 May 1917 he gave the keynote address to a mass meeting of fifteen thousand people in theMadison Square Gardens.A follow-up meeting inMinneapoliswas banned and hastily reconvened in Chicago but with a military force threatening to break it up.

Magnes moved home inConnecticutbecause of hostility from his neighbours and was interviewed by an agent from theDepartment of Justice.One of his colleagues from the "Joint", B. D. Bogen, was questioned by Attorney-GeneralThomas Watt Gregoryabout Magnes' activities.

Magnes worked with the newly-formedNational Civil Liberties Bureauwhich defended pacifists andconscientious objectors.In America more than 2,000 prosecutions were brought against war-resisters under theSelective Service Act of 1917or theEspionage Act of 1917;Magnes avoided prosecution since he was over conscription age.

Despite coming from a wealthy background—by 1920 he had become financially independent—Magnes reacted to theRussian Revolutionwith enthusiasm; in 1921 he was the spokesman atPhiladelphiafor theSociety for Medical Relief to Soviet Russia.He also spoke on behalf of the ItaliansSacco and Vanzetti.

Palestine

Magnes first visited Ottoman Palestine in 1907, growing a beard in solidarity with the Jewish colonists. AtJaffahe was told of the plans for a Jewish-only town, north of Jaffa, to be calledTel Aviv.He was sceptical that it would ever come about. He made an extensive tour of the region, travelling on horseback and camping at night. The tour included reaching the summit ofMount Hermon.He returned to America by way of the seventhZionist CongressinThe Hague.His wife accompanied him on his second visit in 1912. They stayed in Jerusalem where there was some discussion of establishing aHebrew University.They also visitedMerhaviaandDeganiain theGalilee.

Magnes agreed, however, with the overallanti-Zionistattitudes of Reform Judaism at the time; he strongly disapproved of nationalistic aspects within Judaism, whichZionismrepresented and supported. To him, Jews living in theDiasporaand Jews living in Palestine were of equal significance to Judaism and Jewish culture; he agreed that a renewed Jewish community inEretz Israelwould enhance Jewish life within the Diaspora. Magnes emigrated toMandate Palestinein 1922 and maintained that emigration to Eretz Israel was a matter of individual choice; it did not reflect any kind of"negation of the Diaspora",or support for Zionism. He thought that the land of Israel should be built in a "decent manner", or not built at all. He was a "disciple" of the thinker and writer Ahad Ha'am.

In both America and Palestine, Magnes played a key role in founding theHebrew University of Jerusalemin 1918 along withAlbert EinsteinandChaim Weizmann.However, the three did not get along, and when, in 1928, Magnes, who was initially responsible only for the university's finances and administrative staff, had his authority extended to academic and professional matters, Einstein resigned from the Board of Governors. Einstein wrote:

The bad thing about the business was that the goodFelix Warburg,thanks to his financial authority ensured that the incapable Magnes was made director of the Institute, a failed American rabbi, who, through his dilettantish enterprises had become uncomfortable to his family in America, who very much hoped to dispatch him honorably to some exotic place. This ambitious and weak person surrounded himself with other morally inferior men, who did not allow any decent person to succeed there... These people managed to poison the atmosphere there totally and to keep the level of the institution low

Magnes served as the first chancellor of the Hebrew University (1925) and later as its president (1935–1948; followed by SirLeon Simonas acting president, 1948 to 1949).Magnes believed that the university was the ideal place for Jewish and Arab cooperation, and worked tirelessly to advance this goal.

Magnes's responded to the1929 Arab revoltin Palestine with a call for a binational solution to Palestine.Magnes dedicated the rest of his life to reconciliation with thelocal Arabs;he particularly objected to the concept of a specificallyJewish state.In his view, Palestine should be neither Jewish nor Arab. Rather, he advocated abinational statein which equal rights would be shared by all, a view shared by the groupBrit Shalom,an organization with which Magnes is often associated, but never joined.In a speech given at the reopening of the university following the 1929 riots Magnes was heckled by members of the audience for speaking of the need for Jews and Arabs to find ways to live and work together. He was also attacked in the Jewish press.

Magnes and his family in the 1930s

In late 1937, Magnes welcomed the Hyamson-Newcombe proposal for the creation of an independent Palestinian state with all citizens having equal rights and each community having autonomy, writing that it offered the 'portals to an agreement' between Jews and Arabs in Palestine. This proposal was a document put together by leading a BritishArabist,ColonelStewart Newcombe,and prominent British Jewish binationalist,Albert M Hyamson.Magnes then tried to use the document to work with moderate Arabs towards an alternative to partition that was not tainted by official British endorsement, however this did not work out. Magnes's enthusiasm for the Newcombe-Hyamson proposal can be explained by his commitment to Arab-Jewish cooperation, a binational state and his acknowledgement of the importance of demographic balance for Arab negotiators.

When thePeel Commissionmade its 1937 recommendations about partition andpopulation transferfor Palestine, Magnes sounded the alarm:

With the permission of the Arabs we will be able to receive hundreds of thousands of persecuted Jews in Arab lands [...] Without the permission of the Arabs even the four hundred thousand [Jews] that now are in Palestine will remain in danger, in spite of the temporary protection of Britishbayonets.With partition a new Balkan is made [..]New York Times,July 18, 1937.

With increasing persecution of European Jews, the outbreak of World War II and continuing violence in Mandate Palestine, Magnes realized that his vision of a voluntary negotiated treaty between Arabs and Jews had become politically impossible. In an article in January 1942 inForeign Affairshe suggested a joint British-American initiative to prevent the division of Mandate Palestine. TheBiltmore Conferencein May that year caused Magnes and others to break from the Zionist mainstream's revised demand for a "Jewish Commonwealth".As a result, he andHenrietta Szoldfounded the small,binationalistpolitical party,Ihud(Unity).

Martin Buber(left) and Judah Leon Magnes testifying before theAnglo-American Committee of Inquiryin Jerusalem (1946)

Magnes opposed thePartition plan.He submitted 11 objections to partition to theUnited Nations Special Committee on Palestine.

By mid-1948, when theconflictbetween the Jews and Arabs of Palestine was in full swing, Magnes was pessimistic, and feared an Arab victory due to the Arabs' overwhelming numerical superiority. Magnes expressed the hope that if a Jewish state were declared, the United States would impose economic sanctions, saying that there could be no war without money or ammunition. During a conversation withGeorge Marshallon May 4, 1948, he asked the US to impose sanctions on both sides. Calling the Yishuv an "artificial community", he predicted that sanctions would halt "the Jewish war machine". He supported a March 1948US trusteeship proposal,in which the UN would freeze the partition decision and force both sides into a trusteeship with a temporary government ruling Palestine, until conditions suited another arrangement, in the hope that there would be understanding and peace talks would be possible. He predicted that even if a Jewish state was established and defeated the Arabs, it would experience a never-ending series of wars with the Arabs.

Magnes returned to the United States in April 1948 to participate in an anti-partition campaign. When he left, his position at Hebrew University was in jeopardy, as more staff moved against him due to his views. According to Israeli historianBenny Morris,theHadassah medical convoy massacreof April 13, 1948, was "in effect the final nail in the coffin of Magnes' binationalism. It was not that he publicly recanted. But he understood that it was a lost cause - and that his own standing in theYishuvhad been irreparably damaged. "At the funerals of the victims, eighteen staff members from Hebrew University signed a petition protesting Magnes' view. The campaign was led by ProfessorShimon Fritz Bodenheimer,who called Magnes a "traitor".

Following theIsraeli Declaration of Independence,Magnes ceased advocating binationalism, and accepted the existence of the state ofIsrael,telling one of his sons "do you think that in my heart I am not glad too that there is a state? I just did not think it was to be." On May 15, 1948, following the declaration of independence, he called Israeli presidentChaim Weizmannto express congratulations.During the1948 Arab-Israeli War,Magnes lobbied for an armistice, and proposed a plan for a federation between Israel and a Palestinian state which he called the "United States of Palestine", under which the two states would be independent, but operate joint foreign and defense policies, withJerusalemas the shared capital. He spoke with American, Israeli, and Arab officials, who expressed some interest in his plans. During the summer of 1948, he also began to lobby increasingly for a solution to thePalestinian refugeeproblem.

Magnes had been suffering from increasingly-poor health in 1948, and was already seriously ill when he left Palestine in April. On June 10, he suffered a stroke and had to be hospitalized for several weeks. Magnes died in New York of a heart attack on October 27, 1948, at the age of 71.Just before his death, he withdrew from the leadership ofAmerican Jewish Joint Distribution Committee,a welfare organization he had helped establish. The reason was that the AJJDC had not answered his plea for help for the Palestinian refugees: "How can I continue to be officially associated with an aid organization which apparently so easily can ignore such a huge and acute refugee problem?"

Yiddish vs. Hebrew

Magnes'YiddishandGerman-speaking father arrived in San Francisco in 1863 where he abandoned Yiddish.His mother was also German-speaking. Magnes grew up with English as his first language but his command of German was sufficient for his two years studying in Germany. In 1895 he heard Russian orator RabbiHirsch Maslianskylecture in Hebrew and this awoke his interest inmodern Hebrew.While in Germany he joined a group of young Zionists dedicated to learning Hebrew. He also made a determined effort to learn Yiddish which he put to good use when working with new immigrants in New York.Once in Palestine he studied and became fluent in French, the other major European language used in the Middle East. He also studied Arabic but never gained a command beyond formal exchanges.

Hebrew was the instructional language at the Hebrew University. In May 1927Martin Buber,a friend of Magnes',was invited to lecture at the university. When a group of students demanded that he lecture in Hebrew rather than German he refused and had to be persuaded by Magnes not to cancel his speech.The same year David Shapiro, the publisher of the New York Yiddish dailyDer Togannounced he would raise $50,000 for an endowed chair of Yiddish at the university. This provoked such a strong reaction, with posters around the city accusing the university of treason and demonstrators outside Magnes' house under the slogan "The chair of Jargon, the end of the university", that Magnes was forced to decline the offer. It was not until 1949 that the university had a chair in Yiddish with David Sedan as its first lecturer.

Magnes could speak Hebrew eloquently on great occasions, but it was with an American accent and in a literary style. He was more comfortable with English. In New York he had been capable of moving large audiences with his public speaking, such as his 1915 fundraiser for the Joint Distribution Committee at the Carnegie Hall, or the Madison Square Gardens anti-war rally in 1917; but in Palestine, where Hebrew was insisted on at public gatherings, he was not able to have the same impact.

Legacy

Memorializing his passing, theUnion of American Hebrew Congregationswrote of Magnes that he was:

...One of the most distinguished rabbis of our age, a son of theHebrew Union College,a former rabbi of Temple Emanu-El, New York, the founder and first chancellor of theHebrew University,the leader of the movement for good will between Jews and Arabs inPalestine,a man of prophetic stature by whose life and works the traditions of the rabbinate, as well as the spiritual traditions of all mankind were enriched.

TheJudah L. Magnes Museum,in Berkeley, California, the first Jewish Museum of the West, was named in Magnes' honor, and the museum'sWestern Jewish History Centerhas a large collection of papers, correspondence, publications, and photographs of Judah Magnes and members of his family. It also contains the conference proceedings of The Life and Legacy of Judah L. Magnes, an International Symposium that the museum sponsored, in 1982.

The main avenue in Hebrew University'sGivat Ramcampus is named after Magnes, and so is their publishing press theMagnes Press.

See also

• Martin Buber,Ernst Simon
• Brit Shalom
• Binational solution
• Ihud

Works

• Aknin, Joseph ben Judah.(Editor), Berlin, 1904.
• The Jewish Community of New York City.New York: n.p., 1909.
• Report to the Joint Distribution Committee.Berlin: Commission of the American Jewish Relief Funds, 1917.
• Russia and Germany at Brest-Litovsk: A Documentary History of the Peace Negotiations.New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1919.
• Amnesty for Political Prisoners: Address Delivered in Washington, D.C. on April 17, 1919.New York: National Civil Liberties Bureau, n.d. [1919].
• War-time Addresses, 1917–1921.New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923.
• Like All the Nations?Jerusalem, 1930.
• Addresses by the Chancellor of the Hebrew University.Jerusalem: Azriel Press, 1936.
• The Bond.Two letters toGandhiwithMartin Buber.Rubin Mass, Jerusalem, April, 1939.
• Addresses by the Chancellor of the Hebrew University.Jerusalem, 1946.
• In the Perplexity of the Times.Jerusalem, 1946.
• Palestine — Divided or United? The Case for a Bi-National Palestine before the United Nations.With M. Reiner; Lord Samuel; E. Simon; M. Smilansky. Jerusalem: Ihud, 1947.
• Arab-Jewish Unity: Testimony before the Anglo-American Inquiry Commission for Ihud (Union) Association.With Martin Buber. London: Victod Gollancz. 1947.
• Towards Union in Palestine, Essays on Zionism and Jewish-Arab Cooperation.With M. Buber, E. Simon. Ihud, Jerusalem, 1947.

Further reading

• Arthur A. Goren(ed.),Dissenter in Zion: From the Writings of Judah L. Magnes.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
• Norman Bentwich,For Zion's Sake. A Biography of Judah L. Magnes. First Chancellor and First President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia. 1954.
• William M. Brinner andMoses Rischin,Like All the Nations?: The Life and Legacy of Judah L. Magnes.Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1987.
• Ben-Dror, Elad, The Mediator: Ralph Bunche and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1947-1949 (Ben Gurion Institute, 2012)
• Kotzin, Daniel P.:Judah L. Magnes: An American Jewish Nonconformist.Syracuse University Press, 2010.
• David Barak-Gorodetsky,Judah Magnes: The Prophetic Politics of a Religious Binationalist.Jewish Publication Society & University of Nebraska Press, 2021.

External links

• Judah L. Magnes Museum
• Jewish-American Hall of Fame: Judah L. Magnes (1877–1948)
• Memorial Resolution for Rabbi Judah Leon Magnes
• History of Brit ShalomArchived2011-07-09 at theWayback Machine
• Britannica
• Jewish Virtual Library
• Magnes Press