Wikipedia

Kashubian language

KashubianorCassubian(endonym:kaszëbsczi jãzëk,Polish:język kaszubski) is aWest Slaviclanguage[3]belonging to theLechiticsubgroup.[4][5]

Kashubian
kaszëbsczi
Pronunciation[kaˈʃɜpst͡ʃi ˈjãzɜk]
[kaˈʃɜpskɞ ˈmwɛva]
Native toPoland
RegionKashubia
EthnicityKashubians
Native speakers
87,600 (2021 census)[1]
Latin(Kashubian alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
Officially recognized as of 2005, as aregional language,in some communes ofPomeranian Voivodeship,Poland
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-2csb
ISO 639-3csb
Glottologkash1274
ELPKashubian
Linguasphere53-AAA-cb
Kashubian is classified as Definitely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger(2010)

InPoland,it has been an officially recognized ethnic-minority language since 2005.[6]Approximately 108,000 people use mainly Kashubian at home.[7][8]It is the only remnant of thePomeranian language.It is close to standard Polish with influence fromLow Germanand the extinctPolabian(West Slavic) andOld Prussian(West Baltic) languages.[9]

The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education.

Origin

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Kashubian is assumed to have evolved from the language spoken by some tribes ofPomeranianscalledKashubians,in the region ofPomerania,on the southern coast of theBaltic Seabetween theVistulaandOderrivers. It first began to evolve separately in the period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century as the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area began to divide based around important linguistic developments centred in the western (Kashubian) part of the area.[10]

In the 19th century,Florian Ceynowabecame Kashubian's first known activist. He undertook tremendous efforts to awaken Kashubian self-identity through the establishment of Kashubian language, customs, and traditions.[11]He felt strongly that Poles were born brothers and thatKashubiawas a separate nation.[12]

The Young Kashubian movement followed in 1912, led by author and doctorAleksander Majkowski,who wrote for the paper "Zrzësz Kaszëbskô" as part of the "Zrzëszincë" group. The group contributed significantly to the development of the Kashubian literary language.

The earliest printed documents in Polish with Kashubian elements date from the end of the 16th century. The modern orthography was first proposed in 1879.

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Many scholars and linguists debate whether Kashubian should be recognized as a Polish dialect or separate language. In terms of historical developmentLechiticWest Slavic language,but in terms of modern influence Polish is a prestige language.[13]Kashubian is closely related toSlovincian,while both of them are dialects ofPomeranian.Manylinguists,in Poland and elsewhere, consider it a divergent dialect ofPolish.Dialectal diversity is so great within Kashubian that a speaker of southern dialects has considerable difficulty in understanding a speaker of northern dialects. The spelling and the grammar of Polish words written in Kashubian, which is most of its vocabulary, is highly unusual, making it difficult for native Polish speakers to comprehend written text in Kashubian.[14]

Like Polish, Kashubian includes about 5%loanwordsfromGerman(such askùńszt"art" ). Unlike Polish, these are mostly fromLow Germanand only occasionally fromHigh German.[15]Other sources of loanwords include theBaltic languages.

Speakers

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Poland

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The number of speakers of Kashubian varies widely from source to source, ranging from as low as 4,500 to the upper 366,000. In the 2011 census, over 108,000[7][8]people in Poland declared that they mainly use Kashubian at home, of these only 10 percent consider Kashubian to be their mother tongue, with the rest considering themselves to be native speakers of both Kashubian and Polish.[16]The number of people who can speak at least some Kashubian is higher, around 366,000.[17][18][19]All Kashubian speakers are also fluent in Polish. A number of schools in Poland use Kashubian as a teaching language. It is an official alternative language for local administration purposes inGmina Sierakowice,Gmina Linia,Gmina Parchowo,Gmina LuzinoandGmina Żukowoin thePomeranian Voivodeship.Most respondents say that Kashubian is used in informal speech among family members and friends.[20]This is most likely because Polish is the official language and spoken in formal settings.

Americas

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During theKashubian diasporaof 1855–1900, 115,700 Kashubians emigrated toNorth America,with around 15,000 emigrating toBrazil.[21]Among the Polish community ofRenfrew County, Ontario,Kashubian is widely spoken to this day, despite the use of more formal Polish by parish priests.[22]InWinona, Minnesota,which Ramułt termed the "Kashubian Capital of America",[23]Kashubian was regarded as "poor Polish," as opposed to the "good Polish" of the parish priests and teaching sisters. Consequently, Kashubian failed to survive Polonization and died out shortly after the mid-20th century.[24]

Kashubian languagePomeranian Voivodeship,Poland (2011 census)

Literature

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Main article:Kashubian literature

Important for Kashubian literature wasXążeczka dlo KaszebovbyFlorian Ceynowa(1817–1881).[25]Hieronim Derdowski(1852–1902 inWinona, Minnesota) was another significant author who wrote in Kashubian, as wasAleksander Majkowski(1876–1938) fromKościerzyna,who wrote the Kashubian national epicThe Life and Adventures of Remus.Jan Trepczykwas a poet who wrote in Kashubian, as wasStanisław Pestka.Kashubian literature has been translated intoCzech,Polish,English,German,Belarusian,SloveneandFinnish.Aleksander Majkowski andAlojzy Nagelbelong to the most commonly translated Kashubian authors of the 20th century. A considerable body ofChristianliterature has been translated into Kashubian, including theNew Testament,much of it by Adam Ryszard Sikora (OFM).[26]Franciszek Grucza[27]graduated from a Catholic seminary inPelplin.He was the first priest to introduceCatholic liturgyin Kashubian.

Works

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The earliest recorded artifacts of Kashubian date back to the 15th century and include a book of spiritual psalms that were used to introduce Kashubian to the Lutheran church:

  • 1586Duchowne piesnie (Spiritual songs) D. Marcina Luthera y ynßich naboznich męzow. Zniemieckiego w Slawięsky ięzik wilozone Przes Szymana Krofea... w Gdainsku: przes Jacuba Rhode,Tetzner 1896: translated from pastorks.S. Krofeja,Słowińca (?) rodem z Dąbia.
  • 1643Mały Catechism (Little Catechism) D. Marciná Lutherá Niemiecko-Wándalski ábo Slowięski to jestá z Niemieckiego języká w Słowięski wystáwiony na jáwnosc wydan..., w Gdaińsku przes Jerzego Rhetá,Gdansk 1643. Pastor smołdziński ks. Mostnik, rodem ze Slupska.
  • Perykopy smołdzinskie (Smoldzinski Pericope),published by Friedhelm Hinze, Berlin (East), 1967
  • Śpiewnik starokaszubski (Old Kashubian songbook),published by Friedhelm Hinze, Berlin (East), 1967

Education

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Throughout the communist period in Poland (1948-1989), Kashubian greatly suffered in education and social status. Kashubian was represented as folklore and prevented from being taught in schools. Following the collapse of communism, attitudes on the status of Kashubian have been gradually changing.[28]It has been included in the program of school education inKashubiaalthough not as a language of teaching or as a required subject for every child, but as a foreign language taught 3 hours per week at parents' explicit request. Since 1991, it is estimated that there have been around 17,000 students in over 400 schools who have learned Kashubian.[29]Kashubian has some limited usage on public radio and had on public television. Since 2005, Kashubian has enjoyed legal protection in Poland as an officialregional language.It is the only language in Poland with that status, which was granted by theAct of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Languageof thePolish Parliament.[30]The act provides for its use in official contexts in ten communes in which speakers are at least 20% of the population.[31]The recognition means that heavily populated Kashubian localities have been able to have road signs and other amenities with Polish and Kashubian translations on them.

Dialects

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Kashubian dialects area in the early 20th century

Friedrich Lorentzwrote in the early 20th century that there were three main Kashubian dialects. These include the

  • Northern Kashubian dialect
  • Middle Kashubian dialect
  • Southern Kashubian dialect

Other researches would argue that each tiny region of theKaszubyhas its own dialect, as inDialects and Slang of Poland:[32]

  • Bylacki dialect
  • Slowinski dialect
  • Kabatkow dialect
  • Zaborski dialect
  • Tucholski and Krajniacki dialect (although both dialects would be considered a transitional form of the Wielkopolski dialect and are included as official Wielkopolskie dialects)

Phonology

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Thephonologicalsystem of theKashubian languageis similar in many ways to those of otherSlavic languages.It is famous forKaszëbienié (Kashubization)and has a largevowelinventory, with 9 oral vowels and 2 nasal vowels.

Vowel length

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Friedrich Lorentzargued that northern dialects had contrastive vowel length, but later studies showed that any phonemic length distinctions had disappeared by 1900. Any other vowel length is used for expressive purposes or is the result of syllable stress.[33]All traces of vowel length can now be seen in vowel alterations.[34]

Syllable stress

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Kashubian features free placement ofstress,and in some cases, mobile stress, and in northern dialects, unstressed syllables can result invowel reduction.[35]An archaic word final stress is preserved in some two-syllable adjectives, adverbs, and regularly in thecomparative degreeof adverbs, in some infinitives and present and past tense forms, some nouns ending in-ô,indiminutives.ending in-ik/-yk,nouns formed with-cand-k,and some prepositional phrases with pronouns.[35][36]

Stress mobility can be observed in nouns, where in the singular the stress is initial, but in the plural it's on the final syllable of the stem, i.e.k'òlanobutkòl'anami,and in some verb forms, i.e.k'ùpivskùp'ita.Some dialects have mergedëwithe,making the distinction contrastive. Most of this mobility is limited to morphology and stress has largely stabilized in Kashubian.[35]

Northern and central dialects show a much more limited mobility, as northern dialects show stabilization on initial stress, and central shows constant distance between the stressed syllable and the initial syllable of the word.[37]Procliticssuch as prepositions, pronouns, and grammatical particles such asniémay take initial stress.[38][36]

Eastern groups place accents on the penultimate syllable.[39]

The difference between southern and northern dialects dates as far back as the 14th—15th century and is the result of changes to theProto-Slavic vowel length system.

Phonological processes from Proto-Slavic

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  1. Retention of softness before-ar-:Kashubianczwiôrtkvs Polishczwartek[40]
  2. Proto-Slavic*-ъl-/*-ьl-->-ôł-:Kashubiankôłbasavs Polishkiełbasa
    1. This change is somewhat archaic or lexicalized, appearing more in the North.[40]
  3. TelT -> TłoT: Kashubianmłocvs Polishmleć[41][42]
  4. Retention of TarT, especially in the North: Kashubianbardówkavs Polishbrodawka[43]
    1. This feature is not regular and is somewhat archaic, even giving rise to archaizing neologisms such as Kashubianbarń(from Kashubianbróń).
  5. Labialization of initialo-:Kashubianòwcavs Polishowca[39]
  6. So-calledKaszëbienié (Kashubization),Proto-Slavic softt/d/s/zinitially tot͡ɕ,d͡ʑ,ɕ,ʑand finally tot͡s,d͡z,s,z:Kashubiancëchòvs Polishcicho,Kashubianchòdzëcvs Polishchodzić,Kashubianswiatvs Polishświat,Kashubianzëmavs Polishzima[39][44][45][46][47]
    1. This process occurred differently in the West, where soft ć/dź went to t/d[39]
  7. Initialra-->re-andja-->je-,however modern forms usually retain-a-Kashubianredłovs Polishradło,Kashubianjerzmòvs Polishjarzmo[48]
  8. Irregular change of-ar-->-er-,Kashubianżerlëalongside Kashubianżarła(from Kashubianżréc), vs Polishżarła(from Polishżreć).[48]
  9. Regional retention of medial-t-in the word Kashubiansétmë( "seven" ) vs Polishsiedem(compare Masurian Polishsziétém).[48]
  10. Loss of mobileethrough analysis of declined forms: Kashubiandómk(genitive singular Kashubiandómkù) vs Polishdomek(genitive singular Polishdomku,Kashubianmatk(genitive plural of Kashubianmatka) vs Polishmatek(genitive plural of Polishmatka)[49]
  11. Anablautofe:'oafter a soft consonant but before hard dentals: Kashubianwiezc(first person present singular Kashubianwiozã) vs Polishwieźć(first person present singular Polishwiozę).[46]
    1. This ablaut may occur also through analogy, i.e. Kashubianwiozlë(past virile l form of Kashubianwiezc), vs Polishwieźli.[46]
  12. Proto-Slavicř-> rzr̝:Kashubianmòrzevs Polishmorze(where rz in Polish is pronouncd as a fricativeʐ[50]
  13. -dz-->-z-:Kashubiancëzyvs Polishcudzy[50][51]
    1. This feature is chiefly Northern, and often forms with-dz-dominate.[50]
  14. Lengthening (now a qualitative change) vowels of word-final closed syllables ending with an etymologically voiced consonant: Kashubianbóg(genitive singular Kashubianbogavs Polishbóg(genitive singular Polishboga,Kashubianmiałabut Kashubianmiôł(past feminine and masculine l-forms of Kashubianmiec) vs Polishmiała/Polishmiał,Kashubianpana(genitive singular of Kashubianpón) vs Polishpana/Polishpan,Kashubiangniewu(genitive singular of Kashubiangniéw) vs Polishgniewu(genitive singular of Polishgniew), Kashubiandëmù(genitive singular of Kashubiandim) vs Polishdymu(genitive singular of Polishdym), Kashubiancëdu(genitive singular of Kashubiancud) vs Polishcudu(genitive singular of Polishcud). CompareOld Polish phonology.[50]
  15. Proto-Slavic*ę-> Early Kashubianį->i:Kashubianwzycvs Polishwziąć[52]
    1. This change was also effected by the change causingi:ëablaut
  16. As a result ofKaszëbienié,shorti->ëafters, z, c, dz:Kashubiancëchò, chòdzëc, sëwi, zëmavs Polishcicho, chodzić, siwy, zima[52]
  17. Shorty/iafter hard consonants ->ë:Kashubianbëc, lëpa, przëscvs Polishbyć, lipa, prząść[53]
  18. Softk/g->cz/dżor sometimesć/dź:Kashubianczedëvs Polishkiedy,Kashubiannodżi(genitive singular or nominative/accusative plural of Kashubiannoga) vs Polishnogi(genitive singular or nominative/accusative plural of Polishnoga)[54][55]
  19. Bëlaczeniéin northern dialects, i.e.ł->l:Kashubianjaskùlëczkavs Polishjaskółeczka[54]
  20. Hardening ofń->nis southern Kashubian: Kashubiankónsczi(usually Kashubiankóńsczi) vs Polishkoński[56]
  21. Dissimilationof some consonant cluster such askt->chtorsrz/zrz->strz/zdrz:Kashubianchtovs Polishktoand Kashubianstrzoda, zdrzódłovs Polishśroda, źródło.[57]
  22. Reduction of some consonant clusters, especially in frequent words: Kashubianpierszi, barovs Polishpierwszy, bardzo[58]
  23. Prothesis,particularly the insertion ofj-before word initiali-:Kashubianjistniecvs Polishistnieć[59]
    1. Regional insertion ofh-before word initiala-:Kashubian(h)arfavs Polisharfa[60]

Vowels

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Kashubian vowel phonemes[61][62]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i u
Close-mid e ə o
Open-mid ɛ ɞ ɔ
Open a
  • The exact phonetic realization of the close-mid vowels/e,o/depends on the dialect.[63]
  • Apart from these, there are also nasal vowels/ã,õ/.Their exact phonetic realization depends on the dialect.[64]
  • /ɔ,u/diphthongize to/wɛ/,/wu/afterp,b,k,g,andch.[65]

Consonants

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Kashubian has simple consonants with a secondary articulation along with complex ones with secondary articulation.

Kashubian consonant phonemes[66][67]
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate voiceless ts tʃ (tɕ)
voiced dz dʒ (dʑ)
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ (ɕ) x
voiced v z ʒ (ʑ)
trill (r̝)
Approximant l j w
Trill r
  • /tʃ,dʒ,ʃ,ʒ/arepalato-alveolar.[66]
  • /ɲ,tɕ,dʑ,ɕ,ʑ/arealveolo-palatal;the last four appear only in some dialects.[which?][68]
  • The fricative trill/r̝/is now used only by some northern and northeastern speakers; other speakers realize it as flat postalveolar[ʐ].[69]
  • The labialized velar central approximant/w/is realized as a velarized denti-alveolar lateral approximant[ɫ̪]by older speakers of southeastern dialects.[70]

Voicing and devoicing

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Kashubian features the same system of voicing assimilation asstandard Polish.[71][72]

Vocabulary

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German has been the source for most loanwords in Kashubian, with an estimated 5% of the vocabulary, as opposed to 3% in Polish.[73]

Kashubian, like other Slavic languages, has a rich system of derivational morphology, with prefixes, suffixes, deverbals, compounds, among others.[74]

Grammar

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Main article:Kashubian grammar

Orthography

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Kashubian alphabet

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Upper case Lower case Name of letters[2] Pronunciation
A a a [a]
Ą ą ą [õ],[ũ]
à ã ã [ã],[ɛ̃](Puck County,Wejherowo County)
B b bé [b]
C c cé [ts]
D d dé [d]
E e e [ɛ]
É é é [e],[ɨj]in some dialects,[ɨ]at the end of a word,[i]/[ɨ]fromPucktoKartuzy
Ë ë szwa [ə]
F f éf [f]
G g gé [ɡ]
H h ha [x]
I I i [i]
J j jot [j]
K k ka [k]
L l él [l]
Ł ł éł [w],[l]
M m ém [m]
N n én [n]
Ń ń éń [ɲ],[n]
O o o [ɔ]
Ò ò ò [wɛ]
Ó ó ó [o],[u](southern dialects)
Ô ô ô [ɞ],[ɛ](western dialects),[ɔ](Wejherowo County),[o]/[u](southern dialects)

[œ], [ø] (northern dialects)

P p pé [p]
R r ér [r]
S s és [s]
T t té [t]
U u u [u]
Ù ù ù [wʉ]
W w wé [v]
Y y igrek [i]
Z z zet [z]
Ż ż żet [ʒ],[ʑ]

The followingdigraphsandtrigraphsare used:

Digraph Phonemic value(s)
ch /x/
cz /tʃ/,/tɕ/
dz /dz/(/ts/)
dż /dʒ/,/dʑ/(/tʃ/,/tɕ/)
rz /ʐ/~/r̝/(/ʂ/)
sz /ʃ/,/ɕ/

Sample text

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Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsin Kashubian:

Wszëtczi lëdze rodzą sã wòlny ë równy w swòji czëstnoce ë swòjich prawach. Mają òni dostóne rozëm ë sëmienié ë nôlégô jima pòstãpòwac wobec drëdzich w dëchù bracënotë.

Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsin English:[75]

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
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  • Percentage of people that speak Kashubian at home (2002)
  • Two bilingual signs inGarczinKashubiawith the Polish name above and the Kashubian name below
  • Bilingual sign in Polish and Kashubian in Pogórze,Puck County,Poland, on road fromGdyniatoRewa
  • Page of Stefan Ramułt Pomeranian (Kashubian language) Dictionary 1893
  • Map showing regions in Poland where Kashubian is recognized as a regional language (orange) and where it could qualify in the upcoming years (yellow)
  • Church of the Pater Noster, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem. Lord's Prayer in Kashubian

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^"Wstępne wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2021 w zakresie struktury narodowo-etnicznej oraz języka kontaktów domowych"[Report of results: National Census of Population and Housing, 2021.](PDF).Central Statistical Office of Poland(in Polish). 2023.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2023-06-03.Retrieved2023-05-21.
  2. ^European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
  3. ^"Ustawa z dnia 6 stycznia 2005 r. O mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym"[Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language].Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych(in Polish).Archivedfrom the original on 2023-06-11.
  4. ^"Lekhitic languages".Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-06-10.Retrieved2023-08-08.
  5. ^Stephen Barbour, Cathie Carmichael,Language and Nationalism in Europe,Oxford University Press, 2000, p.199,ISBN0-19-823671-9
  6. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-09-04.Retrieved2015-01-19.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)Ministry of Interior of Poland[dead link]
  7. ^ab"Kaszubi w statystyce (cz. III), Tabela 3. (Table 3.)"(PDF)(in Polish). p. 7/10. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-12-31.Retrieved2016-01-03.
  8. ^abŁ.G. (2012-07-26)."GUS podaje: ponad 100 tys. osób mówi po kaszubsku".Kaszubi.pl.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-08-26.Retrieved2012-08-01.
  9. ^Gerald Stone (1998). "Cassubian". In Glanville Price (ed.).Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe.Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 49–50.ISBN0-631-19286-7.
  10. ^Topolinska, Zuzanna (1974).A historical phonology of the Kashubian dialects of Polish.The Hague: Mouton. p. 48.
  11. ^Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996).Historical Dictionary of Poland.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 62.ISBN0-313-26007-9.
  12. ^Chwalba, Andrzej.Historia Polski 1795-1918.p. 439.
  13. ^Barbour, Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie, eds. (2002).Language and nationalism in Europe(Repr. ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 199.ISBN978-0199250851.
  14. ^Biuletin Radzëznë Kaszëbsczégò Jazëka rok 2007, Gduńsk.Archived2016-01-29 at theWayback MachineBibiografiô.
  15. ^Anna Gliszczyńska. Germanizmy leksykalne południowej kaszubszczyzny (Na materiale książki Bolesława Jażdżewskiego Wspomnienia kaszubskiego "gbura" ). "LingVaria". 1 (3), s. 79–89, 2007. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński.ISSN1896-2122.
  16. ^Toops, Gary H. (1 January 2007). "Review of Das Kaschubische: Sprachtod oder Revitalisierung? Empirische Studien zur ethnolinguistischen Vitalität einer Sprachminderheit in Polen. Slavistische Beiträge, 452, Marlena Porębska".Canadian Slavonic Papers.49(1/2): 160–162.JSTOR40871191.
  17. ^"Polen-Analysen. Die Kaschuben"(PDF).Länder-Analysen(in German). Polen NR. 95: 10–13. September 2011.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2022-08-29.Retrieved2018-04-26.
  18. ^"The Kashubs Today: Culture-Language-Identity"(PDF).2007. pp. 8–9. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-03-04.Retrieved2016-01-03.
  19. ^"Acta Cassubiana. Vol. XVII (map on p. 122)".Instytut Kaszubski.2015.Archivedfrom the original on 10 February 2018.Retrieved9 February2018.
  20. ^Stanulewicz, Danuta (2010)."The Use of the Kashubian Language from the Perspective of Young People Aged 16–19: Settings and Participants".Archived fromthe originalon June 2, 2016.RetrievedApril 21,2016.
  21. ^Ramułt, Stefan (1899).Statystyka ludności kaszubskiej.Krakow. p. 243.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^Blank, Joshua C. (2016).Creating Kashubia: History, Memory and Identity in Canada's First Polish Community.McGill-Queen's University Press.ISBN9780773547209.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-12-12.Retrieved2019-12-12.
  23. ^"Kashubian Capital of America".bambenek.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-09.Retrieved2023-08-08.
  24. ^Stolpa, James (2005)."A Congregational History of Saint Stan's".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-09.Retrieved2017-08-08.
  25. ^Treder, Jerzy."Piotr Preis, Izmail Sreznevskii, and Kashubia"(PDF).src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2023-08-10.Retrieved2023-08-08.
  26. ^"o. prof. dr hab. Adam Sikora OFM - Franciszkanie".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-23.Retrieved2011-03-15.
  27. ^Peter Hauptmann, Günther Schulz, Kirche im Osten: Studien zur osteuropäischen Kirchengeschichte und Kirchenkunde, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000, pp.44ff,ISBN3-525-56393-0[1]Archived2023-03-26 at theWayback Machine
  28. ^"The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 2003-03-20.Retrieved2014-10-21.
  29. ^"język kaszubski | pl.languagesindanger.eu".pl.languagesindanger.eu.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-06-02.Retrieved2016-05-02.
  30. ^RP, Kancelaria Sejmu."Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych".Archivedfrom the original on 2012-01-18.Retrieved2013-12-17.
  31. ^G. Stone: Slav outposts in Central European history: the Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs, London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2016, p. 348
  32. ^Dubisz, Stanisław (1995).Dialekty i gwary polskie.Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. pp. 67–70.ISBN978-8321409894.
  33. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 19.
  34. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 61.
  35. ^abcBreza & Treder 1981,pp. 20.
  36. ^abMakùrôt 2016,pp. 38.
  37. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 20–21.
  38. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 21.
  39. ^abcdBreza & Treder 1981,pp. 24.
  40. ^abBreza & Treder 1981,pp. 22.
  41. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 23.
  42. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 37.
  43. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 23–24.
  44. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 30.
  45. ^Treder, Jerzy (2010). Małgorzata Klinkosz (ed.).Kaszubienie[Kashubization] (in Polish).ISBN978-83-62844-10-4.Archivedfrom the original on January 30, 2024.{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help)
  46. ^abcBreza & Treder 1981,pp. 26.
  47. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 29.
  48. ^abcBreza & Treder 1981,pp. 25.
  49. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 25–26.
  50. ^abcdBreza & Treder 1981,pp. 27.
  51. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 34–35.
  52. ^abBreza & Treder 1981,pp. 28.
  53. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 30.
  54. ^abBreza & Treder 1981,pp. 31.
  55. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 31.
  56. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 32.
  57. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 33–34.
  58. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 34.
  59. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 35–36.
  60. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 36.
  61. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 33.
  62. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 18.
  63. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 43.
  64. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 54–59.
  65. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 34.
  66. ^abBreza & Treder 1981,pp. 62.
  67. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 20–22.
  68. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 68.
  69. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 67.
  70. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 70.
  71. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 71.
  72. ^Makùrôt 2016,pp. 32–33.
  73. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 87.
  74. ^Breza & Treder 1981,pp. 88–89.
  75. ^"Universal Declaration of Human Rights".un.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-03-16.Retrieved2023-03-01.

Bibliography

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References

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  • Comrie, Bernard;Corbett, Greville. G. (2002). The Slavonic Languages. London: Routledge.ISBN0-415-28078-8
  • Blank, Joshua C.Creating Kashubia: History, Memory and Identity in Canada's First Polish Community.Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016.Archived2019-12-12 at theWayback Machine
  • Gyula Décsy,Die linguistische Struktur Europas, Vergangenheit — Gegenwart — Zukunft,Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1973
  • Friedhelm Hinze,Wörterbuch und Lautlehre der deutschen Lehnwörter im Pomoranischen (Kaschubischen),Berlin1965
  • Język kaszubski. Poradnik encyklopedyczny. ed. J. Treder, Rev. 2. corrected and expanded UG, Oficyna Czec,Gdańsk,2006
  • J. Borzyszkowski, J. Mordawski, J. Treder: Historia, geografia, język i piśmiennictwo Kaszubów; J. Bòrzëszkòwsczi, J. Mòrdawsczi, J. Tréder: Historia, geògrafia, jãzëk i pismienizna Kaszëbów, Wëdowizna M. Rôżok przë wespółrobòce z Institutã Kaszëbsczim, Gduńsk 1999, p. 128
  • Aleksander Labuda,Słowôrz kaszëbsko-polsczi. Słownik polsko-kaszubski,Gdańsk 1982
  • Friedrich Lorentz,Geschichte der Pomoranischen (Kaschubischen) Sprache,Berlin andLeipzig,1925
  • Nestor, N. & Hickey, T. (2009). Out of the Communist frying pan and into the EU fire? Exploring the case of Kashubian[3]Archived2017-10-11 at theWayback Machine.
  • Nomachi Motoki,On the recipient passive in the Kashubian Language: Annex to Milka Ivić's syntactic inventory for Slavonic dialectology[4]Archived2014-12-13 at theWayback Machine
  • Stefan Ramułt,Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego,Kraków,1893 i.e. "Dictionary of the Pomeranian (Seacoast) or Kashubian language" (Kraków,1893)
  • Stefan Ramułt,Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego.Scalił i znormalizowałJerzy Treder,Gdańsk, 2003
  • C. F. i F. N. Voegelin,Classification and Index of the World's Languages.Elsevier,New York1977

Further reading

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