Wikipedia

Kharkiv Pact

TheAgreement between Ukraine and Russia on the Black Sea Fleet in Ukraine,widely referred to as theKharkiv Pact(Ukrainian:Харківський пакт)[1][2]orKharkov Accords(Russian:Харьковские соглашения),[3][4]was a treaty between Ukraine and Russia whereby the Russian lease on naval facilities inCrimeawas extended beyond 2017 until 2042, with an additional five-year renewal option in exchange for a multiyear discounted contract to provide Ukraine with Russiannatural gas.[5]

Signing of the deal reached at theKharkivsummit at 21 April 2010 byAlexey MillerandYevhen Bakulin(withDimitry MedvedevandViktor Yanukovychstanding in the background)
Signed21 April 2010
LocationKharkiv,Ukraine
Effective27 April 2010
Expiration31 March 2014
Parties
Languages
  • Russian
  • Ukrainian

The agreement, signed on 21 April 2010 inKharkiv,Ukraine, byUkrainian PresidentViktor YanukovychandRussian PresidentDmitry Medvedevand ratified by the parliaments of the two countries on 27 April 2010, aroused much controversy in Ukraine. The treaty was effectively a continuation of the lease provisions that were part of the 1997Black Sea Fleet Partition Treatybetween the two states. Shortly after theannexation of Crimea by the Russian Federationin March 2014,[6]Russia unilaterally terminated the treaty on 31 March 2014.[7][8]

History

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In 1997, Russia and Ukraine agreed to end thedispute over the former Soviet Black Sea Fleetby signing the Partition Treaty, establishing two independent national fleets and dividing armaments and bases between them.[9]Ukraine also agreed to lease major parts of its new bases inSevastopolto the RussianBlack Sea Fleetuntil 2017. During the presidency ofVictor Yushchenko(January 2005 – February 2010) theUkrainian governmentdeclared that the lease would not be extended and that the fleet would have to leave Sevastopol by 2017.[10]

Amid severalRussia–Ukraine gas disputes,including ahalt of natural gas supplies to European countries,the price that Ukraine had to pay for Russian natural gas was raised in 2006[11]and in 2009.[12]

Negotiation

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ThePrime Minister of Ukraine,Mykola Azarov,and the Energy Minister,Yuriy Boyko,visited Moscow in late March 2010 to negotiate lower gas prices; neither clearly explained what Ukraine was prepared to offer in return.[13]Following these talksRussian Prime MinisterVladimir Putinstated that Russia was prepared to discuss the revision of the price fornatural gasit sells to Ukraine.[14]Mid-April Ukrainian officials stated they are seeking an average price of $240–$260 per 1000 cubic metres for 2010.[15]Ukraine paid an average of $305 in the first quarter of 2010 and $330 in the second quarter.[15]

On 21 April 2010,Russian PresidentDmitry MedvedevandUkrainianPresidentViktor Yanukovychsigned an agreement[16]in which Russia agreed to a 30% drop in the price ofnatural gassold to Ukraine. Russia agreed to this in exchange for permission to extend Russia's lease of amajor naval basein the UkrainianBlack Seaport ofSevastopolfor an additional 25 years (to 2042) with an option for a further 5-year renewal (to 2047).[17]The agreement put a cap on the scale of price hikes; but the main unfavourable terms for Ukraine of the2009 gas contractremained in place.[18]

"We have indeed reached an unprecedented agreement," the Russian president stated. "The rent [for the naval base] will be increased by an amount equivalent to that of the [gas price] discount."[16]

Ratification and voting

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Riots at theVerkhovna Radaduring voting on 27 April 2010

The agreement was subject to approval by both theRussianandUkrainianparliaments.[17]Both parliaments ratified the agreement on 27 April 2010.[19]Ratification in the Ukrainian parliament proved controversial, and several disturbances occurred during the process. In one incident, several eggs were thrown towards thespeaker,Volodymyr Lytvyn,bydeputies.[20][21][22]

Voting

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During a contentious voting session, half of the deputies (legislators) belonging to the rulingParty of Regions(PR) were out of their seats blocking the podium. 160 members of PR, includingRinat Akhmetov,who was not present in the session hall voted in favor of ratification. Among the opposition parties, the ratification was approved by nine members ofBYuTand seven fromOur Ukraine.All 27 members of theCommunist Party of Ukraineand the 20 members of theLytvyn Blocvoted for the Kharkiv Pact as well. Of those who did not belong to a faction, onlyTaras Chornovil,Oleksandr Fomin, and Ihor Rybakov did not support the agreement.[23]

Results[24]
Faction Number of deputies For Against Abstained Did not vote Absent
Party of Regions Faction 161 160 0 0 1 0
Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc 154 9 0 0 0 145
Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc 72 7 0 0 0 65
Communist Party of Ukraine Faction 27 27 0 0 0 0
Lytvyn Bloc 20 20 0 0 0 0
No faction affiliated 16 13 0 0 1 2
All factions 450 236 0 0 2 212

Termination of the treaty by Russia

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On 28 March 2014, one week after theannexation of Crimea by Russia[6]Russian PresidentVladimir Putinsubmitted proposals to theState Dumaon the termination of the legal effect of a number of Russian-Ukrainian agreements, including the 2010 Kharkiv Pact treaty and thePartition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet.[8]The State Duma unanimously approved the unilateral dissolution of these Russian-Ukrainian agreements with 433 members of parliament voting on 31 March 2014.[7]

Criticism

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Taras Kuzio,a British-born expert on Ukrainian politics, criticized the treaty. He stated that the bill was forced through Ukraine's legislature without parliamentary debate or public discourse, and after ignoring votes against it within three important committees (two of which had negative[clarification needed]majorities). He argued that the treaty violates theconstitution,which bans permanent military bases, and that it was not discussed prior to a vote in the National Security and Defense Council as required by the constitution.[25]Kuzio said that the treaty is illegitimate because it rests on only 220 deputies from three factions; he argued that the remaining twenty-five deputies had been blackmailed, bribed or coerced to defect from the opposition.[25]He added that Ukrainian public support was "gained by a lie" that the deal would bring cheaper Russian gas; while in fact, a new July 2010 agreement with the IMF mandated that Ukraine increase utility prices by fifty per cent on 1 August 2010 and another fifty per cent in April 2011.[25]

According to formerUkrainian Prime MinisterYulia Tymoshenko,the agreement violates part of Ukraine's constitution, which forbids the country from hosting foreign military bases after 2017.[16]The Chairman of the Ukrainian Constitutional Court said on 23 April that only the President and the Cabinet of Ministers can request a court ruling on constitutionality.[26][better source needed]TheOur Ukraineparty subsequently called for theimpeachmentof President Yanukovych for violating the Ukrainian Constitution.[27]

Oppositionmembers in Ukraine and Russia expressed doubts that the agreement would be fulfilled byUkraine's side.[19][28]According to Yanukovych, the only way out of holding the state budget deficit down, as requested by theInternational Monetary Fund,while protecting pensioners and minimal wages, was to extend the Russian Navy lease in Crimea in exchange for cheaper natural gas.[29]Opposition members in Ukraine described the agreement as a "sell out of national interests".[29]

Boris Nemtsov,former leader of theUnion of Right Forces,said that Russia needed the Black Sea fleet in Crimea for war withGeorgiaand asked rhetorically if war with Georgia was worth $40 billion.[30]

Effects

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For the evolution of the price Ukraine pays to Gazprom since December 2013, see17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan.

In June 2010, Ukraine paidGazpromaround $234 per 1,000 cubic metres.[31]However, Ukrainian consumers experienced a 50% increase in household natural gas utility prices in July 2010 (a key demand of theInternational Monetary Fundin exchange for a $15 billion loan).[32][33]Payments increased annually since then: in August 2011, Ukraine paid Russia $350 per 1,000 cubic metres;[34]in November 2011, it paid $400 per 1,000 cubic meters;[35]and in January 2013, it paid $430 per 1,000 cubic metres.[36]

In August 2011, Ukrainian Prime MinisterMykola Azarovstated that Ukraine seeks to reduce imports of Russian natural gas by two-thirds (compared with 2010) by 2016.[34]

The treaty allowed Russia to station a limited number of troops in Crimea, 25,000 maximum.[citation needed]

Criminal cases against Yanukovych and ministers

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In summer of 2014, theGeneral Prosecutor of Ukraineopened a criminal case againstViktor Yanukovychon several charges following an investigation into the former president's signing of the Kharkiv Accords.[37]

In July 2022, Ukrainian law enforcement stated that former Foreign MinisterKonstiantyn Hryshchenkoand former Justice MinisterOleksandr Lavrynovychwere under suspicion of high treason for signing the agreement.[38]The suspicions were filed in absentia, as the two were "hiding abroad".[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^"Ukrainian sovereignty withstands Medvedev".Kyiv Post.20 May 2010.Retrieved11 June2010.
  2. ^"Харківський пакт" не гарантує, що з ЧФ РФ не буде проблем(in Ukrainian).Ukrayinska Pravda.14 May 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 19 June 2010.Retrieved11 June2010.
  3. ^Большинство украинцев поддерживают Харьковские соглашения(in Russian). Segodnya.Ua. 2 June 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 5 June 2010.Retrieved11 June2010.
  4. ^Янукович коснулся истории(in Russian).Rossiyskaya Gazeta.28 April 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2010.Retrieved11 June2010.
  5. ^The Great Power (mis)ManagementbyAlexander Astrov,Ashgate Publishing,2011,ISBN1409424677(page 82)
  6. ^abUkraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president,BBC News(23 February 2014)
    Ukraine protests timeline,BBC News(23 February 2014)
  7. ^abState Duma approves denunciation of Russian-Ukrainian agreements on Black Sea Fleet,ITAR-TASS(31 March 2014)
  8. ^abPutin submits proposals on denouncing some Russia-Ukraine agreements on Black Sea Fleet,ITAR-TASS(29 March 2014)
  9. ^Subtelny, Orest(2000).Ukraine: A History.University of Toronto Press.p.600.ISBN0-8020-8390-0.
  10. ^"No Russian fleet in Ukraine beyond 2017 -Ukrainian PM".
  11. ^Q&A: Ukraine gas row,BBC News(4 January 2006)
  12. ^Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row,BBC News(20 January 2009)
  13. ^"Big plant on sale block for small price".Kyiv Post.2 April 2010.
  14. ^"Azarov: Ukraine to continue working to amend gas agreements with Russia".Kyiv Post.26 March 2009.
  15. ^ab"Russia, Ukraine voice optimism at new gas deal".Kyiv Post.20 April 2010.
  16. ^abc"Russia, Ukraine agree on naval-base-for-gas deal".CNN.21 April 2010.
  17. ^ab"Deal Struck on Gas, Black Sea Fleet".The Moscow Times.21 April 2010.
  18. ^"Kyiv's gas strategy: closer cooperation with Gazprom or a genuine diversification".Centre for Eastern Studies.15 July 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 23 October 2013.
  19. ^abUpdate: Ukraine, Russia ratify Black Sea naval lease,Kyiv Post(27 April 2010)
  20. ^Ukrainian parliament ratifies agreement extending Russian Black Sea Fleet's presence in Crimea,Kyiv Post(27 April 2010)
  21. ^Oppositional deputies throw eggs in Lytvyn,Kyiv Post(27 April 2010)
  22. ^Police clash with protesters in front of Ukrainian parliament,Kyiv Post(27 April 2010)
  23. ^(in Ukrainian)Rada gave away Ukraine,Ukrayinska Pravda(27 April 2010)
  24. ^"Поіменне голосування про проект Закону про ратифікацію Угоди між Україною та Російською Федерацією з питань перебування Чорноморського флоту Російської Федерації на території України (№0165) - в цілому".Archived fromthe originalon 1 September 2011.Retrieved20 December2010.
  25. ^abcThe Crimea: Europe's Next Flashpoint?Archived9 March 2014 at theWayback Machine,byTaras Kuzio,November 2010
  26. ^Interfax-Ukraine (in Russian) 0707 GMT 23 Apr 10
  27. ^Our Ukraine: Yanukovych should be impeached,Kyiv Post(21 April 2010)
  28. ^Agreement on Black Sea Fleet may be denounced, says Yatseniuk,Kyiv Post(27 April 2010)
  29. ^abYanukovych snipes at opponent, defends fleet move,Kyiv Post(13 May 2009)
  30. ^"Boris Nemtsov – Russia Needs Black See Fleet in Crimea for War Against Georgia".Georgian Times.30 April 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 5 October 2010.
  31. ^"Russia threatens to cut Belarus gas supplies Monday".Reuters.18 June 2010.
  32. ^With IMF deal done, Yanukovych's challenges still ahead,Kyiv Post(29 July 2010)
  33. ^Gas price hike to raise tension in Ukraine,Kyiv Post(29 July 2010)
  34. ^abUkraine seeks to cut imports of Russian gas,Kyiv Post(30 August 2011)
  35. ^Azarov: ‘We are not going to sink’,Kyiv Post(24 November 2011)
  36. ^Ukraine set to sign landmark $10 billion shale gas deal with Shell,Reuters(24 January 2013)
    Shell for shale: Ukraine signs major dealArchived28 October 2020 at theWayback Machine,Euronews(25 January 2013)
    Ukraine signs landmark $10 bln shale gas deal with Shell,Reuters(24 January 2013)
  37. ^GPU opened a case on Yanukovych for the Kharkiv treaty.LB. 21 October 2014
  38. ^"Suspicions over Black Sea Fleet agreement with Russia filed in absentia against Ukraine's former FM, justice minister".interfax.com.25 July 2022.Retrieved25 July2022.
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