Wikipedia

Lesya Ukrainka

For other uses, seeUkrainka.

In this name that followsEastern Slavic naming customs,thepatronymicisPetrivnaand thefamily nameisKosach.

Lesya Ukrainka[1](Ukrainian:Леся Українка,romanized:Lesia Ukrainka,pronounced[ˈlɛsʲɐʊkrɐˈjinkɐ];bornLarysa Petrivna Kosach,Ukrainian:Лариса Петрівна Косач;25 February [O.S.13 February] 1871 – 1 August [O.S.19 July] 1913) was one ofUkrainian literature's foremost writers, best known for her poems and plays. She was also an activepolitical, civil,andfeministactivist.[2]

Lesya Ukrainka
Леся Українка
BornLarysa Petrivna Kosach
25 February [O.S.13 February] 1871
Novohrad-Volynskyi,Volhynian Governorate,Russian Empire
(nowZviahel,Zhytomyr Oblast,Ukraine)
Died1 August [O.S.19 July] 1913 (aged 42)
Surami,Tiflis Governorate,Russian Empire
OccupationPoet and writer, playwright
Period1884–1913
Relatives

Among her best-known works are the collections of poemsOn the Wings of Songs(1893),Thoughts and Dreams(1899),Echos(1902), the epic poemAncient Fairy Tale(1893),One Word(1903), playsPrincess(1913),Cassandra(1903–1907),In the Catacombs(1905), andForest Song(1911).

Biography

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Larysa Kosach in her teenage years

Lesya Ukrainka was born in 1871 in the town ofNovohrad-Volynskyi(now Zviahel) ofUkraine.She was the second child of Ukrainian writer and publisher Olha Drahomanova-Kosach, better known under her literary pseudonymOlena Pchilka.Ukrainka's father was Petro Kosach (from theKosača noble family), head of the district assembly ofconciliators,who came from the northern part ofChernihivprovince. After completing high school in Chernihiv Gymnasium, Kosach studied mathematics at the University of Petersburg. Two years later, her father moved toKyiv Universityand graduated with a law degree. In 1868 he married Olha Drahomaniv, who was the sister of his friendMykhailo Drahomanov,a well-known Ukrainian scientist, historian, philosopher, folklorist, and public figure.[3][4]Her father was devoted to the advancement ofUkrainian cultureand financially supported Ukrainian publishing ventures. Lesya Ukrainka had three younger sisters,Olha,Oksana, and Isydora, and a younger brother, Mykola.[5]Ukrainka was very close to her uncle Drahomanov, her spiritual mentor and teacher, as well as her elder brother Mykhailo, known under the pseudonym Mykhailo Obachny, whom she called "Mysholosie" after their parents' joint nickname for both of them.

Lesya inherited her father's physical features, eyes, height, and build. Like her father, she was highly principled, and they both held thedignityof the individual in high regard. Despite their many similarities, Lesya and her father were different in that her father had a gift for mathematics, but nogift for languages;conversely, Lesya had no gift for mathematics, but she knewEnglish,German,French,Italian,Greek,Latin,Polish,Russian,Bulgarian,and hernativeUkrainian.[4]

Lesya's mother, a poet, wrote poetry and short stories for children in Ukrainian. She was also active in thewomen's movementand published a feminist almanac.[6]Ukrainka's mother played a significant role in her upbringing. TheUkrainian languagewas the only language used in the household, and to enforce this practice, the children were educated by Ukrainian tutors at home, to avoid schools that taught Russian as theprimary language.Ukrainka learned how to read at the age of four, and she and her brother Mykhailo could read foreign languages well enough to read literature in the original.[7]

By the time she was eight, Ukrainka wrote her first poem, "Hope," which was composed in reaction to the arrest and exile of her aunt,Olena Kosach,for taking part in a political movement against thetsarist autocracy.In 1879, her entire family moved toLutsk.That same year her father started building houses for the family in the nearby village ofKolodiazhne.[8]It was at this time that her uncle, Mykhailo Drahomanov, encouraged her to study Ukrainianfolk songs,folk stories,and history, as well to peruse the Bible for its inspired poetry and eternal themes. She also was influenced by the well-known composerMykola Lysenko,as well as the famous Ukrainian dramatist and poetMykhailo Starytsky.[9]: 12 

At age thirteen, her first published poem, "Lily of the Valley," appeared in the magazineZoryainLviv.It was here that she first used her pseudonym, which was suggested by her mother because, in the Russian Empire, publications in the Ukrainian language were forbidden. Ukrainka's first collection of poetry had to be published secretly in western Ukraine and snuck into Kyiv under her pseudonym.[10]At this time, Ukrainka was well on her way of becoming a pianist, but due totuberculosisof the bone, she did not attend any outside educational establishment. The writing was to be the main focus of her life.[9]: 10 

Since the beginning of the 90s, the poet had been communicating with thePoltavaregion. From the summer of 1893 to the middle of 1906, Lesya lived almost every summer inHadiachand near the city, in the Green Grove. The writing of many works is marked by this place; in particular, the legend "Robert Bruce, King of Scotland" was written here. It was here that Lesya befriended the teacher A. S. Makarova, with whom she later corresponded, the latter left memories of the poet.[11]

The poems and plays of Ukrainka are associated with her belief in her country's freedom and independence. Between 1895 and 1897, she became a member of the Literary and Artistic Society in Kyiv, which was banned in 1905 because of its relations with revolutionary activists.[12]In 1888, when Ukrainka was seventeen, she and her brother organized a literary circle called Pleyada (The Pleiades), which they founded to promote the development of Ukrainian literature andtranslationof foreign classics into Ukrainian. The organization was based on the French school of poesy, the Pleiade. Their gatherings took place in different homes and were joined by Mykola Lysenko, Petro Kosach, Kostiantyn Mykhalchuk, Mykhailo Starytsky, and others.[13]One of the works they translated wasNikolai Gogol'sEvenings on a Farm Near Dykanka.

Taras ShevchenkoandIvan Frankowere the main inspiration of her early poetry, which was associated with the poet's loneliness,social isolationand adoration of the Ukrainian nation's freedom.[14]Her first collection of poetry,Na krylakh pisen'(On the Wings of Songs), was published in 1893. Since Ukrainian publications were banned by the Russian Empire, this book was published inWestern Ukraine,which was part ofAustria-Hungaryat the time, and smuggled intoKyiv.

Ukrainka's illness made it necessary for her to travel to places where the climate was dry, and, as a result, she spent extended periods of time in Germany,Austria,Italy,Bulgaria,Crimea,theCaucasus,andEgypt.She loved experiencing other cultures, which was evident in many of her literary works, such asThe Ancient History of Oriental Peoples,originally written for her younger siblings. The book was published in Lviv, andIvan Frankowas involved in its publication. It included her early poems, such as "Seven Strings," "The Starry Sky," "Tears-Pearls," "The Journey to the Sea," "Crimean Memories," and "In the Children's Circle."

Ukrainka also wrote epic poems, prose dramas, prose, several articles ofliterary criticism,and severalsociopoliticalessays. She was best known for her playsBoyarynya(1914;The Noblewoman), a psychological tragedy centered on the Ukrainian family in the 17th century,[15]which refers directly to Ukrainian history, andLisova pisnya(1912;The Forest Song), the characters of which include mythological beings from Ukrainian folklore.

Lesya Ukrainka andOlha Kobylianska,1901

In 1897, while being treated inYalta,Ukrainka metSerhiy Merzhynsky[uk],an official fromMinskwho was also receiving treatment for tuberculosis. The two fell in love, and her feelings for Merzhynsky were responsible for her showing a different side of herself. Examples include "Your Letters Always Smell of Withered Roses," "To Leave Everything and Fly to You," and "I'd Like to Wind around You Like Ivy," which were unpublished in her lifetime. Merzhynsky died with Ukrainka at his bedside on 3 March 1901. She wrote the entire dramatic poem "Oderzhyma" ( "The Possessed" ) in one night on his deathbed. A group of Ukrainian writers gathered in Poltava to inaugurate a monument to Kotliarevsky.

A group of Ukrainian writers gathered in Poltava to inaugurate a monument toIvan Kotliarevsky.From left:Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky,Vasyl Stefanyk,Olena Pchilka,Lesya Ukrainka,Mykhailo Starytsky,Hnat Khotkevych,Volodymyr Samijlenko

Lesya Ukrainka actively opposed Russian tsarism and was a member of UkrainianMarxistorganizations. In 1901, she gave theAustro-MarxistMykola Hankevich a Ukrainian translation of theCommunist Manifestomade by "her comrades from Kyiv".[16]She was briefly arrested in 1907 by tsarist police and remained under surveillance thereafter.

In 1907, Lesya Ukrainka marriedKlyment Kvitka,a court official, who was an amateur ethnographer and musicologist. They settled first inCrimea,then moved toGeorgia.

Ukrainka died on 1 August 1913 at a health resort inSurami,Georgia.

Creative activity

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Poetry

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Larysa Kosach began to write poetry at the age of nine: Nadiya wrote her poetry under the influence of the news about the fate of her aunt Olena Antonivna Kosach (married to Teslenko-Prykhodko), who had been exiled for participating in the revolutionary movement. In 1884 the poems "Lily of the Valley" and "Sappho" were first published in the Lviv magazine "Zorya" and the name Lesya Ukrainka was recorded; In the following reprints, Lesya added a dedication to her brother's poem "Sappho": "Dear Shura Sudovshchikova in memory." In 1885 a collection of her translations from Mykola Gogol (made together with Mykhailo) was published in Lviv.[9]: 120 

Lesya Ukrainka's literary activity revived in the mid-1890s, when the Kosachs moved to Kyiv, and she became a co-founder of the Pleiades literary circle, surrounded by the Lysenko and Starytsky families. At the request of the Pleiades, in 1889 she compiled her famous List of World Literature for translation. In 1892, Heinrich Heine's Book of Songs was published in Lviv, translated by Lesya Ukrainka (together with M. Slavinsky). The first collection of her original poems "On the Wings of Songs" appeared in Lviv (1893), the second edition in Kyiv (1904), the second collection "Thoughts and Dreams" (1899), the third "Reviews" (1902) – in Chernivtsi.[9]: 123 [8]

After that, Lesya Ukrainka worked for a decade and created more than a hundred poems, half of which were never published during her lifetime.

Lesya Ukrainka entered the canon ofUkrainian literatureprimarily as a poet of courage and struggle. Her thematically rich lyrics are somewhat conditionally (due to the relationship of motives) divided into personal, landscape, and civic. The main themes of her early lyrical poetry: the beauty of nature, love for her native land, personal experiences, the purpose of the poet and the role of the poetic word, social and social motives. In the first works the influences ofTaras Shevchenko,Panteleimon Kulish,Mykhailo Starytsky,and Heine are noticeable, the clear influences of Olena Pchilka and Mykhailo Drahomanov (pseudonym – Ukrainian) on the choice of motives are visible.[7]

And the poetry "Contra spem spero!" (1890) characterizes the ancient understanding of valor (arete), brilliant mastery of mythological illusions, self-creation of a woman warrior. It is this aspect of creativity for many years determinate in the tone of scientific "forestry". These are the main motives of the poems "To Comrades", "Comrades in Memory", "Sinner", "Slavus – Sclavus", "Fiat nox", "Epilogue" and many others. The motif of freedom takes on a variety of colors: from disobedience to the traditional understanding of the empire to the individual choice of modus vivendi, which means discovering the truth and serving it. Betrayal on any level is identified with tragedy, with the act of Medea. The lyrics of thirst and hidden triumph associated with the inability to realize their love, exposes the scheme of chivalrous love. The lyrical heroine is a knight who sings to her lady of the heart. The eroticism of such poems as "I would like to embrace you like an ivy", "Your letters always smell of withered roses" are mystical praises in honor of the divine mistress.[17]

Drama

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In the second half of the 1890s, Kosach turned todrama.Her first drama,The Blue Rose(1896), from the life of the Ukrainian intelligentsia, expands on the theme of Ukrainian drama, which until then had portrayed mostly the peasantry. The drama testified to Lesya Ukrainka's entry into the modern world — first of all, the world of the symbol — and her rather free "feeling." To cover the topic of human norm and abnormality, the writer thoroughly prepared and studied the issues, consulted with a psychiatrist Oleksandr Drahomanov. The philosophical discourse of drama, imposing on Hauptmann's work, presents not only madness as a form of freedom, but also a certain longing for the body.[7]

Prose

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Fiction has a special place in Lesya Ukrainka's literary heritage. The first stories from rural life ("Such is her fate","Holy evening!","Spring songs ") are connected in content and language with folk songs. In the genre of fairy tales written" Three Pearls "," Four tales of green noise "," Lily "," Trouble will teach "," Butterfly ". The stories" Pity "and" Friendship "are marked by sharp drama. The Ukrainian woman's death story" Ekbal Hanem ", intended to depict the psychology of an Arab woman, remained unfinished.[8]

Research of life and creativity

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Museums

Lesya Ukrainka's life and work are studied by theLesya Ukrainka Research Institute.

Legacy

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  • Ukrainiankarbovanetsdepicting Lesya Ukrainka
  • 1956 USSR stamp
  • Soviet four-kopeckstamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of Lesya Ukrainka's birth
  • Portrait on obverse₴200 billcirca 2020
  • Lesya Ukrainka's burial location and monument atBaikove Cemeteryin Kyiv
  • Lesya Ukrainka Statue,University of Saskatchewan
  • Statue of Lesya Ukrainka by Mykhailo Chereshniovsky erected in 1975 in High Park, in Toronto, Canada. Engraved is the quote "Whoever liberates themselves shall be free. Whoever is liberated by others captive shall remain".
  • Statue of Lesya Ukrainka in Ukrainski bulvar,Moscow

There are many monuments to Lesya Ukrainka inUkraineand many other formerSoviet Republics.Particularly inKyiv,there is a main monument at the boulevard that bears her name and a smaller monument in theMariinskyi Park(next toMariinskyi Palace). There is also a bust inQaradağ raionofAzerbaijan.One of the main Kyiv theaters, theLesya Ukrainka National Academic Theateris colloquially referred to simply asLesya Ukrainka Theater.

Under initiatives of localUkrainian diasporas,there are several memorial societies and monuments to her throughout Canada and the United States, most notably a monument on the campus of theUniversity of SaskatchewaninSaskatoon,Saskatchewan.[18]There is also a bust of Ukrainka inSoyuzivkain New York State.

Each summer since 1975, Ukrainians inTorontogather at the Lesya Ukrainka monument inHigh Parkto celebrate her life and work.[19]

A monument to Lesya Ukrainka stands in the Ukrainian Section of the Cleveland Cultural Gardens, erected under the auspices of the United Ukrainian Organizations and the Ukrainian community. The statue was designed by Mykhailo Chereshniovsky (1911- 94) and was commissioned by the Ukrainian National Women’s League of North America on the initiative of Mykhailyna Stawnycha, president of the UNWLA Branch 33 in Cleveland (and by the leadership of Kateryna Mural of Branch 30, who continuously headed the monument committee).The statue was unveiled on September 2, 1961 in the presence of the sister of Lesya Ukrainka, Isydora Kosach-Borysova.[20]

Ukrainian composersTamara Maliukova Sidorenko(1919–2005) andYudif Grigorevna Rozhavskaya(1923–1982) set several of Ukrainka's poems to music.[21][22]

TheNational Bank of Ukrainereleased a ₴200 banknote depicting Lesya Ukrainka.[citation needed]

According to image consultant Oleh Pokalchuk, Ukrainka's hairstyle inspired the over-the-head braid ofYulia Tymoshenko.[23]

According toGoogle Trends,Lesya Ukrainka was in 2020 the third in the ranking ofUkrainian womensearch queriesinGoogle Searchin Ukraine (the top two wasTina KarolandOlha Polyakova).[24]

On 16 November 2022PushkinAvenue inDniprowas renamed Lesya Ukrainka Avenue.[25]

English translations

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  • The Babylonian Captivity,(play), fromFive Russian Plays, With One From the Ukrainian,Dutton, NY, 1916.from Archive.org;
  • In the Catacombs(play)translated by David Turow;
  • Short stories; “Christmas Eve”, “The Moth”, “Spring Songs”, “It is Late”, “The Only Son”, “The School”, “Happiness”, “A City of Sorrow”, “The Farewell”, “Sonorous Strings”, “A Letter to a Distant Shore”, “By the Sea”, “The Blind Man”, “The Apparition”, “The Mistake”, “A Moment”, “The Conversation” and “The Enemies” translated by Roma Franko;[26]
  • The Forest Song,(play), in "In a Different Light: A Bilingual Anthology of Ukrainian Literature Translated into English byVirlana Tkaczand Wanda Phipps as Performed by Yara Arts Group ", compiled and edited by Olha Luchuk, Sribne Slovo Press, Lviv 2008.

Cundy, Percival, trans. Spirit of Flame: A Collection of the Works of Lesya Ukrainka. Foreword by Clarence A. Manning. New York: Bookman Associates, 1950. Copyright 1950 by Ukrainian National Women’s League of America with dedication “To the organized women of the United States who helped publish this book.”

Adaptations

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Theatrical adaptations of works

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  • 1994Yara's Forest Songdirected byVirlana Tkaczwith Yara Arts Group at La MaMa Experimental Theatre in New York and Les Kurbas Theatre in Lviv[27]
  • 2013Fire Water Nightdirected by Virlana Tkacz with Yara Arts Group at La MaMa Experimental Theatre in New York[28]

Film adaptations of works

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  • "Forest Song" (1961), a film by Viktor Ivchenko
  • "Fireplace Master" (1971), a film by Mstislav Dzhingzhiristy
  • "Cassandra" (1974), film by Yuriy Nekrasov, Serhiy Smyan
  • "Forest Song" (1976), cartoon by Alla Grachova
  • "Forest Song. Mavka" (1981), a film by Yuriy Ilyenko
  • "The Temptation of Don Juan" (1985), a film by Vasyl Levin and Grigory Koltunov
  • "Blue Rose" (1988), a two-part film by Oleg Biima
  • "Orgy" (1991), television play
  • "On the field of blood. Aceldama" (2001), a film by Yaroslav Lupiy
  • "Mavka. The Forest Song" (2022) a 3D cartoon by Oleksandra Ruban.

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toLesya Ukrainka.

References

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  1. ^Note:"Ukrainka" literally means "Ukrainian woman" in Ukrainian
  2. ^Krys Svitlana,A Comparative Feminist Reading of Lesia Ukrainka’s and Henrik Ibsen’s Dramas.Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 34.4 (December 2007 [September 2008]): 389–409
  3. ^"Mykhailo Drahomanov".Bibliography.Retrieved12 December2011.
  4. ^abBida, konstantyn (1968).Lesya Ukrainka.Toronto. p. 259.
  5. ^Bida, Konstantyn (1968).Lesya Ukrainka.Toronto. p. 259.
  6. ^uk:Леся Українка
  7. ^abcWedel, Erwin. Toward a modern Ukrainian drama: innovative concepts and devices in Lesia Ukrainka’s dramatic art, inSlavic Drama,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1991, p 116.
  8. ^abc"Ukrainka, Lesia – Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine".
  9. ^abcdBohachevsky-Chomiak, Martha.Feminists Despite Themselves: Women in Ukrainian Community Life, 1884–1939. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1988.
  10. ^"Lessya Ukrainka".Bibliography.Archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2012.Retrieved12 December2011.
  11. ^"Більш « Української України», як тут, не бачила: історія вулиці Лесі Українки в Гадячі - poltava-future.com.ua"[I Have Never Seen More "Ukrainian Ukraine" Than Here: The Story Of Lesia Ukrainka Street In Hadyach] (in Ukrainian). 27 August 2022.Retrieved11 March2024.
  12. ^"Lessya Ukrainka".Biography.Archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2012.Retrieved12 December2011.
  13. ^"Pleiada".Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Vol.4.Retrieved12 December2011.
  14. ^Ukrainka.Britannica Centre 310 South Michigan Avenue Chicago Illinois 60604 United States of America: Encyclopædia Britannica. 1995.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location (link)
  15. ^Ukrainka Lesya.Britannica Centre 310 South Michigan Avenue Chicago IL 60604 United States of America: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location (link)
  16. ^Джулай, Дмитро (3 March 2021)."Лесі Українці 150: невідомі факти змусять вас подивитися на письменницю по-новому".Радіо Свобода(in Ukrainian).Retrieved27 May2023.
  17. ^Taniuk, Les’. Toward the problem of Ukrainian “prophetic” drama: Lesia Ukrainka, Volodymyr Vynnycenko, and Mykola Kulis, inSlavic Drama,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1991, p 125.
  18. ^Swyripa, Francis. Wedded to the Cause, Ukrainian-Canadian Women and Ethnic Identity 1891–1991. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1993, p. 234.
  19. ^VideoonYouTube
  20. ^"Ukrainian Cultural Garden – the Cleveland Cultural Gardens Federation".
  21. ^Cohen, Aaron I. (1987).International encyclopedia of women composers(Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York.ISBN0-9617485-2-4.OCLC16714846.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^"Rozhavska Yudif Hryhorivna - Ukrainian Musical World".Retrieved31 December2023.
  23. ^"The queen of Ukraine's image machine".BBC News.4 October 2007.Retrieved7 August2008.
  24. ^(in Ukrainian)How Lesya Ukrainka became a Ukrainian celebrity №1,Ukrayinska Pravda(26 February 2021)
  25. ^"A monument to Pushkin was dismantled in Dnipro (photo)".Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty(in Ukrainian). 16 December 2022.Retrieved16 December2022.
  26. ^Ukrainka L., 1998,From Heart to Heart,pp.288–468, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
  27. ^"Forest Song | Yara Arts Group".
  28. ^"Fire Water Night".
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