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Lahore

This article is about the city in Pakistan. For other uses, seeLahore (disambiguation).

Lahore(/ləˈhɔːr/lə-HOR;Punjabi:لہور[lɔː˩˥ɾ];Urdu:لاہور[laːˈɦɔːɾ]ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of thePakistani provinceofPunjab.It is thesecond largestcity inPakistan,afterKarachi,and 26thlargest in the world,with a population of over 13 million.[10]Located in north-eastern Punjab along theRiver Ravi,it is the largestPunjabi-speakingcity in the world. Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial and economic hubs.[13][14]It has been the historic capital and cultural centre of the widerPunjab region,[15][16][17]and is one of Pakistan's mostsocially liberal,[18]progressive,[19]andcosmopolitancities.[20]

Lahore
  • لہور
  • لاہور
Megacity
Badshahi Mosque
Lahore Fort
Lahore Museum
Minar-e-Pakistan
Wazir Khan Mosque
Akbari Sarai
Shalimar Gardens
Official seal of Lahore
Seal
Nickname(s):
The Heart of Pakistan,[1]Paris of the East,[2]City of Gardens,[3]City of Literature(byUNESCO)[4]
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Lahore
Location within Pakistan
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Lahore
Location within Punjab
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Lahore
Lahore (Pakistan)
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
Lahore
Lahore (Asia)
Coordinates:31°32′59″N74°20′37″E/ 31.54972°N 74.34361°E/31.54972; 74.34361
CountryPakistanPakistan
ProvincePunjab, PakistanPunjab
DivisionLahore
DistrictLahore
FoundedBefore 7th century AD
City status1040(984 years ago)(1040)
Metropolitan status1890(134 years ago)(1890)
Zones10
Government
• TypeMetropolitan corporation
•MayorNone (Vacant)[5]
•Deputy Mayors9 Zonal Mayors
•CommissionerMuhammad Ali Randhawa(BPS-20 PAS)[6]
•Deputy CommissionerRafia Haider(BPS-19 PAS)[7]
• Capital City Police Officer(CCPO)Bilal Siddiqui Kamyana(BPS-21 PSP)
Area
[8]
• Metro
1,772 km2(684 sq mi)
• Rank2nd
Highest elevation
[a][9]
231 m (758 ft)
Lowest elevation
[9]
196 m (643 ft)
Population
(2023 census)[10]
•Megacity13,004,135
• Rank
• Metro density7,339/km2(19,010/sq mi)
• Language(s)
Demonym(s)Lahori,[11]Lahorite
Time zoneUTC+5(PKT)
Postal code
54000
Dialing code042[12]
GDP/PPP$84 billion (2019)[13][14]
Websitelahore.punjab.gov.pk

Lahore's origin dates back to antiquity. The city has been inhabited for around twomillennia,although it rose to prominence in the late 10th century.[21]Lahore was the capital of several empires during the medieval era, including theHindu Shahis,GhaznavidsandDelhi Sultanate.It reached the height of its splendor under theMughal Empirebetween the late 16th and early 18th centuries and also served as its capital city for many years. During this period, it was one of the largest cities in the world.[22]The city was capturedby the forces of the PersianAfsharidrulerNader Shahin 1739. Although the Mughal authority was re-established, it fell into a period of decay while being contested among the Afghans and the Sikhs between 1748 and 1798. Lahore eventually became the capital of theSikh Empirein the early 19th century, regaining some of its lost grandeur.[23]Lahore was annexed to theBritish Rajin 1849 and became the capital ofBritish Punjab.[24]Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan, with the city being the site of both theDeclaration of Indian Independenceand theresolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan.It experienced some of the worst rioting during thePartitionperiod preceding Pakistan's independence.[25]Following the success of thePakistan Movementand the subsequent partition of British India in 1947, Lahore was declared the capital of Pakistan's Punjab province.

Lahore exerts a strong cultural influence over Pakistan.[26]A UNESCOCity of Literatureand major center for Pakistan's publishing industry, Lahore remains the foremost center of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is also a major centre of education in Pakistan,[27]with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city.[28]For many years, Lahore was home to Pakistan's film industry,Lollywood,though in recent years most filming has shifted to Karachi. Lahore is a major centre ofQawwalimusic.[29]The city also hosts much ofPakistan's tourist industry,[29][30]with major attractions including theWalled City,the famousBadshahiandWazir Khanmosques, as well as severalSikhandSufishrines. Lahore is also home to theLahore FortandShalimar Gardens,both of which areUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites.[30]

Etymology

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Main article:Etymology of Lahore

The origin of Lahore's name is unclear. The city's name has been variously recorded by early Muslim historians asLuhawar,Lūhār,andRahwar.[31]TheIranianpolymathandgeographer,Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni,referred to the city asLuhāwarin his 11th century work,Qanun,[31]while the poetAmir Khusrow,who lived during theDelhi Sultanateperiod, recorded the city's name asLāhanūr.[32]Yaqut al-Hamawirecords the city's name asLawhūr,mentioning that it was famously known asLahāwar.[33]Persian historianFirishtamentions the city asAlahwarin his work, withal-Ahwarbeing another variation.[34][35]

One theory suggests that Lahore's name is a corruption of the wordRavāwar,as R to L shifts are common in languages derived fromSanskrit.[36]Ravāwaris the simplified pronunciation of the nameIravatyāwar,a name possibly derived from theRavi River,known as the Iravati River in theVedas.[36][37]Another theory suggests the city's name may derive from the wordLohar,meaning "blacksmith".[38]

According to a legend,[39][40]Lahore's name derives fromLavpurorLavapuri( "City ofLava"),[41]and is said to have been founded by Prince Lava,[42]the son ofSitaandRama.The same account attributes the founding of nearbyKasurto his twin brotherKusha,[43]though it was actually established in the 16th century.[44]

History

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Main article:History of Lahore
Historical affiliations

Taank Kingdom550–950
Hindu Shahis1001–1020
Ghaznavid Empire1020–1186
Ghurid Empire1186–1206
Delhi Sultanate1206–1214
Multan State1214–1217
Delhi Sultanate1217–1223
Khwarazmian Empire1223–1228
Delhi Sultanate1228–1241
Mongol Empire1241– 1266
Delhi Sultanate1266–1287
Mongol Empire1287–1305
Delhi Sultanate1320–1329
Chagatai Khanate1329
Delhi Sultanate1329–1342
Khokhars1342
Delhi Sultanate1342–1394
Khokhars1394–1398
Timurid Empire1398–1414
Delhi Sultanate1414–1431
Khokhars1431–1432
Delhi Sultanate1432–1524
Mughal Empire1524–1540
Suri Empire1540–1550
Mughal Empire1550–1739
Afsharid Empire1739
Durrani Empire1748–1758
Maratha Empire1758–1759
Durrani Empire1759–1765
Bhangi Misl1767–1799
Sikh Empire1799–1846
British East India Company1846–1858
British Raj/British Empire1858–1947
Pakistan1947– present

For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Lahore.

Origins

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Main article:Origins of Lahore

No definitive record of Lahore's early history exists, and its ambiguous historical background has given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. Hindu legend states that Keneksen, the founder of theSolar dynasty,migrated out from the city.[45]

Alexander the Great's historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by that point or was not noteworthy.[46]Ptolemymentions in hisGeographya city calledLaboklasituated near theChenabandRavi riverswhich may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of the city.[47]Chinese pilgrimXuanzanggave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city that may have been Lahore when he visited the region in 630 CE during his tour of India.[48]Xuanzang described the city, then underTaankrule, as a greatBrahmincity.

The first document that mentions Lahore by name is theHudud al-'Alam( "The Regions of the World" ), written in 982 CE,[49]in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards".[50][51]

Lahore, previously a town, first emerged as a notable city in 11th century during the era ofSufisaintAli al-Hajvery.[52]Few other references to Lahore remain from before its capture by theGhaznavidSultanMahmudin the 11th century. During this time, Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab under RajaAnandapalaof theÜdi Shahiempire, who moved his capital there from Waihind.[53][48]

Medieval era

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Main article:Early Muslim period in Lahore

Ghaznavid

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TheData Darbarshrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was built to commemorate saintAli Hujwiri,who lived in the city during 11th century.

Sultan Mahmud conquered Lahore between 1020 and 1027, making it part of Ghaznavid Empire.[48]He appointedMalik Ayazas its governor in 1021. In 1034, the city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious governor ofMultan.However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.[54]

With the support of SultanIbrahim,Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city, which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. He also erected city walls and a masonry fort was built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of a previous one.[55]A confederation of Hindu princes unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043–44 during Ayaz's rule.[48]The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned forpoetry.[56][57]

Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of Ghaznavid Empire during the reign ofKhusrau Shahin 1152.[23][58]After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, It became the sole capital.[59]Under their patronage, poets and scholars from other cities of Ghaznavid Empire congregated in Lahore.[60]The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modernShah Alami Bazaarand north of theBhatti Gate.[23]

Mamluk

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Following theSiege of Lahorein 1186, theGhuridrulerMuhammadcaptured the city and imprisoned the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik,[48]thus ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made an important establishment of theMamluk dynastyof theDelhi Sultanatefollowing the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultanQutb ud-Din Aibak,Lahore attracted poets and scholars from medievalMuslim World.Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any other city.[61][62]Following the death of Aibak, Lahore first came under the control of the Governor of Multan,Nasir ad-Din Qabacha,and then was briefly captured in 1217 by the sultan in Delhi,Iltutmish.[48]

In an alliance with localKhokharsin 1223,KhwarazmiansultanJalal al-Din Mangburnicaptured Lahore after fleeing fromGenghis Khan's invasion of his realm.[48]Mangburni then fled from Lahore to the city ofUch Sharifafter Iltutmish's army re-captured Lahore in 1228.[48]

The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for the sultanate,[63]even though Delhi was considered a forward base whereas Lahore was widely considered as the centre of Islamic culture in northeastern Punjab.[63]

Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.[48]Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Actual Sultanate rule on Lahore lasted only a few decades until the locals reclaimed their autonomy.[48]Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.[64]Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols,[65]while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chiefToghrul.[63]

In 1266, sultanBalbanreconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol rulerTemür Khan,[63]the Mongols again overran northern Punjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region became a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south toDipalpur.[48]The Mongols again invaded northern Punjabin 1298,though their advance was eventually stopped byUlugh Khan,brother of SultanAlauddin Khaljiof Delhi.[63]The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.[66]

Tughluq

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Lahore briefly flourished again under the reign ofGhiyath al-Din Tughlaq(Ghazi Malik) of theTughluq dynastybetween 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329 byTarmashirinof the Central AsianChagatai Khanate,and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü.[48]Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342,[67]but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son,Muhammad bin Tughluq.[48]The weakened city then fell into obscurity and was captured once more by the Khokhar chief,Shaikhain 1394.[54]By the time the Mongol conquerorTimurcaptured the city in 1398 from Shaikha, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy.[45]

Late Sultanates

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TheNeevin Mosqueis one of Lahore's few remaining medieval era buildings.

Timur gave control of the Lahore region toKhizr Khan,governor of Multan, who later established theSayyid dynastyin 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.[68]The city was twice besieged by MalikJasratduring the reign ofMubarak Shah,the longest of which being in 1431–32.[63]To combat Jasrat, the city was granted by the Sayyid dynasty toBahlul Lodiin 1441, though Lodi would then displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.[48]

Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle withSikandar Lodiin 1485.[69]Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left the management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship ofDaulat Khan Lodi,son of Tatar Khan and former employer ofGuru Nanak(the founder ofSikhism).[69]

Mughals

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Main articles:Subah of LahoreandMughal period in Lahore
Grave of Nur Jahan
Wazir Khan Mosquein Lahore is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque.[70]
TheBegum Shahi Mosquewas completed in 1614 in honour ofJahangir's mother,Mariam-uz-Zamani.

Early Mughal

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Babur,the founder of theMughal Empire,captured and sacked Lahore and Dipalpur, although he retreated after the Lodi nobles backed away from assisting him.[71][48]The city became a refuge toHumayunand his cousinKamran MirzawhenSher Shah Surirose in power in the Gangetic plains, displacing Mughals. Sher Shah Suri seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555.[48]The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history.[48]Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than eitherDelhiorAgra.[72]

By the time of the rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside the city's walls.[23]Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known asguzars,were located within the city walls during theAkbarperiod.[23]During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known asqasbahs,such asKasurandEminabad,as well asAmritsar,andBatalain modern-day India, which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding eachqasbah.[23]

Akbar

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Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when Akbar began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of theLahore Fort.[23]Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelvesubahprovinces,[23]and in 1585–86, relegated governorship of the city andsubahtoBhagwant Das,brother ofMariam-uz-Zamani,who was commonly known as "Jodhabhai".[73]

Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated area of Rarra Maidan.[23]The Akbari Mandigrain marketwas set up during this era, which continues to function to the present-day.[23]Akbar also established theDharampuraneighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today.[74]The earliest of Lahore's manyhavelisdate from the Akbari era.[23]

Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under the reign of Akbar and several subsequent emperors.[23]Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed in the city.

Jahangir

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During the reign of EmperorJahangirin the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods.[23]In 1606, Jehangir's rebel sonKhusrau Mirzalaid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the SikhGuru Arjan Dev.[75]Jehangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal–Sikh animosity grew.[75]Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion.[76]Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, andhis tombwas built in Lahore'sShahdara Baghsuburb in 1637 by his wifeNur Jahan,whose tombis also nearby.

Shah Jahan

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Jahangir's son,Shah Jahan(reigned 1628–1658), was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of theLahore Fortwith luxurious white marble and erected the iconicNaulakha Pavilionin 1633.[77]Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as theShahi Hammamin 1635, and both theShalimar Gardensand the extravagantly decoratedWazir Khan Mosquein 1641. The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within theWalled City.[23]

Aurangzeb

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The iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort was built in 1674 and faces Aurangzeb's Badshahi Mosque.
Wazir Khan Mosque painting byWilliam Carpenter(1866)

Shah Jahan's son,Aurangzeb,last of the great Mughal Emperors, further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the Ravi river in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls.[23]The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several nearby pleasure gardens laid by Lahore's gentry.[23]The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments, theBadshahi Mosque,was raised during Aurangzeb's reign in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore fort in 1674.[78]

Late Mughal

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TheSunehri Mosquewas built in the walled city in the early 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was in decline.

Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following Aurangzeb's death in 1707 led to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore.[79]Mughal preoccupation with theMarathasin theDeccan Plateaueventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever-weaker Mughal emperors in Delhi.[23]

Mughal EmperorBahadur Shah Idied en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership ofBanda Singh Bahadur.[48]His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, withJahandarwinning the throne.[48]Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign ofFarrukhsiyarwhen Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them.[48]

Nader Shah's brief invasion of the Mughal Empirein early 1739wrested control away fromZakariya Khan Bahadur.Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left,[48]the trade routes had shifted away from Lahore, and south towardsKandaharinstead.[23]Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further.[23]

Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.[80]

Durrani invasions

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TheDurranirulerAhmad Shahoccupied Lahorein 1748.[48]Following Ahmed Shah Durrani's quick retreat, the Mughals entrusted Lahore to Mu’īn al-MulkMir Mannu.[48]Ahmad Shah again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty that nominally subjected Lahore to Durrani rule.[48]Lahore was third time conquered by Ahmad Shahin 1752.The MughalGrand VizierGhazi-Din Imad al-Mulk seized Lahore in 1756, provoking Ahmad Shah to invade for fourth time in 1757, after which he placed the city under the rule of his son,Timur Shah.[48]

Durrani rule was interrupted when Lahore was conquered byAdina BegArainwith the assistance of Marathas in 1758 during theircampaigns against Afghans.[81]After Adina Beg's untimely death in 1758, however,Marathasoccupied the city. The following year, Durranis again marched and conquered it.[82]After the Durranis withdrew from the city in 1765, Sikh forces quickly occupied it.[48]By this time, the city had been ravaged several time and had lost all of its former grandeur. The Durranis invaded two more times—in 1797 and 1798—underShah Zaman,but the Sikhs re-occupied the city after both invasions.[48]

Sikh

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Main article:Sikh period in Lahore
TheTomb of Asif Khanwas one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period.[79][84]

Early

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Expanding SikhMislssecured control over Lahore in 1767, when theBhangi Mislstate captured the city.[85]In 1780, the city was divided among three rulers:Gujjar Singh,Lahna Singh, andSobha Singh.Instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearbyAmritsarto establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre in place of Lahore.[23]

Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, Zaman Shah, invaded Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798–99.[48]Ranjit Singhnegotiated with the Afghans for the post ofsubahdarto control Lahore following the second invasion.[48]

By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining residents living within the city walls, while the extramural suburbs lay abandoned, forcing travellers to pass through abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miles before reaching the city's gates.[23]

Sikh Empire

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Lahore'sHazuri Baghis at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including theBadshahi Mosque,Lahore Fort,Roshnai Gate,and theSamadhi of Ranjit Singh.
The marbleHazuri Bagh Baradariwas built in 1818 to celebrateRanjit Singh's acquisition of theKoh-i-Noordiamond.[86]

In the aftermath of Zaman Shah's 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh, of nearbyGujranwala,began to consolidate his position. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780.[48][87]His army marched to Anarkali, where according to legend, the gatekeeper of theLohari Gate,Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore.[79]After capturing Lahore, Sikh soldiers immediately began plundering Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.[88]

Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's lost grandeur, but at the expense of destroying the remaining Mughal architecture for building materials.[23]He established a mint in the city in 1800,[79]and moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire.[89]In 1801, he established aGurdwara Ram Dasto mark the site whereGuru Ram Daswas born in 1534.

Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though the nearby economic centre of Amritsar had also been established as the empire's spiritual capital by 1802.[23]By 1812, Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decayingShalimar Gardens[90]and built theHazuri Bagh Baradariin 1818 to celebrate his capture of theKoh-i-Noordiamond fromShuja Shah Durraniin 1813.[86]He erected theGurdwara Dera Sahibto mark the site ofGuru Arjan Dev's death (1606). The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu temples, andhavelis.[91][92]

While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's rule saw the re-establishment of Lahore's glory, though the Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period. Singh's armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign.[93]Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the Tomb of Asif Khan, the Tomb of Nur Jahan, and the Shalimar Gardens.[94][79]Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the Badshahi Mosque by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses.[95]TheSunehri Mosquein the Walled City was also converted to a gurdwara,[96]while the Mariyam Zamani Mosque was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.[97]

Late

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The Sikh royal court (Lahore Durbar) underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh. His sonKharak Singhdied on 6 November 1840, soon after taking the throne. On that same day, the next appointed successor to the throne,Nau Nihal Singh,died in an accident at the gardens of Hazuri Bagh.[79]MaharajaSher Singhwas then selected as Maharajah, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged byChand Kaur,widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne.[79]Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Chand Kaur's forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His soldiers mounted weaponry on the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in the Lahore fort, destroying the fort's historicDiwan-e-Aam.[95]Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore'sChah Miranneighbourhood along with his wazir Dhiyan Singh.[86]Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his father's death by laying siege to Lahore in order to capture his father's assassins. The siege resulted in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh.[79]Duleep Singhwas then crowned Maharajah, with Hira Singh as hiswazir,but his power would be weakened by the continued infighting among Sikh nobles,[79]as well as confrontations against the British during the twoAnglo-Sikh wars.

After the conclusion of the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh Empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of theLahore Durbar,and commencement of British rule after they captured Lahore and the wider Punjab region.[79]

British colonial period

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Map of the Old City and environs.
The Shah Alami area of Lahore's Walled City in 1890

TheBritish East India Companyseized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state and occupied the rest of Punjab in 1848.[23]Following the defeat of the Sikhs at theBattle of Gujrat,British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year.[23]Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849.[23]

At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have apopulationof 120,000.[98]Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of theWalled Citysurrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east, such asMozangandQila Gujar Singh,which have since been engulfed by modern Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.[99]

The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas and Punjab's fertile countryside.[100]The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would first come to be known as "Donald's Town" before being renamed "Civil Station".[101]

Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed and sometimes desecrated – including theTomb of Anarkali,which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as anAnglicanchurch in 1851.[102]The 17th-centuryDai Anga Mosquewas converted into railway administration offices during this time, the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and the tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop.[103]The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.[104]

Constructed in the aftermath of the 1857Sepoy Mutiny,the design of theLahore Railway Stationwas highly militarised to defend the structure from further uprisings against British rule.

The British built theLahore Railway Stationjust outside the Walled City shortly after theSepoy Mutiny of 1857;the station was therefore styled as a medieval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure.[105]Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flankingThe Mall,where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix.[106]The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spaciousLahore Cantonmentto the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws did exist against the mixing of different races.

Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 byPrince Alfred,Duke of Edinburgh– a visit in which he received delegations from theDograsofJammu,Maharajas ofPatiala,the Nawab ofBahawalpur,and other rulers from various Punjabi states.[107]During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights.[107]British authorities built several important structures around the time of theGolden Jubilee of Queen Victoria(1887) in the distinctiveIndo-Saracenic style,including theLahore MuseumandMayo School of Industrial Arts.[108]

The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City.[109]An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time.[98]Lahore's poshModel Townwas established as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, whileKrishan Nagarlocality was laid in the 1930s near The Mall and Walled City.

The Mall,Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.

Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India[110]and Pakistan. TheDeclaration of the Independence of Indiawas moved byJawaharlal Nehruand passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929 at Lahore'sBradlaugh Hall.[111]The IndianSwarajflagwas adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such asJatin Das,and was also whereBhagat Singhwas hanged in 1931.[112]Under the leadership ofMuhammad Ali Jinnah,theAll India Muslim Leaguepassed theLahore Resolutionin 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.[113]

Partition

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The 1941 census showed that city of Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, alongside a small Christian community.[25][114]The population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw theRadcliffe Lineto demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography.[25]In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, they argued that the city was only 54% Muslim, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography.[25]Two-thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community.[25]Kuldip Nayyar claimed thatCyril Radcliffehad told him in 1971 that he originally had planned to give Lahore to the newDominion of India,[115][116][117]but decided to place it within theDominion of Pakistan,which he saw as lacking a major city as he had already awardedCalcuttato India.[118][115][116]

As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experiencedPartition's worst riots.[25]Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators.[119]Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore's 82,000 homes.[25]Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel.[25]Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the cityen masseas their hopes that the Boundary Commission would award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city.[25]The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of theWalled City,was entirely burnt down during subsequent rioting.[120]

When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of "Long live Pakistan" and "God is greatest" were heard intermittently with "Long liveHindustan"throughout the night.[25]On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on the basis of its Muslim majority in the 1941 census and was made capital of thePunjabprovince in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees.[25]

Modern

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First LadyJacqueline Kennedyand PresidentAyub Khantravelled by car in Lahore, 1962

Partitionleft Lahore with a much-weakened economy, and a stymied social and cultural scene that had previously been invigorated by the city's Hindus and Sikhs.[25]Industrial production dropped to one-third of pre-Partition level by the end of the 1940s, and only 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usually well-below capacity.[25]Capital flightfurther weakened the city's economy whileKarachiindustrialized and became more prosperous.[25]

The city's weakened economy, and proximity to the Indian border, meant that the city was deemed unsuitable to be the Pakistani capital after independence.Karachiwas therefore chosen to be the capital on account of its relative tranquility during the Partition period, stronger economy, and better infrastructure.[25]

Sections of theWalled City of Lahorehave been under restoration since 2012 in conjunction with theAgha KhanTrust for Culture.

After independence, Lahore slowly regained its significance as an economic and cultural centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of the Shah Alami Bazaar, the former commercial heart of the Walled City until it was destroyed in the 1947 riots.[120]TheTomb of Allama Iqbalwas built in 1951 to honour the philosopher-poet who provided the spiritual inspiration for the Pakistan movement.[25]In 1955, Lahore was selected to be the capital of allWest Pakistanduring the single-unit period that lasted until 1970.[25]Shortly afterwards, Lahore's iconicMinar-e-Pakistanwas completed in 1968 to mark the spot where thePakistan Resolutionwas passed.[25]With support from theUnited Nations,thegovernmentwas able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars from the communal violence of Partition were ameliorated.

The secondIslamic Summit Conferencewas held in the city in 1974.[121]In retaliation for the destruction of theBabri Masjidin India, riots erupted in 1992 in which several non-Muslim monuments were targeted, including the tomb of MaharajaSher Singh,[86]and the former Jain temple near The Mall. In 1996, theInternational Cricket CouncilCricket World Cupfinal match was held at theGaddafi Stadiumin Lahore.[122]

TheWalled City of Lahorerestoration project began in 2009, when the Punjab government restored the Royal Trail fromAkbari Gateto theLahore Fortwith money from theWorld Bank.[123]

Geography

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Lahore as seen from International Space Station.River Raviflows from North to West. The city is rapidly growing towards the south.
Main article:Geography of Lahore

Lahore is in northeastern portion of Pakistan, lying between 31°15′—31°45′ N and 74°01′—74°39′ E. The city is bounded on the north and west by theSheikhupura District,on the east byWagah,and on the south byKasur District.TheRavi Riverflows on the northern side of Lahore. Lahore city covers a total land area of 404 square kilometres (156 sq mi).

Climate

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Main article:Climate of Lahore

Lahore has asemi-arid climate(Köppen climate classificationBSh), falling just under the category ofhumid subtropical climate(Köppen climate classificationCwa). The hottest month is June, where temperatures routinely exceed 45 °C (113 °F). The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest months are July, August and September.[124]with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts and flash floods. The coolest month is January, with dense fog.[125]

The city's record high temperature was 50.4 °C (122.7 °F), recorded on 5 June 2003.[126]On 10 June 2007, a temperature of 48 °C (118 °F) was recorded;[127][128]this was in the shade, and the meteorological office recording the figure reported a heat index in direct sunlight of 55 °C (131 °F).[129]The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is 221 millimetres (8.7 in), recorded on 13 August 2008.[130]

Climate data for Lahore (1991-2020, extremes 1931-2018)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.8
(82.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		37.8
(100.0) 		46.1
(115.0) 		48.3
(118.9) 		47.2
(117.0) 		46.1
(115.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		41.7
(107.1) 		40.6
(105.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		48.3
(118.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		38.9
(102.0) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.4
(93.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		27.1
(80.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		30.5
(86.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		27.7
(81.9) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.2
(91.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		29.9
(85.8) 		26.3
(79.3) 		20.4
(68.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		24.9
(76.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		25.3
(77.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		19.2
(66.5)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−2.2
(28.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 21.9
(0.86) 		39.5
(1.56) 		43.5
(1.71) 		25.5
(1.00) 		26.7
(1.05) 		84.8
(3.34) 		195.6
(7.70) 		184.1
(7.25) 		88.6
(3.49) 		13.3
(0.52) 		6.9
(0.27) 		16.8
(0.66) 		747.2
(29.41)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 2.5 3.5 3.6 2.8 2.9 5.0 9.1 8.7 4.9 1.1 1.9 1.1 47.1
Mean monthlysunshine hours 218.8 215.0 245.8 256.1 308.3 269.0 227.5 234.9 265.6 290.0 229.6 222.9 2,983.5
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[131]
Source 2: PMD[132]

Demographics

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Main article:Demographics of Lahore
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1881138,878—
1891159,947+15.2%
1901186,884+16.8%
1911228,687+22.4%
1921281,781+23.2%
1931400,075+42.0%
1941671,659+67.9%
19511,130,000+68.2%
19611,630,000+44.2%
19722,198,890[133]+34.9%
19812,988,486[133]+35.9%
19985,209,088[133]+74.3%
201711,126,285[133]+113.6%

Population

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The results of the2017 Censusdetermined the population of Lahore to be 11,126,285,[134]with an annual growth rate of 4.07% since1998.[135]Gender-wise, 52.35% of the population are male, 47.64% are female, and 0.01% are transgender.[135]Lahore is a demographically young city, with over 40% of its inhabitants below the age of 15.[136]

Ethnic groups

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Ethnic groups and castes in theLahore district[137]

Punjabi—Arains(40%)
Kashmiris(30%)
Punjabi—Rajputs(5%)
Punjabi—Kamboj(5%)
Miscellaneous (20%)

According to the2017 Pakistani census,the largest groups in terms of ethnicity and caste arePunjabiArains,constituting 40%, followed byKashmirisat 30% with other groups such as PunjabiRajputsand PunjabiKambohat 5% each.[137]

Religion

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Main article:Religion in Lahore
Religion in Lahore District 2017[138]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 94.7%
Christianity
 
 5.14%
Hinduism
 
 0.024%
Others
 
 0.136%

According to the 2017 Census, the vast majority of Lahore's population areMuslims(94.7%), roughly the same as in the 1998 Census, and up from 60% in 1941. Other religions includeChristians(5.14%, slightly less than 5.80% in 1998; though according to the 1998 Census, they formed around 9.0% of the rural population)[139]and small numbers ofAhmadis,Baháʼís,Hindus,Parsis,andSikhs.There is also a small but longstandingZoroastriancommunity.

Since Lahore contains some ofSikhism's holiest sites, it is a major pilgrimage destination for Sikhs.[140]Lahore's first church was built during the reign of EmperorAkbarin the late 16th century, but was then leveled byShah Jahanin 1632.[141]Due to the few numbers of Hindus living in Lahore, the only two functional Hindu temples in the city are theShri Krishna Mandirand theValmiki Mandir.[142]

Religious groups in Lahore City (1868−2017)[b]
Religious
group 		1868[144][c] 1881[145][146]: 520  1891[147]: 68  1901[148]: 44  1911[149]: 20  1921[150]: 23  1931[151]: 26  1941[143]: 32  2017[152]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 70,974 56.18% 86,413 57.85% 102,280 57.83% 119,601 58.93% 129,801 56.76% 149,044 52.89% 249,315 58.01% 433,170 64.49% 10,530,816 94.7%
Hinduism 40,551 32.1% 53,641 35.91% 62,077 35.1% 70,196 34.59% 77,267 33.79% 107,783 38.25% 139,125[d] 32.37% 179,422[d] 26.71% 2,670 0.02%
Sikhism 3,520 2.79% 4,627 3.1% 7,306 4.13% 7,023 3.46% 12,877 5.63% 12,833 4.55% 23,477 5.46% 34,021 5.07% — —
Christianity — — 529[e] 0.35% 4,697 2.66% 5,558 2.74% 8,436 3.69% 11,287 4.01% 16,875 3.93% 21,495 3.2% 571,365 5.14%
Jainism — — 227 0.15% 339 0.19% 420 0.21% 467 0.2% 474 0.17% 791 0.18% 1,094 0.16% — —
Zoroastrianism — — — — 132 0.07% 166 0.08% 198 0.09% 177 0.06% 150 0.03% — — — —
Judaism — — — — 14 0.01% — — 13 0.01% 13 0% 0 0% — — — —
Buddhism — — — — 0 0% 0 0% 128 0.06% 170 0.06% 14 0% — — — —
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 13,433 0.12%
Others 11,284 8.93% 3,932 2.63% 9 0.01% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2,457 0.37% 1,701 0.02%
Total population 126,329 100% 149,369 100% 176,854 100% 202,964 100% 228,687 100% 281,781 100% 429,747 100% 671,659 100% 11,119,985 100%

Languages

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Languages by number of native speakers in theLahore district[153]

Punjabi(80.94%)
Urdu(12.62%)
Other (6.44%)

ThePunjabi languageis the most-widely spoken native language in Lahore, with 80% of Lahore counting it as their first language according to the 2017 Census.[154]Lahore is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. According to the2017 Pakistani census12.6% speakUrdu,2.7%Pashto,1.02%Saraikiand 2.78% other mother tongues.[155][156]

Urduand English are used as official languages and as mediums of instruction and media administration. However, Punjabi is also taught at graduation level and used in theatres, films, and newspapers from Lahore.[157][158]Several Lahore-based prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have demanded that the Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level and be used officially in thePunjab Assembly,Lahore.[159][160]

Cityscape

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Old City

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Cityscape of Lahore
The area around theWazir Khan Mosqueexemplifies theWalled City's urban form

Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historicWalled City of Lahorein the northern part of the city, which contains severalWorld Heritage Sitesand national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, askatrahsandgalisdeveloped in the context of neighbouring buildings.[23]Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse and were not dominated by the namesake group.[23]

Lahore's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such asPeshawar,MultanandDelhi– all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city and royal citadel.

By the end of the Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massivehavelicompounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathan Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name, built by Mian Khan.[23]By 1831, all Mughal Havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood,[23]leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal Havelis in Lahore.

A total of thirteen gates once surrounded the historic walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate, and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-eraLahore Cantonment.

Architecture

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Further information:Architecture of Lahore
Built in 2012,Grand Jamia Mosquein southern Lahore is a blend ofMughaland modern architecture.

Lahore is home to numerous monuments from theMughal Dynasty,Sikh Empire,and theBritish Indian Raj.The architectural style of theWalled City of Lahorehas traditionally been influenced by Mughal and Sikh styles.[161]

Sikh period

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By the arrival of the Sikh Empire at the end of the 18th century, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period.[162][163]Later, British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals.

While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire.[93]Monuments plundered of their marble include theTomb of Asif Khanand theTomb of Nur Jahan;theShalimar Gardenswas plundered of much of its marble, and its costlyagategate was stripped.[94][79]The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls.[164]

Still, Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's previous grandeur,[23]and the city was left with a large number of religious monuments from this period. Several havelis were built during this era, though only a few still remain.[23]

British period

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A syncretic architectural style that blends Islamic, Hindu, and Western motifs took root during the colonial era, as shown atAitchison College.
Much of old Lahore features colonial-era buildings, such as the Tollinton Market.

As the capital of British Punjab, the city derived much of its architecture from British colonialists. Structures were built predominantly in theIndo-Gothicstyle – a syncretic architectural style that blends elements ofVictorianandIslamic architectureo r in the distinctIndo-Saracenic style.The British also builtneoclassicalMontgomery Hall, which today serves as theQuaid-e-Azam Library.[165]

Lawrence Gardenswere also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London'sRoyal Botanic Gardens at Kew.[166]

The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues.

The British authorities built several important structures around the time of theGolden Jubilee of Queen Victoriain 1887 in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, such as theLahore MuseumandMayo School of Industrial Arts.[108]Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigiousAitchison College,the Punjab Chief Court (today theLahore High Court),Lahore Museum,and theUniversity of the Punjab.

Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by civil engineer and architectSir Ganga Ram,who is considered "the father of modern Lahore".[167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175]

Parks and gardens

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Main article:List of parks and gardens in Lahore
Lahore'sBagh-e-Jinnahwas laid in 1862 as theLawrence Garden.

Lahore is also known as "the city of gardens" due to its large number of gardens. TheShahdara Baghwas one of the earliestMughal gardens,laid out in 15th century, and contains theTomb of Jahangir.TheShalimar Gardenswere laid out during the reign ofShah Jahanand were designed to mimic theIslamicparadise of the afterlife described in theQur'an.The gardens follow the familiarcharbaghlayout of four squares, with three descending terraces. In 1818,Hazuri Baghwas built during reign of Ranjit Singh to celebrate his capture of theKoh-i-Noordiamond from Shuja Shah Durrani.

TheLawrence Gardenwas established in 1862 and was originally named afterSir John Lawrence,late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892.[79]The former parade ground adjacent to Badshahi Mosque was also renamed during the British era asMinto Park,which after restoration was re-established as Iqbal Park.

The many other gardens and parks in the city includeHazuri Bagh,Iqbal Park,Mochi Bagh,Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park,Model Town Park,Jilani Park,Nasir Bagh Lahore,Jallo Park,Lahore Zoo Safari Park,andChanga Manga,a human-made forest near Lahore in theKasurdistrict. Another example is theBagh-e-Jinnah,a 141-acre (57 ha) botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.[176][177]

Economy

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Main article:Economy of Lahore

As of 2008,the city's gross domestic product (GDP) bypurchasing power parity(PPP) was estimated at $40 billion with a projected average growth rate of 5.6 percent. This is on par with Karachi, Pakistan's economic hub, with Lahore (having half the population) fostering an economy that is 51% of the size of Karachi's ($78 billion in 2008).[178]It is estimated that Lahore contributes 11.5% to the national economy, and 19% to the provincial economy of Punjab.[179]As a whole, Punjab has a $115 billion economy, making it the first (and to date,[as of?]only) Pakistani Subdivision with an economy of more than $100 billion, at the rank 144[of what?].[178][failed verification]Lahore's GDP is projected to be $102 billion by 2025, with a slightly higher growth rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.[178][180]

A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries.[181]Some 42% of its workforce is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services.[181]The city is Pakistan's largest software and hardware producing centre,[181]and hosts a growing computer-assembly industry.[181]The city has always been a centre for publications; 80% of Pakistan's books are published in Lahore, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational, and cultural activity in Pakistan.[27]

TheLahore Expo Centreis one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010.[182]Defense Raya Golf Resort, also under construction, will be Pakistan's and Asia's largest golf course. The project is the result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia. The rapid development of large projects such as these in the city is expected to boost the economy of the country.[183]Ferozepur Road of theCentral business districtsof Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel andArfa Software Technology Park.

Transport

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Main article:Transport in Lahore
Kalma Underpass

Public transportation

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Lahore Metrobus

Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by theLahore Transport Company(LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA'sLahore Metrobusand theOrange Lineof theLahore Metrotrain. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. The Orange Line metro spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi) around the city and operates at a speed of 80 km/h (50 mph).

Metrobus

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Main article:Lahore Metrobus

TheLahore Metrobusis abus rapid transitservice operating in Lahore,Punjab, Pakistan.[184]Lahore Metrobus service is integrated withLahore Transport Company's local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing a connected transit service acrossLahore Districtwith connections to neighboring suburban communities.

Low occupancy vehicles

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Low occupancy vehicle (LOVs)—functionally a medium-sized van or wagon—run on routes throughout the city. They function like buses and operate on many routes throughout the city.[185]

Metro Train

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TheOrange Lineis Pakistan's first metro rail line.

Orange Line

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Main article:Orange Line (Lahore Metro)

TheOrange Line Metro Trainis an automatedrapid transitsystem in Lahore.[186][187]The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for theLahore Metro.As of 2020, it is the primary metro rail line in the city. The line spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi), with 25.4 km (15.8 mi) elevated and 1.72 km (1.1 mi) underground,[188]and had a cost of 251.06 billionrupees($1.6 billion). The line consists of 26 subway stations (Ali Town Station to Dera Gujran Station) and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily.CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotiverolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017.[189]The train has speed up to 80 km/h (50 mph). For improved durability, itsbogiesare heat-resistant, can manage unstable voltage, and feature energy-saving air-conditioning.[190]Successful initial test trials were run in mid-2018,[191]and commercial operations began on 25 October 2020.[192]

Blue Line

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The Blue Line is a proposed 24 kilometres (15 mi) line from Chauburji to College Road Township. Along the way, it will connect places like Mozang Chungi, Shadman Chowk, Jail Road, Mian Boulevard Gulberg, Mian Boulevard Garden Town, and Faisal Town.[193]

Purple Line

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The Purple Line is a proposed 19 kilometres (12 mi) line from Bhaati Chowk to the Allama Iqbal International Airport. Along the way, it will connect places like Brandreth Road, Railway Station, Allama Iqbal Road, Dharampura, and Ghazi Road.[193]

Taxi and rickshaw

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Ride-sharing services such asUberandCareemare available in the city. Motorcycle rides are also available in the city, which have been introduced by private companies.

Auto rickshawsplay an important role of public transport in Lahore. As of 2019, there were approximately 82,000 auto rickshaws and 65,000 motorcycle rickshaws in the city.[194]Motorcycle rickshaws, usually calledchingchi[195](after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd, who first introduced these to the market)[citation needed]orchand gari('moon car')[196]are cheaper than auto rickshaws and provide a shared ride experience for multiple passengers and fares, whereas auto rickshaws cater to only one passenger or group for a fare.[citation needed]Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to usecompressed natural gasas fuel,[197]and all-electric rickshaws were introduced in 2023.[198]

Intercity transportation

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Railways

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See also:Lahore Junction railway station

Lahore Junction Stationserves as the main railway station for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for allPakistan Railwaysservices inNorthern Pakistan.It includes services toPeshawarand the national capital metropolitan area ofIslamabad–Rawalpindi,and long-distance services toKarachiandQuetta.Lahore Cantonment Stationalso operates a few trains.

Buses

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Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminal(known colloquially as "Lari Adda" ) serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighbouring provinces.Lahore Jinnah Bus Terminalis also a major bus stand in southern Lahore. Apart from these stations, multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (referred to colloquially as Chowk Yateem Khana), offering intercity transport at varying fares and comfort levels.

Airports

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Further information:Allama Iqbal International AirportandWalton Airport
Allama Iqbal International Airport

Pakistan's third busiest airport,Allama Iqbal International Airport(IATA:LHE), straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher,Muhammad Iqbal,[199]and is a secondary hub for the national carrier,Pakistan International Airlines.[200]Walton Airportin Askari neighbourhood providesgeneral aviationfacilities.Sialkot International Airport(IATA: SKT) andFaisalabad International Airport(IATA: LYP) also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area, in addition to serving their respective cities.

Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide (including domestic destinations) by both passenger and cargo flight includingRas al Khaimah,Guangzhou(begins 28 August 2018),[201]Ürümqi,[202]Abu Dhabi,Barcelona,[203]Beijing–Capital,Copenhagen,Dammam,Dera Ghazi Khan,Doha,Dubai–International,Islamabad,Jeddah,Karachi,Kuala Lumpur–International,London–Heathrow,Manchester,Medina,Milan–Malpensa,Multan,Muscat,Oslo–Gardermoen,Paris–Charles de Gaulle,Peshawar,Quetta,Rahim Yar Khan,Riyadh,Salalah,[204]Tokyo–Narita,Toronto–Pearson,Mashhad,Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,andTashkent.[205]

Roads

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See also:List of streets in Lahore
TheAzadi Chowkis located near theBadshahi Mosque.
Lahore Ring Road

There are a number of municipal, provincial and federalroadsthat serve Lahore.

Government

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Metropolitan Corporation

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Under Punjab Local Government Act 2013, Lahore is ametropolitan areaunder the authority of the Metropolitan Corporation Lahore.[206]The Metropolitan Corporation Lahore is a body consisting of nine deputy mayors (one from each zone in the district) and the city's mayor – all of whom are elected in popular elections. The Metropolitan Corporation approves zoning and land use, coordinates urban design and planning, sets environmental protection laws, and provides municipal services.

Mayor

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Main article:Mayor of Lahore

As per the Punjab Local Government Act 2013, theMayor of Lahoreis the elected head of the Metropolitan Corporation of Lahore. The mayor is directly elected in municipal elections every four years alongside 9 deputytownmayors. Mubashir Javed of thePakistan Muslim League (N)was elected mayor of Lahore in 2016. The mayor is responsible for the administration of government services, the composition of councils and committees overseeingLahore City Districtdepartments and serves as the chairperson for the meeting of the Lahore Council. The mayor also functions to help devise long-term development plans in consultation with other stakeholders and bodies to improve the condition, livability, and sustainability of urban areas.

Neighbourhoods

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Further information:List of zones in Lahore

Lahore Districtis a subdivision of the Punjab, and is further divided into 9 administrative zones.[207]Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils, of which there are 274 total.[208]

TehsilsofLahore District
  1. Ravi
  2. Shalimar
  3. Wagha
  4. Aziz Bhatti
  5. Data Gunj Buksh
  6. Gulberg
  7. Samanabad
  8. Iqbal
  9. Nishtar
    10. A.Cantonment

Politics

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The 2015 local government elections forUnion Councilsin Lahore yielded the following results:[209]

PML(N)(84.5%)
Independents (9.9%)
PTI(4.4%)
PPP(0.4%)
MCL/Zones
Parties
 UC seats
Pakistan Muslim League (N) 229
Independents 27
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf 12
Pakistan Peoples Party 1
Awaiting results *5
Total 274

Festivals

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Lahore Canalduring the springBasantfestival

The people of Lahorecelebrate many festivalsand events throughout the year, including Islamic, traditional Punjabi, Christian, and national holidays and festivals.

Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. Many of Lahore's dozens ofSufishrines hold annual festivals calledursto honour their respective saints. For example, the mausoleum ofAli Hujwiriat theData Darbarshrine has an annualursthat attracts up to one million visitors per year.[210]The popularMela Chiraghanfestival in Lahore takes place at the shrine ofMadho Lal Hussain,while other largeurstake place at the shrines ofBibi Pak Daman,and at theShrine of Mian Mir.[211]Eid ul-FitrandEid ul-Adhaare celebrated in the city with public buildings and shopping centers decorated in lights. The people of Lahore also commemorate the martyrdom ofImam HusainatKarbalawith massive processions that take place during the first ten days of the month ofMuharram.[212]

Basantis a traditionalPunjabifestival that marks the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centred in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities.Kite-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant, while theLahore Canalis decorated with floating lanterns. Courts have banned kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed bycelebratory gunfire,sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.[213]

Lahore's churches are elaborately decorated forChristmasandEastercelebrations.[214]Shopping centers and public buildings also feature Christmas installations to celebrate the holiday, even though Christians only constitute 3% of the total population of Lahore in 2016.[139][215]

Tourism

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Main article:Tourism in Lahore

Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. TheWalled City of Lahorewas renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence ofUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites.[216]Among the most popular sights are theLahore Fort,adjacent to the Walled City, and home to theSheesh Mahal,theAlamgiri Gate,theNaulakha pavilion,and theMoti Masjid.The fort and adjoiningShalimar Gardenshave been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.[217]

The city is home to several ancient religious sites, including prominent Hindu temples: theKrishna TempleandValmiki Mandir.TheSamadhi of Ranjit Singh,also located near the Walled City, houses thefunerary urnsof theSikhrulerMaharaja Ranjit Singh.The most prominent religious building is theBadshahi Mosque,constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is theWazir Khan Mosque,[218]constructed in 1635 and known for its extensivefaiencetile work.[219]

Cuisine

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Main article:Lahori cuisine

Religious sites

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Well-known religious sites in the city include:

Museums

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Tombs

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Shrines

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  • Bibi Pak Daman
  • Ali Hujwiri
  • Mian Mir
  • Madho Lal Hussain
  • Khawaja Tahir Bandgi
  • Ghazi Ilm Din Shaheed
  • Sheikh Musa Ahangar
  • Khawaja Mehmud
  • Nizam-ud-Din
  • Siraj-ud-Din Gilani
  • peer makki
  • Baba Shah Jamal

Samadhis

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Havelis

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There are manyhavelisinside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havelis are fine examples ofMughalandSikharchitecture. Some of the havelis inside the Walled City include:

  • Chuna Mandi Havelis
  • Dina Nath Ki Haveli
  • Haveli Barood Khana
  • Haveli Mian Khan (Rang Mehal)
  • Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh
  • Haveli Shergharian (near Lal Khou)
  • Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (near Nisar Haveli)
  • Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh
  • Mubarak Begum Haveli Bhatti Gate
  • Mubarak Haveli – Chowk Nawab Sahib, Mochi/Akbari Gate
  • Mughal Haveli (residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh)
  • Nisar Haveli
  • Salman Sirhindi ki Haveli

Other landmarks

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Historic neighbourhoods

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Education

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Main article:Education in Lahore
See also:List of educational institutions in Lahore,List of special schools in Lahore,andList of libraries in Lahore
King Edward Medical University
Government College University
University of the Punjab,Old Campus
University of Engineering and Technology,Main Block

Lahore is known as Pakistan's educational capital,[citation needed]with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. The city is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, IT, law, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology, and has the only future hyper high-tech center[clarification needed]in Pakistan.[220] Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) is the onlyAACSBaccredited business school in Pakistan. Lahore hosts some of Pakistan's oldest and best educational institutes, including:

Notable people

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Main article:List of people from Lahore

Sports

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Main article:List of sports venues in Lahore

Lahore has successfully hosted many international sports events, including the finals of the1990 Men's Hockey World Cupand the1996 Cricket World Cup.The headquarters of all major sports governing bodies in Pakistan are located in Lahore, including cricket, hockey, rugby, and football.[citation needed]Lahore is also home to the head office of thePakistan Olympic Association.

Gaddafi Stadiumis aTest cricket groundin Lahore. It was completed in 1959, and renovations were carried out by Pakistani architectNayyar Ali Dadain the 1990s.

The multi purposePunjab Stadiumlocated near the headquarters of thePakistan Football Federation,is mainly used forfootballmatches and has hosted several events includingAFC President's CupandFIFA World Cup qualifiers.

Lahore is home to severalgolfcourses, including theLahore Gymkhana Golf Course,the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club, and newly built Defence Raya Golf & Country Club. Lake City, a 9-hole course, opened in nearbyRaiwindRoad in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is a state-of-the-art resort, featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities like horse riding and archery.

TheLahore Marathonis part of an annual package of six international marathons sponsored byStandard Chartered Bankacross Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. More than 20,000 athletes from Pakistan and all over the world participate in this event. It was first held on 30 January 2005, and again on 29 January 2006. More than 22,000 people participated in the 2006 race. The third marathon was held on 14 January 2007.[221][failed verification]Plans exist to build Pakistan's first sports city in Lahore, on the bank of theRavi River.[222][better source needed]

Professional sports teams from Lahore
Club League Sport Venue Established
Lahore Qalandars Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy Cricket Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium 2018
Lahore Qalandars Pakistan Super League Cricket Gaddafi Stadium 2015
Lahore Lions National T20 League/National One-day Championship Cricket Gaddafi Stadium 2004
Lahore Eagles National T20 League/National One-day Championship Cricket Gaddafi Stadium 2006
Wohaib PFF League Football Punjab Stadium 1982

Twin towns and sister cities

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Main article:List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan

The following international cities have been declaredtwin towns and sister citiesof Lahore.

Awards

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In 1966, theGovernment of Pakistanawarded a special flag, theHilal-i-istaqlal,to the cities of Lahore,Sargodha,andSialkotfor showing severe resistance to the enemy during theIndo-Pakistani War of 1965,as these cities were targets of the Indian aggression.[230]Every year onDefence Day(6 September), this flag is hoisted in these cities in recognition of the will, courage, and perseverance of their people.[231]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The highest point in Lahore is theWalled City
  2. ^1881–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Lahore, which included Lahore Municipality and Lahore Cantonment.[143]: 32 
  3. ^Also includes the suburban urban areas/villages of Mian Mir, Muzang, and Ichra, which ultimately became part of the town of Lahore.
  4. ^ab1931–1941: IncludingAd-Dharmis
  5. ^Only includes protestant population.[145]: 152 

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  99. ^Glover, William (January 2007).Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City.Univ of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4.On the eve of annexation, Lahore's suburbs were made up of a flat, debris-strewn plain interrupted by a small number of populous abadis, the deserted cantonment and barracks of the former Sikh infantry (which, according to one British large buildings in various states of disrepair.
  100. ^Glover, William (January 2007).Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City.Univ of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4.The inner city, on the other hand, remained problematic. Seen as a potential hotbed of disease and social instability, and notoriously difficult to observe and fathom, the inner districts of the city remained stubbornly resistant to colonial intervention. Throughout the British period of occupation in Punjab, for reasons we will explore more fully, the inner districts of its largest cities were almost entirely left alone. 5 The colonial state made its most significant investments in suburban tracts outside of cities... It should not surprise us that the main focus of imperial attention in Punjab was its fertile countryside rather than cities like Lahore.
  101. ^Glover, William (January 2007).Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City.Univ of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4..
  102. ^Glover, William (January 2007).Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City.Univ of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4.What is more striking than the fact that Punjab's new rulers (cost-effectively) appropriated the symbolically charged buildings of their predecessors is how long some of those appropriations lasted. The conversion of the Mughal-era tomb of Sharif un-Nissa, a noblewoman during Shah Jahan's reign, popularly known as Anarkali, was one such case (Figure 1.2). This Muslim tomb was first used as offices and residences for the clerical staff of Punjab's governing board. In 1851, however, the tomb was converted into the Anglican church
  103. ^Glover, William (January 2007).Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City.Univ of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4.the mosque of Dai Anga, Emperor Shah Jahan's wet nurse, which the British converted first into a residence and later into the office of the railway traffic manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse... manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse. That same tomb had been acquired earlier by the railway from the army, who had used it as a theater for entertaining officers. The railway provided another nearby tomb free of charge to the Church Missionary Society, who used it for Sunday services. The tomb of Mir Mannu, an eighteenth-century Mughal viceroy of Punjab who had brutally persecuted the Sikhs while he was in power, escaped demolition by the railway but was converted nevertheless into a private wine merchant's shop
  104. ^Glover, William (January 2007).Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City.Univ of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4.with an abundance of abandoned large structures scattered throughout the civil station on nazul (state administered) property, the colonial government often chose to house major institutions in converted buildings rather than to build anew. These institutions included the Civil Secretariat, which, as we have seen, was located in Ventura's former house; the Public Works from Ranjit Singh's period; and the Accountant General's office, headquartered in a converted seventeenth century mosque near the tomb of Shah Chiragh, just off Mall Road. In
  105. ^Glover, William (January 2007).Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City.Univ of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4.The Lahore station, built during a time when securing British civilians and troops against a future "native" uprising was foremost in the government's mind, fortified medieval castle, complete with turrets and crenellated towers, battered flanking walls, and loopholes for directing rifle and cannon fire along the main avenues of approach from the city
  106. ^Glover, William (January 2007).Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City.Univ of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4.We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary. In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other (see.
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  109. ^Glover, William (January 2007).Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City.Univ of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5022-4.According to the 1901 census, therefore, the inner city of Lahore contained exactly 20,691 "houses"
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Bibliography

edit
See also:Bibliography of the history of Lahore
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahore&oldid=1235255246"