Kaiju(Japanese:Quái thú,Hepburn:Kaijū,lit. 'Strange Beast';Japanese pronunciation:[kai(d)ʑɯː])is a Japanese term that is commonly associated with media involving giant monsters. A subgenre ofscience fiction,it was created byEiji TsuburayaandIshirō Honda.[1]The term can also refer to the giant monsters themselves, which are usually depicted attacking major cities and battling either the military or other monsters.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gojira_1954_poster_3.jpg/220px-Gojira_1954_poster_3.jpg)
Director Ishirō Honda andtokusatsudirector Eiji Tsuburaya's 1954 filmGodzillais often regarded as the firstkaijufilm.Kaijucharacters are often somewhat metaphorical in nature;Godzilla,for example, serves as a metaphor fornuclear weapons,reflecting the fears ofpost-war Japanfollowing theatomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiand theLucky Dragon 5incident. Other notable examples ofkaijucharacters includeKing Kong,Rodan,Mothra,King Ghidorah,andGamera.Directors Ishirō Honda and Eiji Tsuburaya drew inspiration from the character ofKing Kong,both in its influential1933film and in the conception of a giant monster, establishing it as a pivotal precursor in the evolution of the genre.[2]
Origin
editThe Japanese wordkaijūoriginally referred to monsters and creatures from ancient Japanese legends;[3]it earlier appeared in the ChineseClassic of Mountains and Seas.[4][5]There are no traditional depictions ofkaijūorkaijū-like creatures among theyōkaiofJapanese folklore,[6]although it is possible to findmegafauna in their mythology(e.g.,Japanese dragons). Aftersakokuended and Japan wasopened to foreign relationsin the mid-19th century, the termkaijūcame to be used to express concepts frompaleontologyandlegendary creaturesfrom around the world. For example, the extinctCeratosaurus-like cryptid featured inThe Monster of "Partridge Creek"(1908) by French writerGeorges Dupuy[7]was referred to askaijū.[8]It is worthy to note that in theMeiji era,Jules Verne’s works were introduced to the Japanese public, achieving great success around 1890.[9]
Genre elements were present at the end ofWinsor McCay's 1921 animated shortThe Petin which a mysterious giant animal starts destroying the city, until it is countered by a massiveairstrike.It was based on a 1905 episode of McCay's comic strip seriesDreams of the Rarebit Fiend.[10]
The 1925 filmThe Lost World(adapted fromArthur Conan Doyle's 1912novel of the same name), featured many dinosaurs, including abrontosaurusthat breaks loose in London and destroysTower Bridge.The dinosaurs ofThe Lost Worldwere animated by pioneeringstop motiontechniques byWillis H. O'Brien,who would some years later animate the giant gorilla-like creature breaking loose in New York City, for the 1933 filmKing Kong(1933). The enormous success ofKing Kongcan be seen as the definitive breakthrough ofmonster movies.This influential achievement of King Kong paved the way for the emergence of the giant monster genre, serving as a blueprint for future kaiju productions. Its success reverberated in the film industry, leaving a lasting impact and solidifying the figure of the giant monster as an essential component in genre cinematography.[2]RKO Pictureslater licensed the King Kong character to the Japanese studioToho,resulting in the co-productionsKing Kong vs. Godzilla(1962) andKing Kong Escapes(1967), both directed byIshirō Honda.
Yoshirō EdamasadirectedThe Great Buddha Arrivalin 1934. Although the original film is now lost, stills of the film have survived, and it is one of the earliest examples of akaijufilm in Japanese cinematic history.[11]The 1934 film presumably influenced the production of theUltramanfranchise.[12]
In 1942Fleischer StudiosreleasedThe Arctic Giant,the fourth of seventeen animated short films based upon theDC ComicscharacterSuperman,in which he has to stop a giant dinosaur from attacking the city of Metropolis.
Ray Bradbury's short story "The Fog Horn"(1951) served as the basis forThe Beast from 20,000 Fathoms(1953), featuring afictional dinosaur(animated byRay Harryhausen), which is released from its frozen, hibernating state by anatomic bombtest within theArctic Circle.The American movie was released in Japan in 1954 under the titleThe Atomic Kaiju Appears,marking the first use of the genre's name in a film title.[13]However,Godzilla,released in 1954, is commonly regarded as the first Japanesekaijufilm.Tomoyuki Tanaka,a producer forTohoStudios in Tokyo, needed a film to release after his previous project was halted. Seeing how well the Hollywood giant monster movie genre filmsKing Kong(1933) andThe Beast from 20,000 Fathoms(1953) had done in Japanese box offices, and himself a fan of these films, he set out to make a new movie based on them and createdGodzilla.[14]Tanaka aimed to combine Hollywood giant monster movies with the re-emerged Japanese fears ofatomic weaponsthat arose from theDaigo Fukuryū Marufishing boat incident; and so he put a team together and created the concept of a giant radioactive creature emerging from the depths of the ocean, a creature that would become the monster Godzilla.[15]Godzillainitially had commercial success in Japan, inspiring otherkaijumovies.[16]
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King Kong(1933) was a major influence on the Japanesekaijugenre.
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The Arctic Giant(1942) is one of pioneering productions to depictGodzilla-esque characters to attack a modern civilization.[17]
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TheGamerafranchise played a significant role in forming kaiju genre along with theGodzillafranchise.
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The Great Buddha Arrival(1934), which potentially inspiredUltraman,[12]was one of the earliest kaiju films in Japan along withWasei Kingu Kongu(1933) andThe King Kong That Appeared in Edo(1938).[11]
Terminology
editThe termkaijūtranslates literally as "strange beast".[18]Kaijucan beantagonistic,protagonistic,or a neutralforce of nature,but are more specifically preternatural creatures of divine power. They are not merely "big animals".Godzilla,for example, from its first appearance in the initial 1954 entry in theGodzillafranchise,has manifest all of these aspects. Other examples ofkaijuincludeRodan,Mothra,King Ghidorah,Anguirus,King Kong,Gamera,Daimajin,Gappa,Guilala,andYonggary.There are also subcategories includingMechaKaiju(Meka-Kaijū), featuring mechanical orcyberneticcharacters, includingMoguera,Mechani-Kong,Mechagodzilla,andGigan,which are an offshoot ofkaiju.Likewise, the collective subcategoryUltra-Kaiju(Urutora-Kaijū) is a separate strata ofkaijūthat specifically originate in the long-runningUltra Seriesfranchise but can also be referred to simply bykaijū.As anoun,kaijūis aninvariant,as both the singular and the plural expressions are identical.[citation needed]
Kaijin
edit(Quái nhânlit. "Strange person" ) refers to distorted human beings or humanoid-like creatures. The origin ofkaijingoes back to the early 20th Century Japanese literature, starting withEdogawa Rampo's 1936 novel,The Fiend with Twenty Faces.The story introduced Edogawa's master detective,Kogoro Akechi's arch-nemesis, the eponymous "Fiend", a mysterious master of disguise, whose real face was unknown; theMoriartyto Akechi'sSherlock.Catching the public's imagination, many such literary and movie (and later television) villains took on the mantle ofkaijin.To be clear,kaijinis not an offshoot ofkaiju.The first-ever kaijin that appeared on film wasThe Great Buddha Arrivala lost film, made in 1934. After thePacific War,the term was modernized when it was adopted to describe the bizarre, genetically engineered andcyberneticallyenhanced evil humanoid spawn conceived for theKamen Rider Seriesin 1971. This created a new splinter of the term, which quickly propagated through the popularity of superhero programs produced from the 1970s, forward. Thesekaijinpossess rational thought and the power of speech, as do human beings. A successivekaijinmenagerie, in diverse iterations, appeared over numerous series, most notably theSuper Sentaiprograms premiering in 1975 (later carried over intoSuper Sentai's English iteration asPower Rangersin the 1990s).
This created yet another splinter, as thekaijinofSuper Sentaihave since evolved to feature unique forms and attributes (e.g.,gigantism), existing somewhere betweenkaijinandkaiju.[citation needed]
Daikaiju
editDaikaijū(Đại quái thú) literally translates as "giantkaiju"or" greatkaiju".This hyperbolic term was used to denote greatness of the subjectkaiju,the prefixdai-emphasizing great size, power, and/or status. The first known appearance of the termdaikaijuin the 20th Century was in the publicity materials for the original 1954 release ofGodzilla.Specifically, in the subtitle on the original movie poster,Suibaku Daikaiju Eiga(Thủy bạo đại quái thú ánh họa), lit. "H-Bomb Giant Monster Movie".[citation needed]Gamera, the Giant Monster,the first film of theGamerafranchise in 1965, also utilized the term where the Japanese title of the film isDaikaijū Gamera(Đại quái thú ガメラ).
Seijin
editSeijin(Tinh nhânlit. "star people" ), appears within Japanese words for extraterrestrial aliens, such asKaseijin(Hỏa tinh nhân), which means "Martian".Aliens can also be calleduchūjin(Vũ trụ nhân) which means "spacemen". Among the best knownSeijinin the genre can be found in theUltra Series,such as Alien Baltan fromUltraman,a race of cicada-like aliens who have gone on to become one of the franchise's most enduring and recurring characters other than the Ultras themselves.[citation needed]
Tohohas produced a variety ofkaijufilms over the years (many of which feature Godzilla, Rodan, and Mothra), but other Japanese studios contributed to the genre by producing films and shows of their own:Daiei Film(Kadokawa Pictures),Tsuburaya Productions,andShochikuandNikkatsuStudios.[citation needed]
Monster techniques
editEiji Tsuburaya,who was in charge of the special effects forGodzilla,developed a technique to animate thekaijuthat became known colloquially as "suitmation".[19]Where Western monster movies often usedstop motionto animate the monsters, Tsubaraya decided to attempt to create suits, called "creature suits",for a human (suit actor) to wear and act in.[20]This was combined with the use of miniature models and scaled-down city sets to create the illusion of a giant creature in a city.[21]Due to the extreme stiffness of the latex or rubber suits, filming would often be done at double speed, so that when the film was shown, the monster was smoother and slower than in the original shot.[14]Kaijufilms also used a form ofpuppetryinterwoven between suitmation scenes for shots that were physically impossible for the suit actor to perform. From the 1998 release ofGodzilla,American-producedkaijufilms strayed from suitmation tocomputer-generated imagery(CGI). In Japan, CGI and stop-motion have been increasingly used for certain special sequences and monsters, but suitmation has been used for an overwhelming majority ofkaijufilms produced in Japan of all eras.[21][22]
Selected media
editFilms
editManga
edit- Cloverfield/Kishin(Kadokawa Shoten;2008)
- Godzillamanga(Toho,Shogakukan,Kodansha;1954–present)
- Go NagaiCreator of Kaijus
- Attack on Titan(Kodansha;2009–2021)
- Kaiju Girl Caramelise(2018)
- Neon Genesis Evangelion(Kadokawa Shoten;1994 – 2013)
- ULTRAMAN(Shogakukan;2011–present)
- Kaiju No. 8(Shueisha;2020–present)
Novels
edit- Nemesis SagabyJeremy Robinson(St Martins Press/Breakneck Media;2013–2016). A series of six novels featuring Nemesis, Karkinos, Typhon, Scylla, Drakon, Scryon, Giger, Lovecraft, Ashtaroth and Hyperion (Mechakaiju)
- The Kaiju Preservation Societyby John Scalzi (Tor; 2022).
Comics
edit- Godzillacomics(Toho,Marvel Comics,Dark Horse Comics,IDW;1976–present)
- Tokyo Storm Warning(Wildstorm;2003)
- Enormous(Image Comics;2012, 2014, 2021–present) as Future Released.
- The Kaiju Score(AfterShock;2020–present)
- The Stone King(ComiXologyOriginal; 2018–present)
- Dinosaurs Attack!(Topps Comics/IDW;1988, 2013)
- TheNemesis Sagacomics byJeremy RobinsonandMatt Frank(American Gothic Press/IDW Publishing;2015–2016)
Video games
edit- Godzillavideo games(Toho,Pipeworks,Bandai;1983–present)
- Ultramanvideo games(Tsuburaya;1984–present)
- GameraVideo games(Kadokawa of Games;1995–present as North American released)
- Time Gal(Taito;1985)
- Shadow of the Colossus(developed by SCE Japan Studio and Team Ico, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment, 2005)
- Shadow of the Colossus remake(developed by Bluepoint Games, and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment, 2018)
- King of the Monsters(SNK;1991)
- Rampage (1986)(formerly owned byMidway Gamesand now owned by its successorWarner Bros. Interactive Entertainment;2021)
- Dawn of the Monsters(Developed by13AM Gamesand published byWayForward,2022) as aspiritual successortoSNK's King of the Monsters
- Megaton Musashi(Developed byLevel-5,2021, 2022)
- Roarr! The Adventures of Rampage Rex – Jurassic Edition(Born Lucky Games,2018)
- Terror of Hemasaurus(Developed byLoren Lemckeand published byDigerati Distribution,2022, 2023)
- GigaBash(Passion Republic, 2022)
- Robot Alchemic Drive(Sandlot;2002)
- DEMOLITION ROBOTS K.K.(, 2020, 2021) –MechasA FormerDystopian Wars/Robot Killer.
- War of the Monsters(Sony,Incognito Entertainment;2003)
- Peter Jackson's King Kong(2005)
- Pacific Rimvideo game(Yuke's/Reliance;2013)
- City Shrouded in Shadow(Bandai Namco Entertainment;2017)
- Colossal Kaiju Combat(Sunstone Games;Cancelled)
- 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim(Sega,Atlus,Vanillaware,2019)
- Fight Crab(2020–21, – stage City rampage)
- DAIKAIJU DAIKESSEN(2019, 2021, 2024 OneSecretPseudo)
- Attack of the Giant Crab(2022)
- I am Titan(2024,Entity3)
Board games
edit- Godzilla Game
- Godzilla: Tokyo Clash
- Smash Up
- Monsterpocalypse
- King of Tokyo
- King of New York
- Monsters Menace America
- Smash City
- The Creature That Ate Sheboygan
- Campy Creatures
Television
edit- Marine Kong(Nisan Productions;April 3 – September 25, 1960)
- Ultra Series(Tsuburaya Productions;January 2, 1966–present)
- Ambassador Magma(P Productions;July 4, 1966 – September 25, 1967)
- The King Kong Show(Toei Animation;September 10, 1966 – August 31, 1969)
- Kaiju Booska(Tsuburaya Productions;November 9, 1966 – September 27, 1967)
- Captain Ultra(Toei Company;April 16 – September 24, 1967)
- Kaiju ouji(P Productions;October 2, 1967 – March 25, 1968)
- Giant Robo(Toei Company;October 11, 1967 – April 1, 1968)
- Giant Phantom Monster Agon(Nippon Television;January 2–8, 1968)
- Mighty Jack(Tsuburaya Productions;April 6 – June 29, 1968)
- Spectreman(P Productions;January 2, 1971 – March 25, 1972)
- Kamen Rider(Toei Company;April 3, 1971–present)
- Silver Kamen(Senkosha Productions;November 28, 1971 – May 21, 1972)
- Mirrorman(Tsuburaya Productions;December 5, 1971 – November 26, 1972)
- Redman(Tsuburaya Productions;April 3 – September 8, 1972)
- Thunder Mask(Nippon Television;October 3, 1972 – March 27, 1973)
- Ike! Godman(Toho Company;October 5, 1972 – April 10, 1973)
- Assault! Human!!(Toho Company;October 7 – December 30, 1972)
- Iron King(Senkosha Productions;October 8, 1972 – April 8, 1973)
- Jumborg Ace(Tsuburaya Productions;January 17 – December 29, 1973)
- Fireman(Tsuburaya Productions;January 17 – July 31, 1973)
- Demon Hunter Mitsurugi(International Television FilmsandFuji TV;January 8, 1973 – March 26, 1973)
- Zone Fighter(Toho Company;April 2 – September 24, 1973)
- Super Robot Red Baron(Nippon Television;July 4, 1973 – March 27, 1974)
- Kure Kure Takora(Toho Company;October 1, 1973 – September 27, 1974)
- Ike! Greenman(Toho Company;November 12, 1973 – September 27, 1974)
- Super Sentai(Toei CompanyandMarvel Comics(1979–1982); April 3, 1975–present)
- Daitetsujin 17(Toei Company;March 18, 1977 - November 11, 1977)
- Super Robot Mach Baron(Nippon Television;October 7, 1974 – March 31, 1975)
- Dinosaur War Izenborg(Tsuburaya Productions;October 17, 1977 – June 30, 1978)
- Spider-Man(Toei CompanyandMarvel Comics;May 17, 1978 – March 14, 1979)
- Godzilla(Hanna-Barbera;September 9, 1978 – December 8, 1979)
- Megaloman(Toho Company;May 7 – December 24, 1979)
- Metal Hero Series(Toei Company;March 5, 1982 - January 24, 1999)
- Godzilland(Toho Company;1992 – 1996)
- Gridman the Hyper Agent(Tsuburaya Productions;April 3, 1993 – January 8, 1994)
- Power Rangers(Saban EntertainmentandToei Company;August 28, 1993–present)
- Neon Genesis Evangelion(Gainax;October 4, 1995 – March 27, 1996)
- Godzilla Kingdom(Toho Company;October 1, 1996 – August 15, 1997)
- Godzilla Island(Toho Company;October 6, 1997 – September 30, 1998)
- Godzilla: The Series(Sony Pictures Television;September 12, 1998 – April 22, 2000)
- Godzilla TV(Toho Company;October 1999 – March 2000)
- Betterman(Sunrise;April 1, 1999 – September 30, 1999)
- Dai-Guard(Xebec;October 5, 1998 – March 28, 2000)
- Kong: The Animated Series(BKN;September 9, 2000 – March 26, 2001)
- Tekkōki Mikazuki(Media Factory;October 23, 2000 – March 24, 2001)
- SFX Giant Legend: Line(Independent;April 25 – May 26, 2003)
- Chouseishin Series(Toho Company;October 4, 2003 – June 24, 2006)
- Bio Planet WoO(Tsuburaya Productions;April 9 – August 13, 2006)
- Daimajin Kanon(Kadokawa Pictures;April 2 – October 1, 2010)
- SciFi Japan TV(ACTV Japan;August 10, 2012–present)
- Attack on Titan(Wit StudioandMAPPA;April 7, 2013 – scheduled)
- Kong: King of the Apes(Netflix;April 15, 2016 – May 4, 2018)
- Mech-X4(Disney XD;November 11, 2016 – August 20, 2018)
- Darling in the Franxx(Studio Trigger;January 13, 2018 – July 7, 2018)
- SSSS.Gridman(Tsuburaya ProductionsandStudio Trigger;October 7, 2018 – December 23, 2018)
- Godziban(Toho Company;August 9, 2019–present)
- I'm Home, Chibi Godzilla(Toho Company;July 15, 2020–present)
- Pacific Rim: The Black(Polygon Pictures;March 4, 2021 – April 19, 2022)
- Godzilla Singular Point(Toho Company;April 1, 2021 – June 24, 2021)
- SSSS.Dynazenon(Tsuburaya ProductionsandStudio Trigger;April 2, 2021 – June 18, 2021)
- Super Giant Robot Brothers(Reel FX Creative Studios,Assemblage Entertainment;Netflix;August 4, 2022 – present)
- Monarch: Legacy of Monsters(Legendary Television;Apple TV;2023–present)
- Skull Island(Legendary Television;Netflix;2023–Present)
- Gamera Rebirth(Kadokawa Studio;Netflix;2023–Present)
Other appearances
edit- Steven SpielbergcitedGodzillaas an inspiration forJurassic Park(1993), specificallyGodzilla, King of the Monsters!(1956), which he saw in his youth.[23]During its production, Spielberg describedGodzillaas "the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies because it made you believe it was really happening."[24]One scene in the second movie (The Lost World: Jurassic Park), the T-Rex is rampaging throughSan Diego.One scene shows Japanese businessmen fleeing. One of them states that they left Japan to get away from this, hinting that Godzilla shares the same universe as the Jurassic Park movies.Godzillaalso influenced the Spielberg filmJaws(1975).[25][26]
- The popularPokémonmedia franchise has been inspired bykaijuculture since its inception, and many of its monster designs are based onkaiju.[27]
- In the Japanese-language original of theCardcaptor Sakuraanime series,Sakura'sbrotherToyalikes to tease her by regularly calling her "kaiju",relating to her noisily coming down from her room for breakfast every morning.[28]
- The Polish cartoon TV seriesBolek and Lolekmakes a reference to thekaijufilm industry in the miniseries "Bolek and Lolek's Great Journey"by featuring a robot bird (similar toRodan) and a saurian monster (in reference toGodzilla) as part of a Japanese director's monster star repertoire.[citation needed]
- TheInspector Gadgetfilm had Robo-Gadget attacking San Francisco à lakaijumonsters. In addition, similar toThe Lost World,it shows a Japanese man while fleeing from Robo-Gadget declaring in his native tongue that he left Tokyo specifically to get away from this.
- Alternate versions of severalkaiju–Godzilla,Mothra,Gamera,King Ghidorah,andDaimajin– appear in theUsagi Yojimbo"Sumi-e"story arc.[29]
- In the second season ofStar Wars: The Clone Wars,there is a story arc composed of two episodes entitled "The Zillo Beast" and "The Zillo Beast Strikes Back", mostly influenced byGodzillafilms, in which a huge reptilian beast is transported from its homeworld Malastare to the city-covered planet Coruscant, where it breaks loose and goes on a rampage.[30][31]
- InReturn of the Jedi,therancorwas originally to be played by an actor in a suit similar to howkaijufilms likeGodzillawere made. However, the rancor was eventually portrayed by a puppet filmed in high speed.[32]
- TheSouth Parkepisode "Mecha-Streisand"features parodies of Mechagodzilla, Gamera, Ultraman, and Mothra.[33]
- Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theatersfeatures the "Insanoflex", a giant robot exercise machine rampaging downtown.[34]
- In the 2009 filmCrank: High Voltage,there is a sequence parodyingkaijufilms using the same practical effects techniques used for tokusatsu films such as miniatures and suitmation.[citation needed]
- The Japaneselight novelseriesGatemakes use of the termkaijuas a term for giant monsters – specifically an ancient Fire Dragon – in the Special Region. Also, one of the Japanese protagonists refers to theJSDF's tradition to fight such monsters in the films, as well as comparing said dragon withKing Ghidorahat one point.[35][36]
- Godzilla and Gamera had been referenced and appear many times throughout theDr. Slumpseries.[citation needed]
- InPenn Zero: Part-Time Hero,there is a dimension that is filled with giant monsters that live on one island where they co-exist with humans that live on a city island.[citation needed]
- In the "Sorcerous Stabber Orphen"serieskaijuare sent as a form of punishment for the breakage of everlasting laws of the world by the Goddesses of Fate.[37]
- Batholith the Summit Kaiju (Japanese: バソリス) is a mountain (kaiju) originating from "Summit Kaiju International", an American media company based in Denver, Colorado. Batholith was first introduced to Godzilla fan during G-Fest 2017, which is an annual convention devoted to the Godzilla film franchise. Batholith the Summit Kaiju has appeared in various print media, including Famous Monsters of Filmland "Ack-Ives: Godzilla Magazine, MyKaiju Godzilla Magazine MyKaiju Godzilla Magazine, Summit Kaiju online video series, and other online media related to the Godzilla andkaijugenre.
- In theNemesis Sagaseries of novels, Kaiju, also known as "Gestorumque", are genetic weapons sent by an alien race.
- Naoki Urasawa's 2013 one-shot manga "Kaiju Kingdom"follows a" kaijuotaku"in a world where kaiju actually exist.[38]
- In the 2019Vanillawarevideo game13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim,protagonists battle large mechanized aliens called Kaiju.[39]
- InJohn Scalzi's 2022 bookThe Kaiju Preservation Society,kaiju are a species of gigantic monsters that exist in a parallel earth accessible through radiation sources.
References
edit- ^Ryfle, Steve; Godziszewski, Ed (2017).Ishiro Honda: A Life in Film, from Godzilla to Kurosawa.Wesleyan University Press.p. xiii.ISBN9780819570871.
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- Newby, Richard (December 9, 2023)."20 Godzilla Monsters, Ranked From Best to Worst".The Hollywood Reporter.
- Del Palacio, Guillermo (April 6, 2015)."Top 25 best monster movies".IGN.
- Amiguet, Teresa (July 3, 2013)."King Kong, a bestial love".La Vanguardia.
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- Jiménez, Jesús (August 11, 2016)."The true story of Godzilla and his friends".RTVE.
- "Disney+ plans to produce a new" King Kong "series".El Espectador.August 24, 2022.
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- "Five kaiju movies you can watch on Netflix".Red Bull.May 30, 2019.
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- Rahman, Abid (December 3, 2023)."'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Trailer Sees Epic Kaiju Team Up ".The Hollywood Reporter.
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- ^Spencer Bollettieri, July 25, 2023,Superman Predicted DC's Godzilla Crossover Over 80 Years Ago,CBR
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- ^abAllison, Anne (2006)Snake Person Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination.Oakland: University of California Press
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External links
edit- Media related toKaijuat Wikimedia Commons