Keelung(/kiːˈlʊŋ/kee-LUUNG;[3]Hokkien:Ke-lâng),ChilungorJilong(/dʒiːˈlʊŋ/jee-LUUNG;[3]pinyin:Jīlóng), officially known asKeelung City,is a major portcitysituated in the northeastern part ofTaiwan.The city is part of theTaipei–Keelung metropolitan areawith neighboringNew Taipei CityandTaipei.Nicknamed theRainy Portfor its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largestseaport(afterKaohsiung), and was the world's 7th largest port in 1984.
Keelung
Cơ long thị Kīrun, Ke-lung, Chilung | |
|---|---|
| Keelung City | |
Top: skyline of downtown Keelung Second left:Dawulun Fort Second right: night view of downtown Keelung Third left:Zhengbin Fishing PortColorful House Third right: Keelung Maritime Plaza and Keelung Main Station Bottom left: Keelung Outer Harbor andKeelung Islet Bottom right:Heping Island Park | |
 Flag  Logo | |
| Nickname: The Rainy Port (Vũ cảng) | |
 Location in Taiwan | |
| Coordinates:25°08′N121°44′E/ 25.133°N 121.733°E | |
| Country |  Republic of China (Taiwan) |
| Province |  Taiwan Province(streamlined) |
| Region | Northern Taiwan |
| Districts | 7[1] |
| Founded asLa Santisima Trinidad | 1626 |
| Part ofTaihoku Prefecture | 17 April 1895 |
| Provincial city status | 11 November 1945 |
| City seat | Zhongzheng District |
| Government | |
| • Body | |
| • Mayor | George Hsieh(KMT) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 132.7589 km2(51.2585 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 18 of 22 |
| Population (October 2023)[2] | |
| • Total | 362,487 |
| • Rank | 16 of 22 |
| • Density | 2,700/km2(7,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8(National Standard Time) |
| Postal code | 200–206 |
| Area code | (0)32 |
| ISO 3166 code | TW-KEE |
| – Bird | Eagle |
| – Flower | Common crepemyrtle |
| – Tree | FormosanSweet-gum |
| English | Keelung/KLC |
| Chinese | Cơ long / cơ thị |
| Website | www |
| Keelung City | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | Cơ longThị | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Taiwanese HokkienName | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | Kê lungThị | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Kê lung thị | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Japanese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kanji | Cơ long thị | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kana | キールンし | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hiragana | きーるんし | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Katakana | キールンシ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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In 1626, the Spanish established Fort San Salvador at present-day Keelung, an area inhabited byTaiwanese indigenous peoples.Control of the area eventually passed to theQing dynasty.Fighting between China and Europeans around Keelung occurred in the 19th century during theFirst Opium Warand theSino-French War.The island of Taiwan was ceded to theEmpire of Japanin 1895 after theFirst Sino-Japanese War;underJapanese rulethe city was calledKirun.Keelung became part ofTaiwan Provinceunder theRepublic of Chinaafter 1945. Administratively, the city became a first-level subdivision in 2018 after the provincial government was abolished.
Name
editAccording to early Chinese accounts, this northern coastal area was originally calledPak-kang(Chinese:Bắc cảng;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Pak-káng).[4]By the early 20th century, the city was known to the Western world asKelung,[5]as well as the variantsKiloung,KilangandKeelung.[6]In his 1903 general history of Taiwan, US Consul to Formosa (1898–1904)James W. Davidsonrelated that "Kelung" was among the few well-known names, thus warranting no alternateJapanese romanization.[7]
However, the Taiwanese people have long called the cityKelang(Chinese:Kê lung;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Ke-lâng/Koe-lâng;lit.' “rooster cage" ', 'hencoop” or “chicken coop” '[8]). While it has been proposed that this name was derived from the local mountain that took the shape of a rooster cage, it is more likely that the name was derived from the first inhabitants of the region, as are the names of many other Taiwanese cities. In this case, theKetagalan peoplewere the first inhabitants, and earlyHansettlers probably approximated "Ketagalan" withKe-lâng(Ketagalan:ke-,"domain marker prefix" +TaiwaneseHokkienChinese:Nông / nhân;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:lâng;lit.'person'), the noun root being replaced with the commonTaiwanese Hokkienterm for people, while the domain markercircumfix"ke- -an"being reduced to just theprefix.
In 1875, during the lateQing era,a new official name was given (Chinese:Cơ long;pinyin:Jīlóng;lit.'base prosperous').[9]InMandarin,probably the working language of Chinese government at the time, both the old and new names were likely pronouncedGīlóng(hence "Keelung" ).
UnderJapanese rule(1895–1945), the city was also known to the west by the Japanese romanizationKīrun(also written asKiirun[10]).
InTaiwanese Hokkien,the native language of the area, the city is calledKe-lâng.InHanyu Pinyin,a system created forMandarin ChineseinMainland China,the name of Keelung is written asJīlóng(the shift from initialKtoJis a recent development in the Beijing dialect, seeOld Mandarin).[11][12]
History
editEarly history
edit
Keelung was first inhabited by theKetagalan,a tribe ofTaiwanese aborigine.TheSpanish expedition to Formosain the early 17th century was its first contact with the West; by 1624 the Spanish had builtSan Salvador de Quelung,a fort in Keelung serving as an outpost of theManila-basedSpanish East Indies.[13]TheSpanishruled it as a part ofSpanish Formosa.Besides the native Taiwanese aborigines, the Spanish authorities from Spanish Manila settled North Taiwan (especially Keelung andTamsui) with a mixture ofSangleyChinese(primarilyFujianesetraders),Christian Japanese,native Filipinos(e.g.Kapampangan,Tagalogs,etc.) as merchants and laborers,[14]and someMexican Mestizos,Mulattos,Blacks,Mexican Amerindiansas soldiers and laborers and a fewSpanish FilipinosfromSpanish PhilippinesandrarelyMexicanCriollo SpaniardsfromNew Spain(Mexico)asCatholicfriarmissionaries and colonial leaders,with theLatin AmericansfromNew Spain(Mexico)brought over to North Taiwan from Manila through theManila-Acapulco Galleons.[15]From 1642 to 1661 and 1663–1668, Keelung was underDutchcontrol.[16][17]TheDutch East India Companytook over the Spanish Fort San Salvador atSantissima Trinidad.They reduced its size and renamed it Fort Noort-Hollant.[17]The Dutch had three more minor fortifications in Keelung and also a little school and a preacher.
WhenMing dynastyloyalistKoxingasuccessfully attacked the Dutch in southern Taiwan (Siege of Fort Zeelandia), the crew of the Keelung forts fled to the Dutch trading post in Japan. The Dutch came back in 1663 and re-occupied and strengthened their earlier forts. However, trade with Qing China through Keelung was not what they hoped it would be and, in 1668, they left after getting harassed by aboriginals.[18]
Qing dynasty
edit
First Opium War
editGiven the strategic and commercial value of Taiwan, there were British suggestions in 1840 and 1841 to seize the island.[19][20]In September 1841, during theFirst Opium War,the British transport shipNerbuddabecame shipwrecked near Keelung Harbour due to a typhoon. The brigAnnalso became shipwrecked in March 1842. Most of the crew were Indianlascars.Survivors from both ships were transferred by authorities to the capital Tainan. The Taiwan Qing commanders, Ta-hung-ah and Yao Ying, filed a disingenuous report to the emperor, claiming to have defended against an attack from the Keelung fort. In October 1841,HMSNimrodsailed to Keelung to search for theNerbuddasurvivors, but after Captain Joseph Pearse found out that they were sent south for imprisonment, he ordered the bombardment of the harbour and destroyed 27 sets of cannon before returning to Hong Kong. Most of the survivors—over 130 from theNerbuddaand 54 from theAnn—wereexecuted in Tainanin August 1842.[19]
In 1863, the Qing Empire opened up Keelung as a trading port and the city enjoyed rapid development due to the abundant commodities such as placer gold and high quality coal found in the drainage area ofKeelung River.In 1875,Taipeh Prefecturewas created and included Keelung. In 1878, Keelung was formed into atingor sub-prefecture.[21]Around the same time, the name was changed fromKe-lang(Kê lung thính) toKilong(Cơ long thính), which means "rich and prosperous land".[9]
The city suffered serious damage and lost hundreds of inhabitants during anearthquake and tsunami in 1867.The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 and was caused by movement on a nearbyfault.[22]
Sino-French War
edit
During the Sino-French War (1884–85), the French attempted an invasion of Taiwan during the Keelung Campaign.Liu Mingchuan,who led the defence of Taiwan, recruited Aboriginals to serve alongside the Chinese soldiers in fighting against the French ofColonelJacques Duchesne's Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The French were defeated at theBattle of Tamsuiand the Qing forces pinned the French down at Keelung in an eight-month-long campaign before the French withdrew.[23][verification needed]
Empire of Japan
editA systematic city development started during the Japanese Era, after the 1895Treaty of Shimonoseki,which handed all Taiwan over to Japan. A five-phase construction of Keelung Harbor was initiated, and in by 1916 trade volume had exceeded even those of Tamsui and Kaohsiung Harbors to become one of the major commercial harbors of Taiwan.[24]
Keelung was governed as Kīrun town(Cơ long nhai),Kīrun District,Taihoku Prefecturein 1920 and was upgraded to a city in 1924.[24]ThePacific Warbroke out in 1941, and Keelung became one of the first targets of Allied bombers and was nearly destroyed as a result.[24][25]
Republic of China
editAfter thehandover of Taiwan from Japanto theRepublic of Chinain October 1945, Keelung was established as aprovincial cityofTaiwan Province.TheKeelung City Governmentworked with the harbor bureau to rebuild the city and the harbor and by 1984, the harbor became the 7th largest container harbor in the world.[26]The city became directly governed by theExecutive Yuanafter Taiwan Province was streamlined in 1998 and became ade factofirst level division in 2018 following the dissolution of theTaiwan Provincial Government.
Geography
edit
Keelung City is located in the northern part of Taiwan Island. It occupies an area of 132.76 km2(51.26 sq mi) and is separated from its neighboring county by mountains in the east, west and south. The northern part of the city faces the ocean and is a great deep water harbor since early times.[27]Keelung also administers the nearbyKeelung Isletas well as the more distant and strategically importantPengjia Islet,Mianhua IsletandHuaping Islet.[28][29]
Climate
editKeelung has ahumid subtropical climate(KöppenCfa) with a yearly rainfall average upwards of 3,700 millimetres (146 in). It has long been noted as one of the wettest and gloomiest cities in the world; the effect is related to theKuroshio Current.[30]Although it is one of the coolest cities of Taiwan, winters are still short and warm, whilst summers are long, relatively dry and hot, temperatures can peek above 26 °C during a warm winter day, while it can dip below 27 °C during a rainy summer day, much like the rest of northern Taiwan. However its location on northern mountain slopes means that due toorographic lift,rainfall is heavier during fall and winter, the latter during which a northeasterly flow prevails. During summer, southwesterly winds dominate and thus there is a slightrain shadow effect.Fog is most serious during winter and spring, when relative humidity levels are also highest.
| Climate data for Keelung (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present ) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.1 (89.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
37.3 (99.1) |
37.6 (99.7) |
38.8 (101.8) |
38.5 (101.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
32.4 (90.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
38.8 (101.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
31.2 (88.2) |
33.3 (91.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
25.7 (78.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
21.6 (70.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.1 (84.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.8 (73.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.0 (77.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
19.6 (67.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.6 (69.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
3.9 (39.0) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 327.8 (12.91) |
349.8 (13.77) |
274.4 (10.80) |
211.0 (8.31) |
284.1 (11.19) |
290.4 (11.43) |
119.5 (4.70) |
211.4 (8.32) |
390.1 (15.36) |
377.6 (14.87) |
396.9 (15.63) |
356.6 (14.04) |
3,589.6 (141.33) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 19.6 | 17.9 | 18.7 | 16.0 | 16.1 | 14.8 | 8.5 | 11.6 | 15.2 | 17.1 | 18.6 | 19.5 | 193.6 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 78.5 | 79.5 | 79.0 | 77.4 | 77.4 | 76.9 | 71.9 | 73.6 | 75.3 | 75.6 | 77.1 | 76.6 | 76.6 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 52.6 | 57.9 | 80.6 | 91.2 | 111.9 | 138.4 | 229.2 | 208.2 | 147.4 | 85.7 | 65.3 | 48.5 | 1,316.9 |
| Source: Central Weather Bureau[31][32][33][34][35] | |||||||||||||
Administration
edit
Zhongzheng Districtis the seat of Keelung City which houses theKeelung City GovernmentandKeelung City Council.The currentMayor of KeelungisGeorge Hsiehof theKuomintang.
Administrative divisions
editKeelung has seven (7)districts:[1]
| Map | Name | Chinese | Taiwanese | Hakka | Population (October 2023) | Area (km²) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Zhongzheng | Trung chínhKhu | Tiong-chèng | Tsûng-tsang | 50,693 | 10.2118 | |
| Zhongshan | Trung sơnKhu | Tiong-san | Tsûng-sân | 45,523 | 10.5238 | ||
| Ren-ai[1][36] | Nhân áiKhu | Jîn-ài | Yìn-oi | 41,159 | 4.2335 | ||
| Xinyi(Sinyi) | Tín nghĩaKhu | Sìn-gī | Sin-ngi | 53,399 | 10.6706 | ||
| Anle | An nhạcKhu | An-lo̍k | Ôn-lo̍k | 80,452 | 18.0250 | ||
| Nuannuan | Noãn noãnKhu | Loán-loán | Nôn-nôn | 38,455 | 22.8283 | ||
| Qidu | Thất đổKhu | Chhit-tó͘ | Tshit-tù | 52,806 | 56.2659 | ||
Politics
editKeelung City voted oneDemocratic Progressive Partylegislator Tsai Shih-Ying to be in theLegislative Yuanduring the2016 Republic of China legislative election.[37]
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1960 | 234,442 | — |
| 1966 | 287,156 | +22.5% |
| 1970 | 324,040 | +12.8% |
| 1975 | 341,383 | +5.4% |
| 1980 | 344,867 | +1.0% |
| 1985 | 351,524 | +1.9% |
| 1990 | 352,919 | +0.4% |
| 1995 | 368,771 | +4.5% |
| 2000 | 388,425 | +5.3% |
| 2005 | 390,633 | +0.6% |
| 2010 | 384,134 | −1.7% |
| 2015 | 372,105 | −3.1% |
| 2020 | 367,577 | −1.2% |
| Source:Ministry of the InteriorPopulation Census[38] | ||
Population growth
edit| Year | Population | Notes |
|---|---|---|
1840
|
700households
|
|
1897
|
9,500
|
|
1904
|
17,710
|
Ranked 6th[39] |
1924
|
58,000
|
|
1943
|
100,000
|
|
1944
|
92,000
|
Decrease due toAlliedairbombings |
1948
|
130,000
|
28,000mainlanderinflux |
1970
|
324,040
|
|
1990
|
352,919
|
|
2010
|
384,134
|
|
2020
|
367,577
|
Festivals
editOne of the most popular festivals in Taiwan is the mid-summerGhost Festival.The Keelung Ghost Festival is among the oldest in Taiwan, dating back to 1851 after bitter clashes between rival clans, which claimed many lives before mediators stepped in.[40]
Regional origins
editBy 2021, there was a group of people who originated from theMatsu Islands.[41]
Economy
editCoal miningpeaked in 1968. The city developed quickly and by 1984, the harbor was the 7th largest container harbor in the world.[26]
-
Keelung Port Croquis (in 1894) -
Keelung Landmark -
Keelung City and Harbor, between 1860 and 1880
Education
edit
Education in Keelung City is governed by the Department of Education ofKeelung City Government.
Universities and colleges
editKeelung City houses several universities and colleges, such as theNational Taiwan Ocean University,Ching Kuo Institute of Management and HealthandChungyu Institute of Technology.
High schools
editEnergy
edit
Keelung City houses the only fully oil-fired power plant in Taiwan, theHsieh-ho Power Plant,which is located inZhongshan District.The installed capacity of the power plant is 2,000 MW.
Tourist attractions
edit
Ports
editParks
editCultural centers
editMuseums
editNational Museum of Marine Science and Technology
Historical structures
editBaimiweng Fort,Dawulun Fort,Gongzi Liao Fort,Keelung Fort Commander's Official Residence,Nuannuan Ande Temple,Pengjia Lighthouse,Uhrshawan BatteryandXian Dong Yan.
Transportation
edit
Rail
editWater
editTaiwan's second largest port, thePort of Keelung,is located in the city. The port serves destinations toMatsu Islands,XiamenandOkinawa.
International relations
editTwin towns – Sister cities
editKeelung istwinnedwith:
BacolodandDavao City,Philippines
Bikini Atoll,Marshall Islands
Campbell, California,U.S.- Corpus Christi, Texas,U.S.
East London, South Africa
Marrickville, New South Wales,Australia
Miyakojima,Okinawa,Japan- Rosemead, California,U.S.
- Salt Lake City, Utah,U.S.
Sangju,North Gyeongsang,South Korea
Thunder Bay,Ontario, Canada- Yakima, Washington,U.S.
Notable people
editNotable people from Keelung include:
- Chen Ti,Taiwanese tennis player
- Zero Chou,Taiwanese director
- Jiang Yi-huah,Premier of the Republic of China
- Show Lo,Taiwanese entertainer
- Danson Tang,Taiwanese Mandopop singer
- Yi Huan,Taiwanese comic creator/animator
- Feng-hsuing Hsu,American-Taiwanese computer scientist
- Hsie Zhen-Wu,Taiwanese TV presenter/lawyer
- Jaw Shaw-kong,Member of the Legislative Yuan
See also
edit
- Asteroid237164 Keelungnamed for the city in 2018
- List of cities in the Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Administrative divisions of the Republic of China
References
edit- ^abc"Geography".Keelung City Government.Retrieved3 April2019.
Keelung City is divided into seven districts, which are Zhongzheng District, Xinyi District, Ren-ai District, Zhongshan District, Anle District, Nuannuan District and Qidu District.{...}Ren-ai District is the smallest one.{...}Ren-ai District{...}
- ^Nhân khẩu thống kế.www.klcg.gov.tw(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 29 May 2016.Retrieved6 June2016.
- ^ab"Jilong".Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.Merriam-Webster.
- ^Campbell, William(1903)."Explanatory Notes".Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island.London: Kegan Paul. pp. 538–557.ISBN9789576380839.OCLC644323041.
- ^for example:Smith, D. Warres (1900).European settlements in the Far East: China, Japan, Corea, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Malay States, Siam, Netherlands, India, Borneo, the Philippines etc.S. Low, Marston & company. p. 38.OCLC3110223.OL6905314M.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2016.Retrieved5 December2014.
- ^Davidson (1903),Index p.20.
- ^Davidson (1903),p. iii.
- ^"Welcome to Keelung City: The Beginning".Keelung City Government. Archived fromthe originalon 26 September 2009.Retrieved24 July2010.
- ^ab"Ching Dynasty".Keelung City Government. Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2010.Retrieved24 July2010.
- ^Terry, Thomas Philip (1914).Terry's Japanese Empire.Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 774.OCLC51414323.OL18847607M.Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2016.Retrieved5 December2014.
- ^Naoyoshi Ogawa, ed. (1931–1932). "koe-lâng ( cơ long )".Đài nhật đại từ điển[Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 1. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan. p. 466.OCLC25747241.
- ^"Entry #35351 ( cơ long thị )".Đài loan mân nam ngữ thường dụng từ từ điển[Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]. (in Chinese and Hokkien).Ministry of Education, R.O.C.2011.
- ^Altares, Guillermo (12 November 2016)."Una excavación aporta una nueva visión de la colonización de Asia".El País(in Spanish).Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2016.Retrieved13 November2016.
- ^Andrade, Tonio(2005).How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century.Columbia University Press – via gutenberg-e.org.
- ^Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. MawsonAGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r −428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r −41 v.
- ^Twitchett, Denis Crispin (1978).The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8.Cambridge University Press. p. 46.ISBN9780521243339.OCLC613665518.
- ^ab"Ming Dynasty and Cheng Cheng kung's Era".Keelung City Government. Archived fromthe originalon 25 May 2010.Retrieved12 June2010.
- ^Shepherd, John Robert (1993).Statecraft and political economy on the Taiwan frontier, 1600-1800.Stanford University Press. p. 95.ISBN9780804720663.
- ^abShih-Shan Henry Tsai (2009).Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West.Routledge. pp. 66–67.ISBN978-1-317-46517-1.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2016.Retrieved6 August2018.
- ^Leonard H. D. Gordon (2007).Confrontation Over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers.Lexington Books. p. 32.ISBN978-0-7391-1869-6.Archivedfrom the original on 10 April 2023.Retrieved6 August2018.
- ^Davidson (1903),p. 211.
- ^Cheng, Shih-Nan; Shaw, Chen-Fang; Yeh, Yeong Tein (2016)."Reconstructing the 1867 Keelung Earthquake and Tsunami Based on Historical Documents".Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences.27(3): 431.Bibcode:2016TAOS...27..431C.doi:10.3319/TAO.2016.03.18.01(TEM).
- ^"Exhuming French history in Taiwan - Taipei Times".15 November 2001.
- ^abc"Japanese Occupation".Keelung City Government. Archived fromthe originalon 24 May 2010.Retrieved12 June2010.
- ^"Taiwan in Time: When US bombs rained down on Keelung".Taipei Times.16 June 2024.Retrieved16 June2024.
- ^ab"The Republic of China".Keelung City Government. Archived fromthe originalon 25 May 2010.Retrieved12 June2010.
- ^"Introduction".Keelung City Government. Archived fromthe originalon 26 August 2014.Retrieved17 December2016.
- ^"Beautiful Scenery".Keelung City Government.Archived fromthe originalon 6 November 2021.Retrieved23 April2019.
Keelung Islet {...} Pinnacle (Huaping Islet) {...} Pengjia Islet (Agincourt) {...} Mianhua Islet (Crag){...}
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The normally obscure outcrop, which falls administratively under Keelung City, is one of three islets off of Taiwan's northern coast – the others are Mianhua Islet and Huaping Islet – considered to be of strategic importance to the country.
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- Official website
(in English) - Keelung Harbor Bureau official website(in English)
- WorldStatesmen.org — Taiwan
Geographic data related toKeelungatOpenStreetMap