Wikipedia

Lübeck

For other uses, seeLübeck (disambiguation).

Lübeck(German:[ˈlyːbɛk]ⓘ;Low German:LübękorLübeek[ˈlyːbeːk];[2]Latin:Lubeca), officially theHanseaticCity of Lübeck(‹See Tfd›German:Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city inNorthern Germany.With around 220,000 inhabitants, it is the second-largest city on the GermanBalticcoast and the second-largest city in the state ofSchleswig-Holstein,after its capital ofKiel,and is the36th-largest cityin Germany.

Lübeck
Lübęk / Lübeek(Low German)
City
Clockwise from top: Lübeck skyline withSt James',St Mary'sandSt Peter's;St Mary's Churchdetail; "Painters' Corner" with St Mary's and St Peter's;Lübeck Cathedralat dusk; view ofTravemündewithMaritimhigh-rise;Lübeck Cathedral;Salzspeicher;Holsten Gate
Flag of Lübeck
Flag
Coat of arms of Lübeck
Coat of arms
Location of Lübeck
Map
Lübeck is located in Germany
Lübeck
Lübeck
Lübeck is located in Schleswig-Holstein
Lübeck
Lübeck
Coordinates:53°52′11″N10°41′11″E/ 53.86972°N 10.68639°E/53.86972; 10.68639
CountryGermany
StateSchleswig-Holstein
DistrictUrban district
Subdivisions35Stadtbezirke
Government
•MayorJan Lindenau (SPD)
• Governing partiesSPD/CDU
Area
• Total214.13 km2(82.68 sq mi)
Elevation
13 m (43 ft)
Population
(2022-12-31)[1]
• Total218,095
• Density1,000/km2(2,600/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+02:00(CEST)
Postal codes
23501−23570
Dialling codes0451, 04502
Vehicle registrationHL
Websitewww.luebeck.de
Hanseatic City of Lübeck
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Aerial view of the old town
CriteriaCultural: iv
Reference272
Inscription1987 (11thSession)
Area81.1 ha (200 acres)
Buffer zone693.8 ha (1,714 acres)

The city lies in theHolsatianpart of Schleswig-Holstein, on the mouth of theTrave,which flows into theBay of Lübeckin the borough ofTravemünde,and on the Trave's tributaryWakenitz.The island with the historic old town and the districts north of the Trave are also located in the historical region ofWagria.Lübeck is the southwesternmost city on the Baltic Sea, and the closest point of access to the Baltic fromHamburg.The city lies in theHolsatiandialect area ofLow German.

The name "Lübeck" ultimately stems from theSlavicrootlub-( "love-" ). Before 819,Polabian Slavsfounded a settlement which they calledLiubiceon the mouth of theSchwartauinto the Trave. Since the 10th century, Liubice was the second-most important settlement of theObotritesafterStarigard.Lübeck was grantedSoestcity rights in 1160, and, in 1260, it became animmediatecity within theHoly Roman Empire.In the middle of the 12th century, Lübeck developed into the cradle of theHanseatic League,of which it was considered the de facto capital and most important city from then on. TheLübeck lawwas eventually adopted by around 100 cities in theBaltic region.Lübeck could preserve its status as an independent city, which it held since 1226,until 1937.

Lübeck's historic old town, located on a densely built-up island, is Germany's most extensiveUNESCOWorld Heritage Site.[3]With six church towers surpassing 100 metres (330 ft), Lübeck is the city with thehighest number of tall church towersworldwide.[note 1]Nicknamed the "City of the Seven Towers" (Stadt derSieben Türme), Lübeck's skyline is dominated by the seven towers of its fiveProtestantmain churches:St Mary's,Lübeck Cathedral,St James',St Peter's,andSt Giles's.Thecathedralfrom 1173–1341 was the first largebrickworkchurch in the Baltic region. St Mary's Church from 1265–1351 is considered the model on which most of the otherBrick Gothicchurches in the sphere of influence of the Hanseatic League are based. It is the second-tallest church with two main towers afterCologne Cathedral(which only surpassed it in 1880), has the tallest brickvault,and is the second-tallest brickwork structure afterSt. Martin's ChurchinLandshut.

Lübeck is home to theUniversity of Lübeckwith itsUniversity Medical Center Schleswig Holstein,theTechnical University of Applied Sciences Lübeck,and theLübeck Academy of Music.There are 18 museums in Lübeck, among which theEuropean Hansemuseum,Lübeck Museum Port, and theNiedereggerMarzipan Museum, dedicated to the culinary specialty the city is best known,Lübeck Marzipan.Due to their southwestern location, Travemünde and the nearby seaside resorts of Niendorf,Timmendorfer Strand,Scharbeutz,Haffkrug,Sierksdorf,andGrömitzare among Germany's most visited.

Lübeck Main Stationis located on theVogelfluglinierailway line connecting continental Europe (Hamburg) toScandinavia(Copenhagen) via the futureFehmarn Belt fixed link.The port of Lübeck is the second-largest German port on the Baltic Sea after theportofRostock,and theSkandinavienkaiin Travemünde is Germany's most important ferry port, with connections to Scandinavia and theBaltic countries.The city has its ownregional airport at Lübeck-Blankensee,while nearbyHamburg Airportserves as Lübeck's main air hub.

History

edit
Main articles:Liubice,Free City of Lübeck,andTimeline of Lübeck

Humans settled in the area around what today is Lübeck after thelast Ice Ageended about 9700 BCE. SeveralNeolithicdolmenscan be found in the area.[citation needed]

Around 700 AD,Slavic peoplesstarted moving into the eastern parts ofHolstein,an area previously settled byGermanic inhabitantswho had moved on in theMigration Period.Charlemagne,whose efforts toChristianisethe area were opposed by the GermanicSaxons,expelled many of the Saxons and brought inPolabian Slavsallies.Liubice(the place-name means "lovely" ) was founded on the banks of the River Trave about 4 km (2.5 mi) north of the present-day city-center of Lübeck.

In the 10th century, it became the most important settlement of theObotrite confederacyand a castle was built. In 1128, the paganRanifromRügenrazed Liubice.

In 1143,Adolf II,Count of Schauenburg and Holstein, founded the modern town as a German settlement on the river island ofBucu.He built a new castle, first mentioned by the chroniclerHelmoldas existing in 1147. Adolf had to cede the castle to the Duke of Saxony,Henry the Lion,in 1158. After Henry's fall from power in 1181, the town became anImperial cityfor eight years.[citation needed]

EmperorBarbarossa(reigned 1152–1190) ordained that the city should have a ruling council of 20 members. With the council dominated by merchants, pragmatic trade interests shaped Lübeck's politics for centuries. The council survived into the 19th century. The town and castle changed ownership for a period afterwards and formed part of theDuchy of Saxonyuntil 1192, of the County ofHolsteinuntil 1217, and of the kingdom of Denmark until theBattle of Bornhövedin 1227.

Hanseatic city

edit
Lübeck as illustrated in theNuremberg Chronicle,1493

Around 1200, the port became the main point of departure for colonists leaving for the Baltic territories conquered by theLivonian Order,and later, by theTeutonic Order.In 1226, EmperorFrederick IIelevated the town to the status of an Imperial free city, by which it became theFree City of Lübeck.[citation needed]

In the 14th century, Lübeck became the "Queen of theHanseatic League",being by far the largest and most powerful member of that medieval trade organization. In 1375, EmperorCharles IVnamed Lübeck one of the five "Glories of the Empire", a title shared withVenice,Rome,Pisa,andFlorence.

Several conflicts about trading privileges resulted in fighting between Lübeck (with the Hanseatic League) and Denmark and Norway – with varying outcome. While Lübeck and the Hanseatic League prevailed in conflicts in 1435 and 1512, Lübeck lost when it became involved in theCount's Feud,a civil war that raged in Denmark from 1534 to 1536. Lübeck also joined the pro-LutheranSchmalkaldic Leagueof the mid-16th century.

Decline

edit

After its defeat in theCount's Feud,Lübeck's power slowly declined. The city remained neutral in theThirty Years' Warof 1618–1648, but the combination of the devastation from the decades-long war and the new transatlantic orientation of European trade caused the Hanseatic League – and thus Lübeck with it – to decline in importance. However, even after thede factodisbanding of the Hanseatic League in 1669, Lübeck still remained an important trading town on the Baltic Sea.[citation needed]

From the Napoleonic wars to the Franco-Prussian war

edit

In the course of the war of theFourth CoalitionagainstNapoleon,troops under MarshalJean Baptiste Bernadotte(who would later become King of Sweden) occupied Lübeck after a battle against Prussian GeneralGebhard Blücheron 6 November 1806 due to the latter's illegal use of the city as a fortress, in violation of Lübeck's neutrality, following the French pursuit of his corps after theBattle of Jena-Auerstadt.Under theContinental System,the State bank went into bankruptcy. In 1811, theFrench Empireformally annexed Lübeck as part of France but the anti-Napoleonic allies liberated the area in 1813.[citation needed]

After Napoleon's defeat, theCongress of Viennaof 1815 recognised Lübeck as an independent free city. The city became a member of theGerman Confederation(1815–1866), theNorth German Confederation(1866–1871) and theGerman Empire(1871–1918).

Entry of the Fusilier battalion on June 18, 1871, in Lübeck

During theFranco-Prussian War,the battalion de Fusilier of Lübeck was part of the "2nd Hanseatic Infantry Regiment No. 76". On the day of theBattle of Loignythe commander of the17th Division,Hugo von Kottwitz, of the morning advanced in front of the Fusilier battalion of the regiment, urging them to "commemorate the bravery of the Hanseatic League". his attack in the north while the other battalions turned towardsLoigny.[citation needed]

This shock surprised the French so much that they were invaded by their flank. They fled to the Fougeu place and were kicked out of this. The battle was to become the founding myth of the last Lübeck regiment, 3rd Hanseatic Infantry Regiment No. 162, which was founded in 1897. When the battalion commander returned to Lübeck with his battalion, he was appointed regimental commander.

20th century

edit

At the end of theFirst World Warand the fall of the German Empire, Lübeck became a member state of theWeimar Republic(1919–1933). After theNazi seizure of power,Lübeck, like all other German states, was subjected to the process ofGleichschaltung(coordination). Subsequent to the enactment of the "Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich"on 7 April 1933,Friedrich Hildebrandtwas appointed to the new position ofReichsstatthalter(Reich Governor) of Lübeck on 26 May 1933.[4]Hildebrandt installedOtto-Heinrich Drechsleras theBürgermeister,displacing the duly-electedSocial Democrat,Paul Löwigt[de].

Additionally, on 30 January 1934, the Reich government enacted the "Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich,"formally abolishing all the state parliaments and transferring the sovereignty of the states to the central government. With this action, the Lübeck popular assembly, theBürgerschaft,was dissolved and Lübeck effectively lost its rights as a federal state. Under the provisions of theGreater Hamburg Act,Lübeck was absorbed into thePrussianProvince of Schleswig-Holstein,effective 1 April 1937, thereby losing its 711-year status as an independent free city.

DuringWorld War II(1939–1945), Lübeck became the first German city to suffer substantialRoyal Air Force(RAF) bombing. The attack of 28 March 1942 created afirestormthat caused severe damage to the historic centre.This raiddestroyed three of the main churches and large parts of the built-up area; the bells of St Marienkircke plunged to the stone floor.[5]Nearly 1,500 houses were completely destroyed, 2,200 heavily damaged and 9,000 slightly damaged.[6]More than 320 people lost their lives. The industrial area of Lübeck was bombed on 25 August 1944 and 110 people were killed. In total, nearly 20% of the city centre was entirely destroyed, with particular damage in the Gründungsviertel neighborhood, where the rich merchants from the Hanseatic League had once lived.[3]Germany operated aprisoner-of-war campfor officers,Oflag X-C,near the city from 1940 until April 1945. The BritishSecond Armyentered Lübeck on 2 May 1945 and occupied it without resistance.

On 3 May 1945, one of the biggest disasters in naval history occurred in theBay of Lübeckwhen RAF bombers sank three ships: theSSCap Arcona,theSSDeutschland,and theSSThielbek– which, unknown to them, were packed with concentration-camp inmates. About 7,000 people died.[citation needed]

Lübeck's population grew considerably, from about 150,000 in 1939 to more than 220,000 after the war, owing to an influx of ethnic German refugees expelled from theformer eastern provincesof Germany in theCommunist Bloc.Lübeck remained part of Schleswig-Holstein after World War II (and consequently lay withinWest Germany). It stood directly on what became theinner German borderduring the division of Germany into two states in theCold Warperiod. South of the city, the border followed the path of the riverWakenitz,which separated Germany by less than 10 m (33 ft) in many parts. The northernmost border crossing was in Lübeck's district of Schlutup. Lübeck spent decades restoring its historic city centre. In 1987,UNESCOdesignated this area aWorld Heritage Site.

In April 2015, Lübeck hosted the G7 conference.[7]

Climate

edit

Lübeck has anoceanic climate(Cfb in theKöppen climate classification).

Climate data for Lübeck (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1890–present[a])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		29.8
(85.6) 		34.2
(93.6) 		34.8
(94.6) 		37.9
(100.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		26.8
(80.2) 		19.9
(67.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		21.1
(70.0) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		7.7
(45.9) 		4.6
(40.3) 		13.5
(56.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		2.0
(35.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.5
(47.3) 		12.6
(54.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		5.2
(41.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		9.2
(48.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.4
(32.7) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		4.9
(40.8)
Record low °C (°F) −24.3
(−11.7) 		−27.2
(−17.0) 		−19.1
(−2.4) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		3.4
(38.1) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−14.3
(6.3) 		−18.8
(−1.8) 		−27.2
(−17.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 59.9
(2.36) 		51.0
(2.01) 		47.9
(1.89) 		38.0
(1.50) 		49.6
(1.95) 		70.8
(2.79) 		71.5
(2.81) 		71.1
(2.80) 		54.0
(2.13) 		55.4
(2.18) 		55.3
(2.18) 		65.6
(2.58) 		680.8
(26.80)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 17.8 17.2 15.6 13.2 13.3 15.0 16.3 15.9 14.7 16.3 17.7 19.2 191.5
Averagerelative humidity(%) 87.7 84.5 80.0 74.6 73.0 74.1 74.3 76.2 81.2 85.7 89.4 89.4 80.8
Mean monthlysunshine hours 42.2 60.5 119.4 183.1 231.0 216.6 223.1 203.5 149.8 103.7 48.4 32.3 1,606.2
Source 1:World Meteorological Organization[8]
Source 2: DWD (extremes)[9][10][11]

Notes

edit
  1. ^Temperature data for Lübeck have been recorded since 1890. The weather station data used from 1 January 1890 to 30 June 1973 came fromLübeck-Werft,and temperature data from 1 March 1950 to 28 February 1985 came from Lübeck weather station, and temperature data from 1 March 1985 to the present are fromLübeck Airport.

Population

edit
Historical population
YearPop.±%
135018,800—
150225,444+35.3%
180731,450+23.6%
184538,190+21.4%
187148,274+26.4%
190093,241+93.1%
1910112,890+21.1%
1925124,358+10.2%
1939154,811+24.5%
1946239,194+54.5%
1951234,960−1.8%
1956229,554−2.3%
1961236,477+3.0%
1966242,616+2.6%
1971239,761−1.2%
1976230,407−3.9%
1981219,403−4.8%
1986209,159−4.7%
1991213,847+2.2%
1996215,673+0.9%
2001213,496−1.0%
2006211,213−1.1%
2011213,112+0.9%
2016218,253+2.4%
2021216,227−0.9%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source:[12]

Lübeck has a population of about 217,000 people and is the 2nd largest city inSchleswig-Holstein.Lübeck became a major city after becoming a part of theHanseatic Leaguein the 15th century. Lübeck later became one of the important and leading Hanseatic cities in Europe. FollowingWorld War II,the population of Lübeck grew rapidly due to the refugee crisis, as many people fromEast Prussiaand other former parts of Germany and had to flee there after the war. The population began to decline in the 1970s but grew again in 1990s after theGerman Reunification,as many people from the formerEast Germanycame to Lübeck due to the fact that it lies directly on the former East German border. Today Lübeck attracts many tourists due to its rich history and Hanseatic architecture, and it is known as one of the most beautiful cities in Germany.

The largest ethnic minority groups areTurks,Central Europeans (Poles), Southern Europeans (mostlyGreeksandItalians), Eastern Europeans (e.g.RussiansandUkrainians),Arabs,and several smaller groups.

Rank Nationality Population (31 Dec. 2022)
1. Turkey 4,500
2. Ukraine 2,867
3 Poland 2,496
4 Syria 2,363
5 Croatia 1,425
6 Italy 1,237
7 Afghanistan 1,024
8 Greece 971
9 Portugal 956
10 Bulgaria 724

Politics

edit

The current mayor of Lübeck isJan Lindenauof theSocial Democratic Party(SPD). The most recent mayoral election was held in 2017. TheLübeck city councilgoverns the city alongside the mayor.

Culture

edit
Hospital of the Holy Spirit, one of the oldest social institutions of Lübeck (1260)
City hall
St. Mary's Church
Lübeck Cathedraland historic buildings at the Obertrave
Salzspeicher
Lübeck, Trave

Tourism

edit

In 2019, Lübeck reached 2 million overnight stays. Lübeck is famous for its medieval city centre with its churches,Holstentor,and small alleys. Lübeck has been called "Die Stadt der 7 Türme" (the city of seven towers) because of its seven prominent church towers. Like many other places in Germany, Lübeck has a long tradition of a Christmas market in December, which includes the famous handicrafts market inside the Heiligen-Geist-Hospital (Hospital of the Holy Spirit), located at the northern end of Königstrasse.

Buildings

edit

Over 80% of the old town has preserved itsmedievalappearance, with historic buildings and narrow streets. The rest has been and is currently in a process of restoration and reconstruction. At one time, the town could only be entered by any of fourtown gates,two of which remain today, the well-knownHolstentor(1478) and theBurgtor(1444).[citation needed]

The old town centre is dominated by seven church steeples. The oldest areLübeck Cathedraland theMarienkirche(Saint Mary's), both dating from the 13th and 14th centuries.

Built in 1286, the Hospital of the Holy Spirit at Koberg is one of the oldest existing social institutions in the world and one of the most important buildings in the city. The Hospital functions both as a retirement and a nursing home. Some historical parts have been made available for public viewing.

Other sights include:

Music, literature and the arts

edit

The composerFranz Tunderwas principal organist in theMarienkirche, Lübeck,when he initiated the tradition of weeklyAbendmusiken.In 1668, his daughter Anna Margarethe married the Danish-German composerDieterich Buxtehude,who became the new organist at the Marienkirche. Some of the rising composers of the day travelled to Lübeck to witness his performances, notablyHandelandMatthesonin 1703, andBachin 1705.[13][14]

Writer and Nobel laureateThomas Mannwas a member of theMann familyof Lübeck merchants. His well-known 1901 novelBuddenbrooksmade readers in Germany (and later worldwide, through numerous translations) familiar with the manner of life and mores of the 19th-century Lübeckbourgeoisie.

Lübeck became the scene of a notable art scandal in the 1950s.Lothar Malskatwas hired to restore medievalfrescoesof the Marienkirche, which were unearthed as a result of severe bomb damage during World War II. Instead, he painted new works, which he passed off as restorations, fooling many experts. Malskat later revealed the deception himself. Writer and Nobel laureateGünter Grassfeatured this incident in his 1986 novelThe Rat;from 1995 he lived close to Lübeck inBehlendorf,where he was buried in 2015.

Museums

edit

Lübeck has many small museums, such as theSt. Anne's Museum Quarter, Lübeck,theBehnhaus,theEuropean Hansemuseum,and theHolstentor.Lübeck Museum of Theatre Puppetsis a privately run museum. Waterside attractions are alightvesselthat servedFehmarnbeltand theLisa von Lübeck,a reconstruction of a Hanseatic 15th centurycaravel. The marzipan museum in the second floor of CaféNiedereggerin Breite Strasse explains the history ofmarzipan,and shows historical wood molds for the production of marzipan blocks and a group of historical figures made of marzipan.

Food and drink

edit
Niedereggermarzipan

Lübeck is famous for itsmarzipanindustry. According to local legend, marzipan was first made in Lübeck, possibly in response either to a military siege of the city or a famine year. The story, perhaps apocryphal, is that the city ran out of all food except stored almonds and sugar, which were used to make loaves of marzipan "bread".[15]Others believe that marzipan was actually invented inPersiaa few hundred years before Lübeck claims to have invented it. The best known producer isNiederegger,which tourists often visit while in Lübeck, especially at Christmas time.[16]

The Lübeck wine trade dates back toHanseatictimes. One Lübeck specialty is Rotspon (listenⓘ), wine made from grapes processed and fermented in France and transported in wooden barrels to Lübeck, where it is stored, aged and bottled.[17]

Like other coastalNorth Germancommunities,FischbrötchenandBratheringare popular takeaway foods, given the abundance of fish varieties.

Sports

edit

Lübeck is home to3. LigasideVfB Lübeckwho play at the 17,849 capacityStadion an der Lohmühle.In addition to the football department the sports club has departments for badminton, women's gymnastics, handball, and table tennis.

Education

edit
TheLübeck Academy of Music

Lübeck has three universities, theUniversity of Lübeck,theTechnical University of Applied Sciences Lübeck,and theLübeck Academy of Music.TheGraduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciencesis a central faculty of the university and was founded by theGerman Excellence Initiative. TheInternational School of New Mediais an affiliated institute of the university.

Districts

edit
The skyline of the old town as seen from North
Lübeck main station (Lübeck Hbf)
Lübeck civil registration office, in the St. Jürgen zone
The beach of Travemünde

The city of Lübeck is divided into 10 zones. These again are arranged into altogether 35 urban districts. The 10 zones with their official numbers, their associated urban districts and the numbers of inhabitants of the quarters:

  • 01 City centre(~ 12,000 inhabitants)

TheInnenstadtis the main tourist attraction and consists of the old town as well as the former ramparts. It is the oldest and smallest part of Lübeck.

  • 02 St. Jürgen(~ 40,000 inhabitants)
    • Hüxtertor / Mühlentor / Gärtnergasse, Strecknitz / Rothebek, Blankensee, Wulfsdorf, Beidendorf, Krummesse, Kronsforde, Niederbüssau, Vorrade, Schiereichenkoppel, Oberbüssau

Sankt Jürgenis one of three historic suburbs of Lübeck (alongsideSt. LorenzandSt. Gertrud). It is located south of the city centre and the biggest of all city parts.

  • 03 Moisling(~ 10,000 inhabitants)
    • Niendorf / Moorgarten, Reecke, Old-Moisling / Genin

Moislingis situated in the far south-west. Its history dates back to the 17th century.

  • 04 Buntekuh(~ 10,000 inhabitants)

Buntekuhlies in the west of Lübeck. A big part consists of commercial zones such as theCitti-Park,Lübeck's biggest mall.

  • 05 St. Lorenz-South(~ 12,000 inhabitants)

Sankt Lorenz-Südis located right in the south-west of the city centre and has the highest population density. The main train and bus station lie in its northern part.

  • 06 St. Lorenz-North(~ 40,000 inhabitants)
    • Holstentor-North, Falkenfeld / Vorwerk / Teerhof, Großsteinrade / Schönböcken, Dornbreite / Krempelsdorf

Sankt Lorenz-Nordis situated in the north-west of Lübeck. It is split from its southern part by the railways.

  • 07 St. Gertrud(~ 40,000 inhabitants)
    • Burgtor / Stadtpark, Marli / Brandenbaum, Eichholz, Karlshof / Israelsdorf / Gothmund

Sankt Gertrudis located in the east of the city centre. This part is mainly characterized by its nature. Many parks, the riversWakenitzandTraveand the forestLauerholzmake up a big part of its area.

  • 08 Schlutup(~ 6,000 inhabitants)

Schlutuplies in the far east of Lübeck. Due to forestLauerholzin its west and riverTravein the north, Schlutup is relatively isolated from the other city parts.

  • 09 Kücknitz(~ 20,000 inhabitants)
    • Dänischburg /Siems/ Rangenberg / Wallberg,Herrenwyk,Alt-Kücknitz / Dummersdorf / Roter Hahn, Poeppendorf

North of river Trave liesKücknitz.It is the old main industrial area of Lübeck.

  • 10 Travemünde(~ 15,000 inhabitants)
    • Ivendorf, Alt-Travemünde / Rönnau, Priwall, Teutendorf, Brodten

Travemündeis located in far northeastern Lübeck at theBaltic Sea.With its long beach and coast line, Travemünde is the second biggest tourist destination.

International relations

edit

Twin towns – sister cities

edit
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Lübeck istwinnedwith:[18]

Friendly cities

edit

Lübeck also has friendly relations with:[18]

Transport

edit
Lübeck Airport

Lübeck is connected to three main motorways (Autobahnen). The A1 Motorway is heading north to the Island ofFehmarnandCopenhagen(Denmark) and south toHamburg,BremenandCologne.The A20 Motorway heads east towardsWismar,RostockandSzczecin(Poland) and west toBad Segebergand to the North Sea. The A226 Motorway starts in central Lübeck and is heading to the north-east and the Seaport-City ofTravemünde.

Lübeck is served by multiple railway stations. The principal one isLübeck Hauptbahnhof,with about 31,000 passengers per day, is the busiest station in Schleswig-Holstein. The station is mostly served by regional rail services to Hamburg, Lüneburg,Kiel,the Island of Fehmarn and Szczecin (Poland). There are some long-distance trains to Munich, Frankfurt-am-Main and Cologne. During the summer holidays, there are many extra rail services. Until the end of 2019, Lübeck was a stop on the "Vogelfluglinie"train line from Hamburg to Copenhagen (Denmark).

Public transport by bus is organised by the Lübeck City-Traffic-Company (Lübecker Stadtverkehr). There are 40 bus lines serving the city and the area around Lübeck, in addition to regional bus services.

The district ofTravemündeis on the Baltic Sea and has the city's main port. The Scandinavienkai (the quay of Scandinavia) is the departure point for ferry routes toMalmöandTrelleborg(Sweden);Liepāja(Latvia);Helsinki(Finland) andSaint Petersburg(Russia). It is the second-biggest German port on the Baltic Sea.

Lübeck Airportis located in the south of Lübeck in the town of Blankensee. It provides regional flights toMunichandStuttgartand some charter flights to Italy and Croatia.

Notable people

edit
Further information:Category:People from Lübeck

Religion

edit
Ephraim Carlebach, 1936

Politics

edit
Willy Brandt,1980

Art

edit
J. F. Overbeck, self portrait with family, 1820

Music

edit
Dieterich Buxtehude

Science

edit
Robert Christian Ave-Lallemant, 1851

Writing

edit
Heinrich (left) and Thomas Mann, 1902

Sport

edit

Other

edit
C. F. Heineken, 1726

See also

edit

References

edit

Citations

edit
  1. ^"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2022"(XLS)(in German).Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein.
  2. ^Institut för nedderdüütsche Spraak:Utspraak vunLübeck
  3. ^ab"Hanseatic City of Lübeck".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.Retrieved11 June2022.
  4. ^Miller, Michael D.; Schulz, Andreas (2012).Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925–1945.Vol. 1 (Herbert Albrecht - H. Wilhelm Hüttmann). R. James Bender Publishing. p. 485.ISBN978-1-932-97021-0.
  5. ^"St. Mary's - luebeck-tourismus.de".Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2020.Retrieved10 November2015.
  6. ^"März 1942: Lübeck brennt im Bombenhagel".
  7. ^"G7-Gipfel in Lübeck: Die Beschlüsse".Der Spiegel.15 April 2015.
  8. ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020".World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020).National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived fromthe originalon 12 October 2023.Retrieved12 October2023.
  9. ^ "Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw. (Lübeck-Werft)"(in German). DWD.Retrieved18 November2023.
  10. ^ "Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw. (Lübeck)"(in German). DWD.Retrieved18 November2023.
  11. ^ "Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw. (Lübeck-Blankensee)"(in German). DWD.Retrieved18 November2023.
  12. ^"Statistische Nachrichten Nr. 41".Hansestadt Lübeck. 14 April 2021. pp. 5, 30, 48.
  13. ^Snyder, Kerala J.,"Abendmusik",Grove Music Online,2001
  14. ^Snyder, Kerala J.,"Abendmusik",in Lütteken, Laurenz (ed.),Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart,Kassel/Stuttgart/New York, 1994 [online ed. 2016]. (in German)
  15. ^Sacirbey, Omar (6 June 2012)."A culinary treasure in marzipan in Lubeck, Germany".Boston Globe.Retrieved18 May2017.
  16. ^Woolsey, Barbara (28 November 2015)."Germany's Sweet Spot Is This Marzipan Factory".Vice.Retrieved24 December2017.
  17. ^Matthews, Patrick (21 January 2013)."German retailers call on EU to protect Rotspon".Decanter.Retrieved18 May2017.
  18. ^ab"Partnerstädte und Freunde".luebeck.de(in German). Lübeck.Retrieved2 March2024.
  19. ^This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:"Laurentius_Surius".Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 14. 1912.
  20. ^"Francke, August Hermann".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911.
  21. ^"Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911.
  22. ^Centre for Global Negotiations, Biography of Willy Brandtretrieved 21 March 2018
  23. ^Benjamin von Block, RKD, NLretrieved 23 March 2018
  24. ^"Kneller, Sir Godfrey".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911.
  25. ^"Overbeck, Johann Friedrich".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911.
  26. ^"Baltzar, Thomas".Dictionary of National Biography.Vol. 03. 1885.
  27. ^"Baltzar, Thomas".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 291.
  28. ^"Fehling, Hermann von".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 236.
  29. ^"Curtius, Ernst".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 07 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 652–653.
  30. ^"Curtius, Ernst".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 07 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 652–653, see para 2.His brother, Georg Curtius (1820–1885), philologist,
  31. ^"Behrens, James".Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography.Vol. I. 1900. p. 222.
  32. ^"Geibel, Emanuel".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911.
  33. ^"Heinecken, Christian Heinrich".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.
  1. ^There are five churches taller than 100 metres (330 ft) in Hamburg and four in Lübeck, but two of the churches in Lübeck have two towers, and in Hamburg there are just five towers overall.

General and cited references

edit
See also:Bibliography of the history of Lübeck
  • Colvin, Ian Duncan (9 July 2012).The Germans in England 1066–1598.Forgotten Books.ASINB008QQ2ZGC.
  • Nicolle, David (20 April 2014).Forces of the Hanseatic League.Osprey Publishing.ISBN978-1782007791.
  • Zimmern, Helen (30 November 2005).Hansa Towns.Adamant Media Corporation.ISBN1402184832.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lübeck&oldid=1249405106"