Lüshunkou District(alsoLyushunkou District;Lữ thuận khẩu khu) is a district ofDalian,Liaoningprovince, China. The district's area is 512.15 km2(197.74 sq mi) and its permanent population as of 2020[update]is 398,579.[2][1][3]
Lüshunkou
Lữ thuận khẩu khu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 View of Lüshun's harbor and town from Huangjin Mountain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
  Lüshunkou Location in Liaoning  Lüshunkou Lüshunkou (China) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Coordinates:38°51′03″N121°15′25″E/ 38.85083°N 121.25694°E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country | People's Republic of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Province | Liaoning | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sub-provincial city | Dalian | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Area | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 512.15 km2(197.74 sq mi) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Population (2020) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 398,579 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| • Density | 780/km2(2,000/sq mi) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+8(China Standard) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Daliandistrict map |
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| Division code | 210212 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Website | www | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lüshunkou is located at the extreme southern tip of theLiaodong Peninsula.It has a natural harbor, the possession and control of which became acasus belliof theRusso-Japanese War(1904–05). Japanese and then Russian administration was established in 1895 and continued until 1905 when control was ceded to Japan. During that period, it was world-famous and was more significant than the other port on the peninsula, Dalian proper.
Also formerly calledLüshun City(Lữ thuận thị) or literallyLüshun Port(Lữ thuận cảng), it was formerly known as bothPort Arthur(Russian:Порт-Артур,romanized:Port-Artur) andRyojun(Japanese:Lữ thuận).
Toponym
editIn English-language diplomatic, news, and historical writings, it was known as Port Arthur after a BritishRoyal NavyLieutenant namedWilliam Arthurwho surveyed the harbor in thegunboatHMSAlgerinein 1860.[4]
During the period when theJapanese Empirecontrolled and administered theLiaodong (formerly Liaotung) Peninsulait was calledRyojun(Lữ thuận),theJapanesepronunciation of theChinese charactersin the city's name. After the Japanese defeat inWorld War II,the city was under the administration of theSoviet Union,which rented the port from China, until 1950. Although the Soviets presented the port to the newPeople's Republic of Chinain 1950,Soviet Armed Forcestroops remained in the city until 1955.
Geography
edit
Central Dalian is some 64 km (40 mi) farther up the coast, sprawling around the narrowest neck of theLiaodong Peninsula(simplified Chinese:Liêu đông bán đảo;traditional Chinese:Liêu đông bán đảo;pinyin:Liáodōng Bàndǎo), whereas Lüshun occupies its southern tip. (See Landsat Map below Zoomed – Lüshun City surrounds the lake-like structure clearly visible near the peninsular tip—the lake-like feature is the inner naturalharbourof the port, a very well-sheltered and fortifiable harbour to 19th century eyes.)
The Liaodong Peninsula is located northwest in relation toKorea,theYellow Seato its southeast, theKorea Bayto its due east, and theBohai Sea(or Gulf) to its west.Beijingis almost directly (due west-northwest) across theBo Hai Gulffrom the port city.
Climate
edit| Climate data for Lüshunkou District (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
2.7 (36.9) |
7.9 (46.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.2 (68.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
11.3 (52.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.3 (20.7) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
8.0 (46.3) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 4.0 (0.16) |
6.4 (0.25) |
11.5 (0.45) |
32.5 (1.28) |
55.7 (2.19) |
71.2 (2.80) |
129.0 (5.08) |
160.4 (6.31) |
46.1 (1.81) |
34.3 (1.35) |
26.1 (1.03) |
8.5 (0.33) |
585.7 (23.04) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.1 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 65.6 |
| Average snowy days | 6.0 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 7.4 | 22.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 60 | 61 | 59 | 60 | 64 | 77 | 85 | 84 | 73 | 65 | 62 | 60 | 68 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 178.6 | 182.7 | 233.2 | 242.1 | 264.7 | 231.7 | 192.7 | 211.7 | 225.4 | 210.8 | 160.7 | 154.8 | 2,489.1 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 59 | 60 | 63 | 61 | 60 | 52 | 43 | 51 | 61 | 62 | 54 | 53 | 57 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[5][6] | |||||||||||||
History
edit
In the late 1880s, the German companyKruppwas contracted by theQing dynastyto build a series of fortifications around Port Arthur. Reportedly, this was after local contractors had "made an extensive bungle of the job".[7]
Port Arthur first came into international prominence during theFirst Sino-Japanese War(1894–1895). Following Japan's victory over theImperial Chinese Armytroops at theBattle of PyongyanginKoreain September 1894, theJapanese FirstandSecond Armiesconverged on theLiaodong Peninsulaby land and sea.Imperial Japanese Armed Forceswar planners, ambitious for control of the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur and also cognizant of that port's strategic position controlling the northernYellow Searoutes and the passage toTianjin,were determined to seize it.
On 20–21 November 1894, 15,000 Japanese troops defeated 13,000 Qing soldiers and conquered Lüshunkou.
Japan went on to occupy Port Arthur and to seize control of the whole Liaodong Peninsula. As part of the terms of the 1895Treaty of Shimonosekiconcluding the war, Japan was granted the Liaodong Peninsula but had to cede the territory when threatened jointly with war byFrance,GermanyandRussiain what is called theTriple Interventionof 1895. This was seen as agreat humiliationin Japan.
Russian base in Port Arthur
editTheRussian Empirein 1898coerced a leasefrom China of theLiaodong Peninsulaand created the territory ofRussian Dalian.It gained railroad right-of-way to join the Liaodong Peninsula to theChinese Eastern Railwaywith a line running from Port Arthur to the Chinese city ofHarbin,and systematically began to fortify the town and harbor at Port Arthur.[8] TsarNicholas IIbelieved this acquisition of a Pacific port would enhance Russian security, and extend its economic influence. He was also falsely informed that theBritish Empirewas considering seizing the port.[9] Nicholas foundedDalny(laterDalian) near Port Arthur and also on the Chinese Eastern Railway. In 1902, the Russian viceroy de-emphasized Dalny, building a palace and cultural edifices at Port Arthur instead. All of these developments contributed to Japanese resentment towards Russia over competing imperial aims in Manchuria.
Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)
editTen years later, Port Arthur again played a central role in war in China. After theBoxer Rebellion(1900–01) had been extinguished by an internationalEight-Nation Allianceof troops, theImperial Russian Armyrefused to withdraw its reinforcements fromManchuriaand instead began to fortify and garrison the entire route along the Southern Manchurian Railway. With this development, Japan proposed the two powers meet and discuss their respective roles in eastern Manchuria, as the area was considered being in their respectivespheres of influence.Talks were conducted between 1902 and 1904. While numerous proposals and agreement papers were generated between the two powers, Russia continued thede factoannexation of territory through fortification and garrison, if notde jure;while employingstallingtactics in its negotiations. In the end, with over two years of intensivebilateralnegotiations having gotten nowhere in clarifying each country's rights, prerogatives, and interests in Manchuria, Japan attacked Port Arthur and theRussian fleet without declaring war in February 1904.
The Battle of Port Arthur
edit
TheBattle of Port Arthur,the opening battle of theRusso-Japanese War,was fought in the heavily fortified harbor of the town of Port Arthur/Lüshun on 9 February 1904 when the Japanese attacked at night with torpedoes, followed by a brief daylight skirmish by major surface combatants.
By the end of July 1904, the Japanese army had pushed down the Liaodong peninsula and was at the outer defenses of Port Arthur. The fact that Japanese forces had closed to within artillery range of the harbor in early August 1904 led directly to the navalBattle of the Yellow Seawhich solidified Japan's command of the sea, where her fleets continued to blockade the harbor. Virtually all the battles of the war until July 1904 were strategic battles for territorial gain or position leading to theinvestmentandsiegeof the port city.
The port eventually fell 2 January 1905 after a long train of battles on land and sea during which the Japanese occupied the whole of theKorean Peninsula,split the Russian Army, devastated theImperial Russian Navy,and cut off the source of supplies on the railway fromHarbin,culminating in the bloody battle known as theSiege of Port Arthur(June–January; some sources place the siege start in late July, a technical difference due to definitions).
Japanese Ryojun
editAfter Japan's defeat of Russia, it took overKwantung Leased Territoryand renamed Port Arthur to Ryojun. The Japanese-controlled Ryojun City had 40 districts. They built the war monuments on203 HillandBaiyu Mountain.The Port Arthur–Harbin line became part of theSouth Manchurian Railway.After Japan created the puppet state ofManchukuoin 1932, Japan regarded its lease as being held from Manchukuo rather than from China.
Post-war administration
edit
The Chinese Lüshun City was established on 25 November 1945 to replace Ryojun. The city was a subdivision of a larger Lüda City and contained 40 villages in 3 districts: Dazhong (Đại chúng khu;Đại chúng khu), Wenhua (Văn hóa), and Guangming (Quang minh). In January 1946, Wenhua was merged into Dazhong, and the 40 villages were reduced to 23 communes (Phường). In January 1948, the remaining two districts were merged into one: Shinei (Thị nội khu;Thị nội khu), with 12 communes.
Under theSino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliancesigned byJoseph StalinandChiang Kai-shek,the Republic of China agreed to allow theSoviet Navyto maintain a base there in exchange for Soviet diplomatic recognition of theNationalist government.However, the USSR later used the port to assist theChinese Communist Party'sPeople's Liberation Armyduring theChinese Civil War,leading to theKuomintang's overthrow.[10]
On 7 January 1960, Lüshun City was renamed Lüshunkou District, still under Lüda. In 1981, Lüda was renamedDalian,with Lüshunkou remaining a constituent district. In 1985, 7 of Lüshunkou's 9 townships were upgraded to towns.
Lüshunkou District administers 9subdistricts;all of the former towns were either abolished, merged or converted into subdistricts themselves.[11]
- Dengfeng Subdistrict(Đăng phong nhai đạo)
- Desheng Subdistrict(Đắc thắng nhai đạo)
- Shuishiying Subdistrict(Thủy sư doanh nhai đạo)
- Longwangtang Subdistrict(Long vương đường nhai đạo)
- Tieshan Subdistrict(Thiết sơn nhai đạo)
- Shuangdaowan Subdistrict(Song đảo loan nhai đạo)
- Sanjianpu Subdistrict(Tam giản bảo nhai đạo)
- Changcheng Subdistrict(Trường thành nhai đạo)
- Longtou Subdistrict(Long đầu nhai đạo)
The city's southern half alongLüshun South Road,central Lüshun and the Naval Port zone continue to be off-limits to foreigners although Lüshunkou District is thoroughly modernized. The World Peace Park opened on the western coast of Lüshun, becoming a sightseeing spot.
The universities in downtown Dalian are being relocated to Lüshunkou.Dalian Jiaotong University(formerly Dalian Railroad University) moved its software school to the area near the new port, and theDalian University of Foreign LanguagesandDalian Medical Universityrelocated their main campuses to the eastern slope of Baiying Mountain, on Lüshun South Road.Dalian Fisheries Universityis in the process of moving its English and Japanese language schools to Daheishi, on Lüshun North Road. From late 2006,Sinorailhas operated theBohai Train Ferrybetween Lüshun, Dalian, andYantai,Shandong.[citation needed]
| Under Russian rule | Under Japanese rule | Under Chinese rule[original research?] |
|---|---|---|
| The Old Town | ||
| Unknown | Lüshun City Hall | Commercial Bldg. on right of New Mart Supermarket |
| Unknown | Public Welfare Office | Naval Hotel |
| — | Lüshun Branch,Bank of Chōsen | Lüshun Branch,Commercial Bank of China |
| — | Lüshun No. 1 Primary School | A Naval Facility (on left of Zhangjian Rd. South 3rd Alley) |
| Red Cross Hospital | Lüshun Hospital & Medical School | A Naval Facility (Lüshunkou Hospital on north side) |
| — | Kwantung High Court | Old Kwantung High Court (inside Hospital premises) |
| Lüshun Jail (Gray Walled Bldgs.) | Lüshun Jail (Extended with Red Walled Bldgs.) | Russo-Japanese Jail (Anti-Imperialist Propaganda Facility) |
| — | LüshunDanish Lutheran Church | Lüshunkou Christian Church |
| — | Hyochu (Showing Loyalty) Tower | White Jade Tower |
| — | Asahi (Morning Sun) Plaza | Friendship Park |
| The New Town | ||
| Unknown | Japan Bridge (over the Long He) | Liberation Bridge |
| Russian Marines Hqs. | Lüshun Institute of Technology | Navy Hospital No. 406 |
| Unknown | Lüshun High School | A Naval Facility (Lüshun command) |
| A German Merchant's Store | Lüshun (No. 1) Middle School | A Naval facility (No. 58 Stalin Rd.) |
| Meeting Place of Sniper Unit's Non-commissioned Officers | Lüshun No. 2 Primary School | Dalian City No. 56 Middle School |
| Ji Fengtai's Shop | The LüshunYamato Hotel | Shop & Hostel |
| Unknown | Lüshun No. 2 Middle School | Not Used |
| Photoshop/Town Hall/Restaurant | Lüshun Girls' High School | Navy Related Families' Living Quarters |
| Unknown | Kodama Ground | Ground for Navy |
| Unknown | Korakuen Park | Lüshun Museum Park |
Education
editSee also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^abDalian Statistical Yearbook 2012 (《 đại liên thống kế niên giám 2012》). Accessed 8 July 2014.
- ^"Dàlián Shì (Sub-provincial City, China) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location".www.citypopulation.de.Retrieved31 October2024.
- ^2010 Census county-by-county statistics (《 trung quốc 2010 niên nhân khẩu phổ tra phân huyện tư liêu 》). Accessed 8 July 2014.
- ^"The Name Port Arthur, History and Origin of How It Was Applied".Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXXI, Number 300, 25 July 1904 (accessed at UCR Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research).Retrieved11 December2020.
- ^Trung quốc khí tượng sổ cư võng – WeatherBk Data(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved5 October2023.
- ^ "Experience Template"Trung quốc khí tượng sổ cư võng(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved5 October2023.
- ^James Allen (1898).Under the dragon flag: My experiences in the Chino-Japanese war.Frederick A. Stokes Company. p. 39.Retrieved7 August2011.
- ^Lim, Robyn (12 October 2012).The Geopolitics of East Asia.Routledge. p. 28.ISBN978-1-134-43270-7.Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023.Retrieved2 May2022.
- ^Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2016).The Romanovs.United Kingdom: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.503–504.
- ^Dikötter, Frank. (2013).The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957(1 ed.). London: Bloomsbury Press. pp.12–18.ISBN978-1-62040-347-1.
- ^2018 niên thống kế dụng khu hoa đại mã hòa thành hương hoa phân đại mã: Lữ thuận khẩu khu(in Chinese (China)). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China.Archivedfrom the original on 17 February 2020.Retrieved31 January2019.
Sources
edit- "Lüshun under Russian Rule" (in Japanese; Lüshun Library, 1936), as quoted in "Lüshun under Russian Rule" (Abridged) in "Journal Commemorating the 95th Anniversary of Lüshun Institute of Technology" (in Japanese; Tokyo, 2006).
- F.R. Sedwick, (R.F.A.),The Russo-Japanese War, 1909,The Macmillan Company, N.Y.
- Colliers (Ed.),The Russo-Japanese War,1904, P.F. Collier & Son, New York
- Dennis and Peggy Warner,The Tide at Sunrise,1974, Charterhouse, New York
- William Henry Chamberlain,Japan Over Asia,1937, Little, Brown, and Company, Boston
- Tom McKnight, PhD, et al.;Geographica(ATLAS), Barnes and Noble Books and Random House, New York, 1999–2004, 3rd revision,ISBN0-7607-5974-X