Lockheed L-1011 TriStar

TheLockheed L-1011 TriStar(pronounced "El-ten-eleven" )is an American medium-to-long-range, wide-bodytrijetairliner built by theLockheed Corporation.It was the thirdwide-body airlinerto enter commercial operations, after theBoeing 747and theMcDonnell Douglas DC-10.Theairlinerhas a seating capacity of up to 400 passengers and a range of over 4,000nautical miles(7,410km;4,600mi). Its trijet configuration has threeRolls-Royce RB211engines with one engine under each wing, along with a third engine center-mounted with anS-ductair inlet embedded in the tail and the upperfuselage.The aircraft has anautolandcapability, an automated descent control system, and available lower deckgalleyand lounge facilities.

L-1011 TriStar
A L-1011 TriStar ofAir India
General information
Type	Wide-bodyjet airliner
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Lockheed Corporation
Status	One in service asStargazer
Primary users	Northrop Grumman British Airways(historical) Delta Air Lines(historical) Eastern Air Lines(historical)
Number built	250
History
Manufactured	1968–1984
Introduction date	April 26, 1972, withEastern Air Lines
First flight	November 16, 1970
Variants	Lockheed TriStar (RAF) Stargazer (aircraft)

The L-1011 TriStar was produced in two fuselage lengths. The original L-1011-1 first flew in November 1970 and entered service withEastern Air Linesin 1972. The shortened, longer range L-1011-500 first flew in 1978 and entered service withBritish Airwaysa year later. The original-length TriStar was also produced as the highgross weightL-1011-100, the up-rated engine L-1011-200, and the further upgraded L-1011-250. Post-production conversions for the L-1011-1 with increased takeoff weights included the L-1011-50 and L-1011-150.

The L-1011 TriStar's sales were hampered by two years of delays due to developmental and financial problems atRolls-Royce,the sole manufacturer of the aircraft's engines. Between 1968 and 1984, Lockheed manufactured a total of 250 TriStars, assembled at the Lockheed plant located at thePalmdale Regional Airportin southernCalifornianorth ofLos Angeles.After L-1011 production ended, Lockheed withdrew from the commercial aircraft business due to its below-target sales.As of 2024, only one L-1011 is in service, asStargazer.

Development

Origins

In the 1960s,American Airlinesapproached Lockheed and competitor Douglas (later McDonnell Douglas) with the need for an airliner that could carry 250 passengers on transcontinental routes.Lockheed had not produced civilian airliners since 1961 with theL-188 Electra.In the 1950s the Electra was designed for turboprop propulsion, which Lockheed had successfully used on theC-130 Herculesmilitary transport. Even after the Electra overcame vibration problems that caused several crashes early in its career, the market for large airliners would soon shift over to jet airliners such as theBoeing 707andDouglas DC-8.Lockheed won contracts for jet military transports with theC-141 StarLifter,and pioneered very large jet transports with the largeC-5 Galaxywith its high-bypass turbofan engines. Boeing lost the military contract, but its private-venture 747 captured what would become a much larger civilian airliner market forwide-bodyairliners.

Having experienced difficulties with some of its military programs, Lockheed was eager to re-enter the civilian market with a smaller wide-body jet, and its response was the L-1011 TriStar. Douglas Aircraft answered American Airlines with theDC-10,which had a similar three-engine configuration and dimensions.Despite their similarities, the L-1011 and DC-10's engineering approach differed greatly. McDonnell, who had recently taken over Douglas Aircraft, directed DC-10 development on a "very firm budget, and cost overruns were unacceptable – even at the expense of safety", and the conservative approach meant reusingDouglas DC-8technology. By contrast, Lockheed would "take the most advanced technology of the day and when that technology was lacking, Lockheed created it" for the L-1011in order to give it lower noise emissions, improved reliability, and higher efficiency over first-generation jet airliners. The TriStar name was selected in a Lockheed employee naming contest for the airliner.The advanced technology that went into the TriStar resulted in a high purchase price.

TWALockheed L-1011-1 Tristar twin-aisle cabin in 1972

The TriStar's design featured a twin-aisle interior with a maximum of 400 passengers and a three-engine layout. The TriStar was originally conceived as a "jumbo twin", but a three-engine design was ultimately chosen to give the aircraft enough thrust to take off from existing runways.Also, before the establishment ofExtended Operationsstandards by theFAAin the 1980s, commercial jets with only two engines were not allowed to fly more than 30 minutes away from an airport, making trans-oceanic flights impossible. The main visible difference between the TriStar and its similar trijet competitor, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, is the central tail engine configuration: the DC-10's engine is mounted above the fuselage for simplicity of design and more economical construction, while the TriStar's engine is mounted to the rear fuselage and fed through anS-duct(similar to theBoeing 727) for reduced drag and improved stability.Lockheed engineers were able to maintain straight-through engine performance by limiting the curve of the S-duct to less than a quarter of the radius of the engine intake diameter. The S-duct design also reduced the total empty aircraft weight. The research undertaken during the design of the L-1011 indicated that losses of using an S-duct were more than compensated for by the above savings.A further major difference between the L-1011 and the DC-10 was Lockheed's selection of theRolls-Royce RB211as the only engine for the L-1011.As originally designed, the RB211turbofanwas an advanced three-spool design with acarbon fiberfan,which would have better efficiency andpower-to-weight ratiothan any competing engine like theGeneral Electric CF6that powered the DC-10. In theory, the triple spool would produce the same or more power as existing double spool engines while having a smaller cross section that would reduce drag.

L-1011 with an S-duct engine

American Airlines opted for the Douglas DC-10, although it showed considerable interest in the L-1011. American intended to convince Douglas to lower its price for the DC-10, which it did.Without the support of American, the TriStar was launched on orders fromTWAand Eastern Air Lines.

Prototype L-1011 TriStar being prepared for its first flight test in 1970

Although the TriStar's design schedule closely followed that of its competitor, McDonnell Douglas beat Lockheed to market by a year due to delays in powerplant development. In February 1971, after massive development costs associated with the RB211, Rolls-Royce went intoreceivership.This halted L-1011 final assembly and Lockheed investigated the possibility of a US engine supplier.However the engineering was finalized at that stage in the TriStar's development and its S-duct, which was designed to fit the smaller cross-section of the triple spool RB-211 engine that would have reduced drag, was too small in diameter to accommodate an existing double spool engine.One option presented was potential outsource of RB-211 production to Canadian manufacturerOrenda Engines.

The British government agreed to approve a large state subsidy to restart Rolls-Royce operations on condition the U.S. government guarantee the bank loans Lockheed needed to complete the L-1011 project.Despite some opposition, not least from the thenGovernor of California,Ronald Reagan,the U.S. government provided these guarantees.For the rest of the RB211 project, Rolls-Royce remained a government-owned company.

Production

An L-1011-1 ofPacific Southwest Airlinesat Lockheed's Palmdale plant

The TriStar'sinternal Lockheed model numberis L-093. The TriStar was manufactured in Lockheed facilities in Burbank andPalmdale, California.

The prototype L1011 first flew on November 16, 1970.The L-1011 was certified on April 14, 1972, with the first airliner delivered to Eastern Air Lines on April 26, 1972.In 1972, its unit cost was US$20 million (~$111 million in 2023).To further publicize the new aircraft, an L-1011 was taken on a world tour during 1972 by famed Lockheed test pilotTony LeVier.In a demonstration by test pilots LeVier and Charles Hall, 115 crew members, employees, and reporters embarked on the TriStar for a 4-hour, 13-minute flight from Palmdale to Dulles Airport "with the TriStar's AFCS [Automatic Flight Control System] feature engaged from takeoff roll to landing", and Lockheed touted it as "a groundbreaking moment: the first cross-country flight without the need for human hands on the controls".

Lockheed discovered fairly early on that the TriStar suffered from higher than estimated structural weight, engine weight, and specific fuel consumption. To rectify this problem and to meet performance guarantees, Lockheed developed a structural kit that allowedmaximum takeoff weight(MTOW) to be increased on production aircraft from 409,000 to 430,000 pounds (186,000 to 195,000 kg). However, the weight problems affected the weight and desirability of early production L-1011-1 aircraft, known as Group 1 (serial numbers 1002 through to 1012).

Group 1 aircraft have an Operating empty weight (OEW) of 252,700 pounds (114,600 kg), about 12,700 pounds (5,800 kg) higher than later aircraft, while Group 2 aircraft (serial numbers 1013 through 1051) have an OEW of 247,000 pounds (112,000 kg), some 4,700 pounds (2,100 kg) lower. These aircraft, in general, also have different center of gravity envelopes with the forward center of gravity limit on the early aircraft being more restrictive at higher gross weights. Groups 1 and 2 aircraft (serial numbers 1002 to 1051) are upgradeable only to -50 or -150 specifications, although the Group 1 aircraft (up to serial number 1012) still maintain their operating disadvantages. All L-1011-1 aircraft from serial number 1052 onwards are Group 3 aircraft and are fully upgradeable to all variants up to -250 specification.

British AirwaysL-1011 TriStar in Landor livery in 1986

Costs at Rolls-Royce were controlled and its efforts largely went into the original TriStar engines, which needed considerable modifications between the L-1011's first flight and service entry. The competition, notably General Electric, was very quick to develop itsCF6engine with more thrust, which meant that a heavier "intercontinental" DC-10-30 could be more quickly brought to market. The flexibility afforded to potential customers by a long-range DC-10 put the L-1011 at a serious disadvantage. Rolls-Royce went on to develop the high-thrustRB211-524for the L-1011-200 and -500, but this took many years.

The resultant delay in Lockheed and Rolls-Royce offering a high gross variant with a longer range, coupled with the TriStar's delayed introduction, meant that only 250 TriStars were sold compared to some 400 DC-10s.Lockheed needed to sell 500 airliners to break even, but in 1981, the company announced production would end with the delivery of the 250th and last L-1011 on order in 1984.

The TriStar's failure to achieve profitability caused Lockheed to withdraw from the civilian aircraft business.The TriStar's rivalry with the DC-10 has been seen as a "case study in what can happen when two manufacturers attempt to split a market that simply could not support both aircraft". Lockheed lacked the resources to follow up with several proposals based on the TriStar wing and airframe, including a wide-body twinjet and a stretched quad-jet (one of the quadjet proposals consisting of two underwing engines and two rear fuselage-mounted engines). McDonnell Douglas was also financially weakened and could only develop theMD-11,a refinement of the DC-10, instead of an all-new design to challenge the next generation of twinjets like theBoeing 777.

Design

Lockheed L-1011 TriStar front view

Engines

TheRB211and its features, despite the delays in its development, provided the L-1011 with then-unmatched fuel economy and noise levels.

Reversers and nozzle

During development the RB211 engines on the L-1011 hadthrust-spoilers–target-typehot-stream reverse buckets – alongside the cold-bypass reversers. Despite capturing 25% of the total engine thrust, aerodynamic interference with the flaps diminished the braking effect of the flaps, so the thrust-spoilers were removed; instead an 11-degree afterbody was installed, which improved the specific range by 1.5%. Further improvements led to a 15-degree afterbody, enabling the L-1011 "to beat its predicted specific air range at 0.85 Mach by between 3.5 and 5.5 percent, the exact figure depending on cruise weight."

All-flying tail

Instead of thetrimmable horizontal stabilizer(THS) found on most jetliners of its time, the L-1011 incorporated an all-flying tail – astabilator.The aft portion had a geared (anti-servo)elevatorthat was linked to and moved with the stabilator, changing the stabilator's camber and improving the overall control surface effectiveness. Lockheed's main drive away from a THS was "[eliminating] mis-trim and runaway trim problems that have contributed to a number of accidents in the past."The fact that the elevators are not moved directly led to the failure in recognizing the jamming (trailing edge up) of the left elevator aboardDelta Air Lines Flight 1080in 1977.

Fuel system

The L-1011-1 has four wing tanks; each inboard tank feeds the respective wing engine, and the two outboard tanks feed the tail engine via a flow equalizer.The additional center tank of the long-range variants, which is two halves, is located between the wing halves. Each center tank half acts as additional capacity to its adjacent inboard wing tank; filling it by way ofejector pumps.When the center tank is filled, it is used tocrossfeedall three engines in flight (by way of the ejector pumps and crossfeed valves) until the center tank is empty and the remaining tanks are equalized.

Coach cabin of aTWAL-1011 TriStar in 2–5–2 layout

Landing gear

The nose landing gear had two attachment points forward and aft, allowing a short-enoughtugto push or pull the plane from directly underneath, a feature to allow operations where there wasn't enough forward space at some airports, which was more common at the time.

Electrical system and avionics

The L-1011 TriStar's three-crew flight deck

The L-1011 was the first jetliner to have anintegrated drive generator(IDG).

The FMS on the L-1011, certified by the FAA in September 1977, offered many features that have since become common. The features were aimed at greatly reducing crew workload and improvingfuel efficiency.Of those are a Mach/IAS cruise control, an automatic Rough Air Mode that detects turbulence and adjusts the engine power setting accordingly, and a descent mode that figures out the optimum location to start a descent by "back computing" from a preselected point, allowing "on-altitude and on-speed" arrival.

The L-1011 also featured a highly advancedautopilotsystem and was the first widebody to receiveFAAcertification forCat-IIIcautolanding,which approved the TriStar for completelyblindlandings performed by the aircraft's autopilot in zero-visibilityweather.The L-1011 used an inertial navigation system to navigate;this included aligning the navigation system by entering current coordinates of longitude and latitude.

It also had a unique direct lift control (DLC) system, which allowed for smooth approaches when landing, without having to use significant pitch changes while on the approach path.DLC helps maintain the aircraft on the glideslope during final approach by automatically deploying spoiler panels on the wings. Thus, rather than maintaining the descent by adjusting pitch, DLC helps control the descent while maintaining a more consistent pitch angle, using four redundant hydraulic systems.

Other components and systems

The APU was capable of operating up to 30,000 feet; its two square-shaped inlet doors are situated on the bottom fuselage on the aircraft's centerline towards the rear of the plane.

Compared to the typical three-system of its era, the L-1011 had four independent 3,000-psi hydraulic systems, A through D.

Part of the production process also used a uniqueautoclavesystem for bonding fuselage panels together; this made the L-1011 extremely resistant to corrosion.

Operational history

Commercial

AnEastern Air LinesL-1011 TriStar in St. Louis in 1972. This aircraft would become the first L-1011 and first wide-body hull-loss asEastern Air Lines Flight 401.

TWA heralded the TriStar as one of the safest aircraft in the world in promotional literature in the 1980s when concern over the safety record of theMcDonnell Douglas DC-10,flown by rival airlines, was at its peak.The L-1011 has been involved in five fatal accidents, only one of which was due to a problem with the aircraft.

Delta Air Lineswas the type's largest customer.Delta retired its TriStars in 2001 to replace them with theBoeing 767-400ER.Cathay Pacificeventually became the largest non-U.S. operator of the type by acquiring many of the Eastern Air Lines examples when Eastern went bankrupt, operating as many as 21 aircraft. Cathay Pacific retired its L-1011s in October 1996 and replaced the type with theAirbus A330-300.TWA withdrew its last TriStar from service in 1997.

To secure the Japanese market, Lockheed secretly bribed several members of the Japanese government to subsidizeAll Nippon Airways' purchase of L-1011s; this caused a significant scandal when the bribes were uncovered.The discovered scale to what has become known as theLockheed bribery scandalled to the arrest of Japanese Prime MinisterKakuei Tanaka,as well as several other officials.Within Lockheed, board chairman Daniel Haughton and vice chairman and presidentCarl Kotchianresigned their posts on February 13, 1976.Tanaka was eventually tried and found guilty of violating foreign exchange control laws but was not charged with bribery, a more serious criminal offense.Crucially for Lockheed, the fallout from the scandal included the loss of a contract worth over $1 billion.

TheSoviet Unionat that time lacked a widebody airliner. Development of its ownIlyushin Il-86was delayed;consequently, in the mid-1970s, the Soviets started negotiations to buy 30 TriStars and license-produce up to 100 a year.The talks collapsed as US PresidentJimmy Cartermade human rights an important consideration in US foreign policy.The TriStar was also listed by theCoordinating Committeeas embodying advanced technology forbidden for sale to potential enemies, which presented a serious obstacle to the export deal.

The last three airlines to operate the L-1011 inscheduledservice wereBrussels Airlines(codeshare withHewa Bora Airways),Thai Sky Airlines,andLloyd Aereo Boliviano,with final flights in August 2007, February 2008, and May 2008, respectively.In later years the L-1011 has been used by smaller start-up carriers, particularly in Africa and Asia. These operators mainly do their business in thead hoccharterandwet leasingbusinesses.ATA Airlines(formerly known as American Trans Air) fleet included over 19 TriStars, but operations dwindled to only three L-1011-500s before the company's shutdown in April 2008.

Military

Main article:Lockheed TriStar (RAF)

The TriStar has also been used as a military tanker and passenger/cargo aircraft. The BritishRoyal Air Forcehad nine aircraft of four variants. The aircraft were six ex-British Airwaysand three Pan Am L-1011-500s.All of the aircraft served withNo. 216 Squadron,and were based atRAF Brize Norton.The TriStar was replaced in RAF service by theAirbus A330 MRTTunder theFuture Strategic Tanker Aircraftprogram.216 Squadron was officially disbanded on March 20, 2014, and flew its last sorties with the TriStar on March 24, 2014.

Other

Northrop Grumman'sL-1011-100 "Stargazer" preparing for a flight, with the fuselage lifted to make the room for mounting Pegasus XL rocket

In the early 1990s,Orbital Sciencesbegan to use a converted L-1011-100 namedStargazerto launchPegasusrockets into orbit around Earth. This venture effectively rendered the smallScoutrocket obsolete.This aircraft was also used in support of theX-34andX-43programs.NASAperformed aerodynamic research on Orbital Sciences' L-1011 in 1995.In 2014, three L-1011s in the world were airworthy.As of 2019,Stargazeris the only active L-1011.

Variants

The earlier versions of the L-1011, such as the -1, -100, and -150 can be distinguished from the later models by the design of the middle engine nacelles. The earlier version nacelle has a round intake, whereas the later models have a small vertical fin between the bottom of the middle engine intake and the top of the fuselage.

The two L-1011 aircraft delivered toPacific Southwest Airlineswere configured with internalairstairdoors that led into an entry hall in what was normally the forward lower baggage hold. This was to allow operations from airfields that did not have terminal buildings withjet bridges.These two aircraft were later in service withAeroperúandWorldways Canada.

L-1011-1

AThai Sky AirlinesL-1011-1 atHong Kong International Airportin 2005

The L-1011-1 (FAA certification L-1011-385-1) was the first production model of the L-1011, designed for short- and medium-range flights. This variant served as the basis for subsequent variants. This type was purchased by Air Canada, ANA, Cathay Pacific, Eastern, and other operators with regional trunk routes requiring a widebody aircraft. Pacific Southwest Airlines purchased two L-1011-1 models with lower deck seating.This variant was also one of the few widebodies to have the option for a full-height built-inairstair.

The L-1011-1 was first delivered to Eastern Air Lines on April 5, 1972. A total of 160 L-1011-1 TriStars were built before production ended in 1983, although the majority of these, 119 or 75% of the total, were completed during a four-year period from 1972 to 1975. Most sales of the L-1011-1 were to US operators, with just three airlines, Delta, Eastern, and TWA, taking delivery of 110 combined. A further two aircraft were placed with a fourth US airline, Pacific Southwest Airlines.

L-1011-100

Trans World AirlinesL-1011-100 TriStar

The L-1011-100 (FAA certification L-1011-385-1-14) was the second production model of the L-1011 and first flew in 1975 and featured a new center fuel tank and higher gross weights that increased the aircraft's range by nearly 930 miles (1,500 km). Launch orders for the L-1011-100 were placed bySaudiaandCathay Pacific,for two each, in May 1974. Deliveries began in June 1975.

The variant was also purchased by several airlines with longer-range routes, such as TWA, Air Canada, andBEA(which merged withBOACto formBritish Airways). The first two L-1011-100s (serial numbers 1110 and 1116) were delivered new toSaudiawith the same fuel capacity as the L-1011-1 (FAA certification L-1011-385-1-14); these were later upgraded to L-1011-200 specification.

L-1011-50

The L-1011-50 was an upgraded version of the L-1011-1 with an increase in maximum takeoff weight from 430,000 pounds (195,000 kg) to either 440,000 pounds (200,000 kg) or 450,000 pounds (204,000 kg). Fuel capacity was not increased. The -50 was available only as a conversion package for the L-1011-1 and was never built new.

L-1011-150

The L-1011-150 was a development of the L-1011-1 with its maximum takeoff weight increased to 470,000 pounds (210,000 kg). It was available only as a conversion for the L-1011-1. The -150 involves the conversion of Group 1 and Group 2 L-1011-1 aircraft to an MTOW of 470,000 pounds (210,000 kg), an increase of 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg), about 10%, from the L-1011-1, giving the aircraft a slightly better range than the -50, but without the additional center-section fuel tank, less than the L-1011-100 aircraft. The first aircraft was converted byMBBat Lemwerder in Germany during the winter of 1988–89 and was subsequently handed over toAir Transatof Canada on May 11, 1989.

L-1011-200

ASaudiaL-1011-200 TriStar atLondon Heathrow Airport,1985

The L-1011-200 (FAA certification L-1011-385-1-15), the third production model of the L-1011, was introduced in 1976. Although otherwise similar to the -100, the -200 usesRolls-Royce RB.211-524B engines to improve its performance in hot and high-altitude conditions. Gulf Air used -200 models to replace its earlier-generationVickers VC10fleet.

Other than the engines, the basic TriStar -200 is identical to the -100, with center-section fuel, having a MTOW of 466,000 pounds (211,000 kg), and fuel capacity of 26,400 US gallons (100,000 L) as the -100. An increase of gross weight to 474,000 pounds (215,000 kg) is possible, with the heavier aircraft offered by Lockheed as -200I or -200(Improved).Saudi Arabian Airlines(Saudia) was a launch customer for the -200 series and operated a sizable fleet until 1998. A total of 24 L-1011-200 aircraft were built new, with the first delivered to Saudia on May 28, 1977. Like other TriStar improvements, a conversion program has also been offered.

L-1011-250

The L-1011-250 was an upgrade developed for late-model L-1011-1 aircraft and all L-1011-100 and L-1011-200 aircraft. The more powerful engines, lengthened wing, active-load-control ailerons and other systems that had been developed for the L-1011-500 were adapted into the baseline model. The changes resulted in increases in maximum takeoff weight to 510,000 pounds (230,000 kg) and fuel capacity from 23,600 US gal (89,335 L) to 31,632 US gal (119,735 L). This variant also used the upgradedRB211-524B4Iengine, which could be easily retrofitted to the existingRB211-524Bpowerplants of the L-1011-200, but it required a re-engining on the L-1011-1 and L-1011-100, which used the original RB211-22B. The conversion allowed the L-1011 to match the performance of the long-range McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30. Although it could be applied to all L-1011 models, the upgrade was only undertaken by Delta on six late-model L-1011-1 aircraft.

L-1011-500

ATAP Air PortugalL-1011-500 in 1990.

The L-1011-500 (FAA certification L-1011-385-3) was the last L-1011 variant to enter production. It was a longer-range variant first flight-tested in 1978. Its fuselage length was shortened by 14 feet (4.3 m) and MTOW increased to allow higher fuel loads.More powerful RB.211-524 engines, increased wingspan, active-load-control ailerons and other improved systems were features introduced by Lockheed to exploit newly available technologies in the late 1970s. The -500 variant was popular among international operators and formed a significant portion of the L-1011 fleet of Delta and British Airways. However, it entered service seven years after the similarDC-10-30entered service.

The TriStar 500 first flew on October 16, 1978, with the first delivery to British Airways on April 27, 1979. It entered service with British Airways on May 7, 1979, flying between London and Abu Dhabi. The last L-1011 produced was a TriStar 500, operated by the Las Vegas Sands.

Dimensions

The TriStar 500 has an overall length of 164 feet 2 inches (50.04 m) and wingspan increased to 164 feet 4 inches (50.09 m) (early TriStar versions originally had the TriStar 1 wing with a span of 155 feet 4 inches (47.35 m)).

Flying surfaces

Lockheed developed some aerodynamic improvements for the TriStar 500 which included a modified wing-to-body fairing, a fillet below the central intake, extended wingtips, and "active ailerons" or active control system (ACS). The new fairing reduced drag, while the fillet reduced noise in the rear cabin. The wingtip extensions increased aspect ratio, thus reducing induced drag, but resulted in increased bending. The ACS developed to solve this, provided gust alleviation, improving ride during flight, reduced fuel burn, and increased fatigue life.

Earlier TriStar 500s were delivered with the standard wing; these were later retrofitted with ailerons and extended wingtips. Pan Am was the first customer to order the -500 with the extended wingtips and active ailerons. Aircraft serial number 1176, the first for Pan Am, was the first TriStar 500 to be fitted with them as standard.

Powerplant

AnAir LankaL-1011-500 TriStar ferrying an extra engine.

The TriStar 500 is equipped with the more powerful RB211-524B engines. Initially rated at 50,000 lbf (220 kN) thrust each, the higher-thrust 53,000 lbf (240 kN) -524B4 Improved (also referred to as the -524B4I) later became available, which also offered improvedfuel efficiency.

Performance

Originally certified with an MTOW of 496,000 pounds (225,000 kg), an increased MTOW of 504,000 pounds (229,000 kg) was later certified in 1979, and all earlier production aircraft were certified at this weight. A further increase, to 510,000 pounds (230,000 kg), is also available, and most TriStar 500s are thought to have had this increase. Standard fuel capacity is 31,600 US gallons (120,000 L), giving the TriStar 500 a range of about 5,200 nautical miles (9,600 km) with 246 passengers and baggage.

Cabin

The TriStar 500's maximum passenger capacity is 315, although no aircraft were operated with that number of seats. A typical two-class layout might include 21 First Class and 229 Economy Class for a maximum of 250 passengers. More spacious three-class layouts used on longer routes include 233 with 12 First Class, 32 Business Class, and 189 Economy Class with Delta Air Lines. The aircraft is equipped with six exits, two fewer than the long-body TriStars, thus reducing the exit limit maximum.

Operators

Main article:List of Lockheed L-1011 operators

One L-1011 TriStar is in service as of 2024 is theStargazerair-launch mothership, operated byNorthrop Grumman Space Systems.

Accidents and incidents

The burnt out fuselage of the TriStar involved inSaudia Flight 163.After carrying out an emergency landing atRiyadh International Airportdue to an in-flight cargo fire, a failure by the crew to carry out the emergency evacuation procedures led to all 301 people on board perishing from the flames and smoke.

As of December 2011, the L-1011 has been involved in 35aviation occurrences,including 10hull-losses,with 540 fatalities.Of the four pioneering widebody aircraft (Boeing 747,McDonnell Douglas DC-10,L-1011, andAirbus A300/A310family), the Lockheed L-1011 had comparatively few accidents and a better safety record than its competitors.

• On December 29, 1972,Eastern Air Lines Flight 401,an L-1011, crashed in the FloridaEvergladesas a result of the flight crew's failure to monitor the flight instruments during a malfunction of the landing gear position indicator system. The crash resulted in 101 fatalities, and was the subject of two TV movies,CrashandThe Ghost of Flight 401.It was also the subject of aMaydayepisode.
• On April 12, 1977,Delta Air Lines Flight 1080,on takeoff from San Diego, had a left stabilizer jammed undetected in the full trailing-edge-up position.This failure resulted in a large noseup and rolling moment that almost exceeded the capability of the flight controls.The airplane was just about to stall in the clouds when Captain Jack McMahan,with unusual insight, reduced power on the wing engines and began using the throttles to supplement the remaining flight controls, using differential and collective engine thrust.Cabin crew moved all the passengers forward in the cabin to redistribute weight and help get the nose down. Steve Heidt, the flight engineer, said, "It probably didn't help much, but in that situation, we figured every little bit would help."All the way from San Diego to Los Angeles, the aircraft flew with its pitch controlled by differential thrust between tail and wing engines, while the left roll tendency was compensated by wing differential thrust, and made a successful emergency landing in Los Angeles.According to an incident analysis by Warren VanderBurgh, comprehensive crew training played a critical role in control recovery.
• On August 19, 1980, a fire destroyed the L-1011-200 used forSaudia Flight 163on the ground after the pilots made an emergency landing atRiyadh's formerInternational Airportdue to fire in the rear of the aircraft. Delays in initiating the evacuation of the aircraft led to the deaths of all 301 occupants.
• On December 23, 1980,Saudia Flight 162,an L-1011, had a tire explode and penetrate the passenger cabin whilst in flight. The aircraft lost cabin pressure and two passengers were ejected through a hole in the cabin floor. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.
• On September 22, 1981,Eastern Air Lines Flight 935departedNewark, New Jersey,and suffered an uncontained failure of its number two (tail) engine at 14,500 feet (4,400 m), while en route toSan Juan, Puerto Rico.The fragments from that engine damaged three of its four hydraulic systems resulting in fluid loss in them. The rudder pedals also jammed. The fragments struck but did not puncture the lines for the other hydraulic system; the captain was able to safely land the aircraft atJohn F. Kennedy International Airport,with some limited use of the outboard spoilers, the inboard ailerons and the horizontal stabilizer, plus differential engine power of the remaining two engines. There were no injuries. The L-1011 having four hydraulic systems (instead of three like the DC-10) allowed for a safe landing.
• On May 5, 1983,Eastern Air Lines Flight 855,L-1011 registration N334EA, while flying from Miami to Nassau, shut down the number 2 engine due to low oil pressure and began a return to Miami. Both of the remaining engines later failed. Without power, Flight 855 descended from 13,000 to 4,000 feet (1,200 m) before the number 2 engine was restarted and the aircraft landed in Miami without injuries. Incorrect engine maintenance had led to the loss of oil on all three engines.
• On April 5, 1984, a Saudia Lockheed L-1011 TriStar on final approach toDamascusfromJeddahwas hijacked by a Syrian national. The hijacker demanded to be taken toIstanbul,Turkey,but changed his mind and requested to go toStockholm.After landing in Istanbul to refuel, the pilot pushed the hijacker out the emergency exit whereupon he was arrested.

ABritish AirtoursTriStar overran the runway atLeeds Bradford International Airportin 1985.

• On May 27, 1985,British AirtoursFlight 101, registration G-BBAI, fromPalma Airport,Mallorca,Spain overran the runway on landing atLeeds Bradford International Airport,West Yorkshire,United Kingdom. 12 of the 412 people on board suffered minor injuries when exiting down steep rear ramps. The aircraft was severely damaged.
• On August 2, 1985,Delta Air Lines Flight 191,an L-1011, crashed while approachingDallas/Fort Worth International Airportinmicroburstconditions. The crash killed eight of 11 crew members and 128 of the 152 passengers on board, as well as one person on the ground.
• On October 18, 1985, aJordanian AirlinesL-1011 experienced an inflight fire at 24,000 feet while on approach to Singapore. The fire burned through the rear pressure bulkhead, causingexplosive depressurizationof the cabin. The air rushing out of the cabin extinguished the fire, saving the aircraft. All 118 passengers and crew survived. The aircraft was later repaired and placed back into service.
• On May 3, 1986,Air Lanka Flight 512(now SriLankan Airlines), an L-1011, was destroyed on the ground in Colombo, Sri Lanka, after a bomb exploded in the rear cargo hold, severing the tail and killing 21 people.
• On June 28, 1991,LTU InternationalL-1011 registration D-AERI, suffered an interior fire during maintenance in a hangar atDüsseldorf Airport.Four engineers escaped injury, and the aircraft was declared a total loss.
• On July 30, 1992,TWA Flight 843,an L-1011, had its takeoff aborted by the captain after liftoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, in response to a false stall warning. The aircraft landed too hard, breaking a wing spar and starting a fire. All 292 passengers and crew evacuated safely, with only 10 minor injuries. The airliner was destroyed by fire.
• On August 23, 1995,Delta Air LinesFlight 157, an L-1011 TriStar 1, suffered a rapid decompression after the pressure bulkhead failed. The flight crew initiated an emergency descent to 14,000 feet, and the plane landed safely atLos Angeles International Airportwith no deaths or injuries to the 226 passengers or 10 crew. The aircraft was substantially damaged and later written off.

Aircraft on display

Tristar at Royal Saudi Airforce Museum, Riyadh

• N1011 – L-1011-1 on display at theDelta Flight MuseuminAtlanta,Georgia. This is the forward upper fuselage of the prototype aircraft and is painted in Delta colors.
• C-FTNA – L-1011-1 on display at theLyon–Saint-Exupéry AirportinLyon,France. AfterAir Transatflight TSC906 was damaged in a hailstorm, the plane returned to Lyon and was written off. It is still used today for emergency training.
• N31019 – L-1011-50 on display at theNational Airline History MuseuminKansas City, Missouri,at theCharles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport.Its original operator wasTrans World Airlines.
• TT-DWE – L-1011-100 on display at theEmirates National Auto MuseuminAbu Dhabi,United Arab Emirates. This aircraft was originally delivered toBritish Airways.
• HZ-AHP – L-1011-200 inSaudialivery on display as agate guardianat theRoyal Saudi Air Force MuseuminRiyadh,Saudi Arabia.
• 9Y-TGN – L-1011-500 on display at the Chaguaramas Military History and Aerospace Museum inChaguaramas, Trinidad.This aircraft was previously operated byBWIA West Indies Airways.
• N910TE – L-1011-1 on display with TriStar Experience atKansas City International Airport.It was previously in storage in Tucson after being retired by the Flying Hospital group as P4-MED in favor of an MD-10. N910TE is the only L-1011-1 with working RB211-22b engines.
• HS-AXE (Thai Sky Airlines), formerly N718DA (Delta) L-1011-1 was converted to a bar/restaurant located in Bangkok, Thailand.
• 9Q-CHC (Hewa Bora Airways), MSN 1209 formerly C-GAGI (Air Canada) and N767DA (Delta) L-1011-385-3 TriStar 500 moved toParc de la Vallée de la NselenearKinshasa,Democratic Republic of the Congo where it will be converted to a bar/restaurant.
• CS-TMP (Luzair) MSN 1248 formerly JY-AGJ (Royal Jordanian) L-1011-385-3 TriStar 500 moved toUnderwater Military Museum Dive Site,Aqaba,Jordan on 26 August 2019 for use as a tourist dive site.
• N102CK (Gee Bee Airways), MSN 1198, in Kitty Hawk basic colours, formerly G-BHBM (British Airways) L-1011 TriStar 200F, stored at the apron of Kavala Airport LGKV/KVA - Greece, since November 2004.
• N388LS, the formerLas Vegas SandsL-1011-500, was damaged beyond repair in 2013 by floods while it was parked atBangkok Airport.In 2018, the aircraft's body was disassembled and reassembled for display at Chic Chic Market,Nong Khai.

Specifications

Lockheed L-1011-500 TriStar blueprint drawing

L-1011 Specifications

Variant	L-1011-1	L-1011-200	L-1011-500
Cockpit crew	Three
Seating	256 (mixed-class)		246 (mixed-class)
Exit limit	400		330
Interior width	18 feet 11 inches (5.77 m)
Length	177 ft8+1⁄2in (54.17 m)		164 ft2+1⁄2in (50.05 m)
Wingspan	155 ft 4 in (47.35 m)		164 ft 4 in (50.09 m)
Height	55 ft 4 in (16.87 m)
Wing area	3,456 sq ft (321.1 m2)		3,541 sq ft (329.0 m2)
MTOW	430,000lb(200,000kg)	466,000 lb (211,374 kg)	510,000 lb (231,332 kg)
OEW	241,700 lb (110,000 kg)	248,400 lb (113,000 kg)	245,400 lb (111,000 kg)
Fuel capacity	23,814 US gal (90,150 L)	26,502 US gal (100,320 L)	31,642 US gal (119,780 L)
Engines (×3)	Rolls-Royce RB211-22	RB211-524B
Thrust (×3)	42,000 lbf (187 kN)	50,000 lbf (222 kN)
Mmo	Mach 0.90 (516 kn; 956 km/h)
Cruise	520kn(963 km/h)	515 kn (954 km/h)	525 kn (972 km/h)
Stall	108 kn (200 km/h)	110 kn (204 km/h)	114 kn (211 km/h)
Range	2,680nmi(4,963 km)	3,600 nmi (6,667 km)	5,345 nmi (9,899 km)
Ferry range	4,250 nmi (7,871 km)	4,935 nmi (9,140 km)	6,090 nmi (11,279 km)
Ceiling	42,000 ft (12,800 m)		43,000 ft (13,100 m)

Deliveries

1972	1973	1974	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	Total
17	39	41	24	16	12	8	14	24	28	13	5	5	3	249

Popular culture

Main article:Aircraft in fiction § Lockheed L-1011 TriStar

• The bandEl Ten Eleven,a Los Angeles post-rock duo, derives its name from the L-1011.

See also

Related development

• Lockheed TriStar (RAF)
• Stargazer (aircraft)

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Airbus A300
• Boeing 747SP
• Boeing 767
• Ilyushin Il-86
• McDonnell Douglas DC-10

Related lists

• List of Lockheed aircraft
• List of jet airliners

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

• Bright, C. D. (1978).The Jet Makers: The Aerospace Industry from 1945 to 1972.Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.ISBN0-7006-0172-4.
• Ingells, D. J. (1973).L-1011 TriStar and the Lockheed Story.Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: TAB-Aero.ISBN978-0-8168-6650-2.
• Newhouse, John (1982).The Sporty Game: The High-Risk Competitive Business of Making and Selling Commercial Airliners.New York: Alfred A. Knopf.ISBN978-0-394-51447-5.
• Simons, Graham M. (2021).Lockheed TriStar: The Most Technologically Advanced Commercial Jet of Its Time.Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Air World Books.ISBN9781526758828.
• Yenne, Bill (1987).Lockheed.New York: Crescent Books.ISBN0-517-60471-X.

External links

• "Presenting the Lockheed L-1011",Flight,November 2, 1967, archived fromthe originalon January 5, 2015
• "L-1011-500 TriStar technical profile"(PDF).Lockheed. 1980.
• "Lockheed L-1011 TriStar".Forecast International. August 2001. Archived fromthe originalon July 24, 2018.
• Gerard Frawley (2003),"Aircraft Technical Data & Specifications - Lockheed L-1011",The International Directory of Civil Aircraft– via Airliners.net
• David Learmount (April 20, 2012)."The TriStar heritage 40 years on".Flightglobal.
• Andre Malhao (1999–2020),TriStar500,non-commercial and unofficial website
• "Production list",airfleets.net,2002–2020