Wikipedia

Letterer

Alettereris a member of a team ofcomic book creatorsresponsible for drawing the comic book's text. The letterer's use oftypefaces,calligraphy,letter size, andlayoutall contribute to the impact of the comic. The letterer crafts the comic's"display lettering":the story title lettering and other special captions and credits that usually appear on a story's first page. The letterer also writes the letters in theword balloonsand draws insound effects.Many letterers also design logos for the comic book company's various titles.

History

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Origins

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Lettered 1949 panel fromAmerica's Best Comics

By the time comic books came of age in the 1940s, the huge volume of work demanded by publishers had encouraged an assembly-line process, dividing the creative process into distinct tasks: writer,penciller,letterer,inker,andcolorist.By the late 1940s, it became possible to make a living just lettering comic strips and comic books for artists, studios, and companies that did not have the time or desire to do it in-house. The career of freelance letterer was born, and by the 1950s, letterers such asGaspar Saladino,Sam Rosen,andBen Odawere crafting full-time careers as letterers forDC Comics,Marvel Comics,andKing Features.[1]

Letterer and logo designerIra Schnappdefined the DC Comics look for nearly thirty years. Starting in 1940, he designed or refined such iconic logos asAction Comics,Superman,The Flash,andJustice League of America,while also creating the distinctive appearance of DC's house ads and promotions. (Schnapp also designed theComics Code Authorityseal, which was a fixture on comic book covers from all major companies for over forty years.)[2]

DC Comics used a stable of more than 20 letterers in the comics they published in the 1950s and 1960s (some of the letterers — likeJerry RobinsonandDick Sprang— were more well known as artists):[3]

Starting in around 1966, Ira Schnapp's classic, art deco-inspired look was replaced by the pulsing, organic style of Gaspar Saladino, who redesigned DC's house style for thecountercultureera.[4]Gaspar became the cover letterer for all of DC's books throughout the 1970s, and even "ghosted"as Marvel Comics'" page-one "letterer for much of the same period.[5][6]Gaspar's work became so iconic that various independent comics publishers which sprang up in the 1970s and 1980s – such asAtlas/Seaboard,[7]Continuity Comics,andEclipse Comics[8]– hired him to design logos for their entire line of titles.

From the 1930 through the 1990s (with a few exceptions), the letterer plied his craft on the same page drawn by the penciler. (The penciled art was then inked after the letterer has completed his work on the page.) At DC Comics during the "Silver Age"of the 1960s, pencilers were required to" rough in balloons and sound effects "for the letterers to later go over. An accomplished letterer was able to adapt his or her style to the style of the art for that particular book.[9]

Computer lettering

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The evolution of desktop publishing powered by computers, especially those made byApple,began in the 1980s, and started having a gradual impact on comics lettering soon after. One of the first users of computer-generated lettering was writer/artistJohn Byrne,who made fonts from existing lettering. (Incidentally, Byrne made use of existing lettering by other artists, such asDave Gibbons,without their permission.[10]Now Byrne uses a computer font based on the handwriting of lettererJack Morelli– with Morelli's permission.)[11]Other early users of computer lettering wereDavid Cody Weiss[10]andRoxanne Starr,who experimented in computer lettering withBob Burden'sFlaming Carrot Comics.

Computer lettering really started making an impact with the availability of the first commercial comic book font, "Whizbang" (created by Studio Daedalus) around 1990.

In the early 1990s lettererRichard Starkingsand his partnerJohn Roshell(formerly Gaushell) began creating comic book fonts and startedComicraft,which has since become the major source of comics fonts (though they have competition from others, such asBlambot).

In deference to tradition, at first computer lettering was printed out and pasted onto the original artwork, but after a few years, as comics coloring also moved to desktop publishing, digital lettering files began to be used in a more effective way by combining them directly with digital art files, eliminating the physical paste-up stage altogether.Wildstorm Comicswas ahead of the curve, Marvel came around a few years later, and DC held to traditional production methods the longest, but now nearly all lettering is digitally applied.[10]

In the early years of the 21st Century, the mainstream American comics companies moved almost exclusively to in-house computer lettering, effectively ending the era of the freelance letterer.[12]Chris Eliopoulosdesigned the fonts for Marvel's in-house lettering unit, andKen Lopezdid the same at DC.[12]Since then the trend has swung the other way, with most comics publishers once again using freelance letterers rather than in-house staff. Nearly all use computer and digital comic book fonts.

Tools and methods

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On-the-board

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The traditional comic book letterer needs little more than alettering guide,a pen or brush,India ink,and white paint for corrections. Some situations required the letterer to usevellumoverlays on top of the original art.[7]

EC Comics

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The lettering in the comics of the sensationalisthorror comicspublisherEC Comics(c. 1945 – c. 1955) was different from other publishers – its mechanical appearance gave it a sterile aspect, and helped define the particular style of comics EC was known for. EC's letterers achieved their particular look by using a Leroy lettering set, a device popular amongst draftsmen and architects. The Leroy lettering set consisted of a stylus and apantographiclettering form.[13]

Computer lettering

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Most Marvel and DC books are now lettered using a graphics program such asAdobe Illustrator,Adobe PhotoshoporAdobe InDesign,and afontthat resembles hand lettering. Computer lettering provides a lot of technical shortcuts, especially by combining the lettering work directly with digital art files, eliminating the tedious physical paste-up stage altogether. Some letterers handwrite part of the script. Hand-lettering is often used for sound effects andonomatopoeiain comics.

There are also still comics artists and inkers who prefer to have the lettering directly on their pages. First, it saves drawing time (not having to put art where a big caption will be); and second, comics tell a story, and a page of comics art without the lettering is only half the story.

Long-time lettererJohn Workmantoes a middle ground between traditional and digital lettering. In addition to his "on-the-art boards work", Workman has been electronically hand-lettering by way of aWacomtablet.

Awards and recognition

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TheShazam Awards,given from 1970 to 1975, had a "best letterer" category. Both theHarvey Awards(given starting in 1992) and theEisner Awards(given starting in 1993) have a "best letterer" category.Todd Kleinhas won the Eisner award for lettering fifteen times and has won the Harvey Award for lettering eight times.Ken Bruzenak,Chris Ware,John Workman,andDan Cloweshave all won the Harvey Award for lettering multiple times.

Letterers and lettering studios

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Notable letterers

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Artist-letterers

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Cartoonists known for the lettering on their own comics:

Companies

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Companies and studios that create fonts and provide computer lettering:

References

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  1. ^Klein, Todd."How it all began," Todd Klein: Lettering – Logos – Design.Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  2. ^Kimball, Kirk."The Big Chill," Dial B for Blog #376 (Oct. 10, 2006).Retrieved July 21, 2008.
  3. ^"Letterer Index," DC Comics Artists.Archived at the Wayback Machine.Accessed July 31, 2019.
  4. ^B.D.S.Interview with Gaspar Saladino in "Silver Age Sage," The Silver Lantern: A Tribute to the Silver Age of DC Comics (May 25, 2007).Retrieved July 18, 2008.
  5. ^Mark Evanier quoted in Brian Cronin's "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed" #66, Comic Book Resources (Aug. 21, 2006).Retrieved July 20, 2008.
  6. ^Kimball, Kirk."Gaspar Saladino — The Natural,"Dial B for Blog #489 (Sept.). Accessed May 18, 2011.
  7. ^abKimball, Kirk."Gaspar Saladino — Atlas Shrugged!"Dial B for Blog #497 (Sept.). Accessed May 19, 2011.
  8. ^"Gaspar Saladino,"ComicVine. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
  9. ^LettererClem Robins,quoted in Kimball, Kirk."Gaspar Saladino — A New Star on the DC Horizon,"Dial B for Blog #490 (Sept.). Accessed May 19, 2011.
  10. ^abcKlein, Todd."Computer lettering," Todd Klein: Lettering – Logos – Design.Retrieved July 23, 2008.
  11. ^Byrne Robotics FAQ:Creative Process.Retrieved December 2, 2005.
  12. ^abContino, Jennifer."ABCs with Orzechowski," Comicon.com: The Pulse (Dec. 30, 2003). Retrieved July 17, 2008.ArchivedSeptember 26, 2008, at theWayback Machine
  13. ^Burns, Casey."Squa Tront and Spa Fon (2001)",Casey Burns official website. Accessed May 21, 2011.
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