Ingrammar,thelative(/ˈleɪtɪv/LAY-tiv;abbreviatedLAT) is agrammatical casewhich indicates motion to a location.[1]It corresponds to the English prepositions "to" and "into". The lative case belongs to the group of the general local cases together with thelocativeandseparative case.The term derives from the Latinlat-,the fourth principal part offerre,"to bring, carry".
The lative case is typical of theUralic languagesand it was one of theProto-Uraliccases. It still exists in many Uralic languages, such asFinnish,Erzya,Moksha,andMeadow Mari.
It is also found in theDido languages,such asTsez,Bezhta,andKhwarshi,as well as in theSouth Caucasian languages,such as Laz or Lazuri (seeLaz grammar).
Finnish
editIn Finnish, the lative case is largely obsolete. It still occurs in variousadverbs:alas, alemmas,"down, further down",kauas,kauemmas"(moving) far away, farther away",pois"(going) away", andrannemmas"towards and closer to the shore" (derives from 'ranta' [shore]). The lative suffix is usually-s.[1]
In modern Finnish, it has been superseded by a more complicated system of locative cases andenclitics,and the original -s has merged with another lative orlocativesuffix and turned into the moderninessive,elative,illativeandtranslativesuffixes.
Meadow Mari
editInMeadow Mari,the usage of the lative is restricted compared to that of theillative case.Whereas the illative can be used freely in connection with verbs indicating motion into/to/towards something, the lative occurs typically with only a smaller number of such verbs. Some examples of these are: кодашkodaš"to remain, to stay", шинчашšinčaš"to sit down", шочашšočaš"to be born", сакашsakaš"to hang up, to hang on", пышташpõštaš"to put, to place", кушкашkuškaš"to grow (intransitive)". In many cases, both the illative and the lative cases can be used with a verb. Note that some of the verbs, such as шочаш or кушкаш, do not indicate motion towards a place.[2]
Тойметсола
Tojmetsola
Toymetsola
кресаньык
kresan’õk
peasant
"My grandmother was born in the village of Toymetsola into a peasant family."
да
da
and
"Put your bag on the chair and sit down on the couch."
The lative case in Meadow Mari can also fulfill a few auxiliary functions. It can indicate the cause for an action or under what circumstances the action takes place:[2]
"The children got soaked in the rain."
A noun in the lative can express a period of time in which something (repeatedly) takes place:[2]
мыняр
mõn’ar
how.many
гана
gana
time
кочкат?
kočk-at?
eat-2SG
"How many times a day do you eat?"
A noun in the lative can be used to indicate how someone or something is regarded, for what they are held:[2]
Ивук
Ivuk
Ivuk
эн
en
most
сай
saj
good
шотла.
šotl-a
consider-3SG
"Ivuk considers his dog his best friend."
A noun in the lative can express by what means something is transferred, relocated, or undergoes a change.[2]
"We came toYoshkar-Olaby bus. "
Tsez
editIn the Northeast Caucasian languages, such asTsez,the lative also takes up the functions of thedative casein marking the recipient or beneficent of an action. By some linguists, they are still regarded as two separate cases in those languages although the suffixes are exactly the same for both cases. Other linguists list them separately only for the purpose of separating syntactic cases from locative cases. An example with the ditransitive verb "show" (literally: "make see" ) is given below:
"The girl shows the cat to the boy."
The dative/lative is also used to indicate possession, as in the example below; there is no such verb for "to have":
"The girl had a cat."
The dative/lative case usually occurs, as in the examples above, in combination with another suffix as poss-lative case; it should not be regarded as a separate case, as many of the locative cases in Tsez are constructed analytically. They are actually a combination of two case suffixes. SeeTsez language#Locative case suffixesfor further details.
Verbs of perception or emotion (like "see", "know", "love", "want" ) also require the logical subject to stand in the dative/lative case, note that in this example the "pure" dative/lative without its POSS-suffix is used.
Further reading
edit- Anhava, Jaakko (2015)."Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars".journal.fi.Helsinki: Finnish Scholarly Journals Online.
References
edit- ^abMäkinen, Panu."Finnish Grammar - Adverbial Cases".users.jyu.fi.University of Jyväskylä.Retrieved6 March2015.
- ^abcdeRiese, Timothy; Bradley, Jeremy; Schötschel, Monika; Yefremova, Tatiana (2019).Mari (марий йылме): An Essential Grammar for International Learners. [Draft version].University of Vienna [published online at grammar.mari-language.com]. p. 89-91.
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