Wikipedia

Liberal conservatism

Not to be confused withConservative liberalismorLibertarian conservatism.
This article is about the political philosophy. For the Canadian political party, seeLiberal-Conservative Party.

Liberal conservatismis apolitical ideologycombiningconservativepolicies withliberalstances, especially oneconomicissues but also onsocialandethicalmatters,[1]representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.

The ideology incorporates theclassical liberalview of minimalgovernment interventionin the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in themarketandgenerate wealthwithout government interference.[2]However, liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensurelaw and orderand that socialinstitutionsare needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.[2]Liberal conservatives also supportcivil liberties,along with somesocially conservativepositions. They differ onsocial issues,with some being socially conservative and others socially liberal, though all liberal conservatives broadly support therule of lawregardingcivil rights,social equalityandthe environment.[3][4]This is equated with the creation of acohesiveandtolerantsociety with increased levels ofindividual responsibilityand lessinequality.[5]

Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment toindividualism,belief innegative freedom,a lightly regulated free market, and a minimalrule of lawstate.[6]A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s, such asThatcherism,[2]were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name.[6]However, in contrast to classical liberalism there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention especially in certain areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces.[6]Particularly in regards to the family, sexuality, health and education, these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state.[6]

Overview, definitions and usage

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Bothconservatismandliberalismhave had different meanings over time in different centuries. The termliberal conservatismhas been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts witharistocraticconservatism, which deems the principle of equality as something discordant with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as therule of law,private property,themarket economyandconstitutionalrepresentativegovernment, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the termliberal conservatismcame to be understood simply asconservatismin popular culture,[7]prompting some conservatives who embraced more stronglyclassical-liberalvalues to call themselveslibertariansinstead.[8]However, there are differences between classical liberals and libertarians.[9]

In their embrace of liberal andfree marketprinciples, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holdingnational-conservative,fullysocially conservativeand/or outrightpopulistviews, let alone aright-wing populistposture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense ofcivil rightsand support for a limitedwelfare state.[citation needed]Compared to other centre-right political traditions such asChristian democracy,liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.[citation needed]Some regional varieties and peculiarities can be observed:

At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to theEuropean People's Party(EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to theAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party(ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such asChristian-Democratic and Flemishin Belgium, theChristian Democratic Appealin the Netherlands, theChristian Democratic Unionin Germany and thePeople's Partyin Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such asNew Democracyin Greece, theSocial Democratic Partyin Portugal, thePeople's Partyin Spain,Forza Italia/The People of Freedom/Forza Italiain Italy, theUnion for a Popular Movement/The Republicansin France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to theEastern BlocandYugoslavia) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism.

In the modern European discourse,liberal conservatismusually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms ofsocial safety netandenvironmentalism(see alsogreen conservatismandgreen liberalism). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (theModerate Partyin Sweden, theConservative Partyin Norway and theNational Coalition Partyin Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the BritishConservative Party.In an interview shortly after taking office asPrime Ministerin 2010,David Cameronintroduced himself as a liberal conservative.[10]During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom andhuman rights,but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".[11]

Relation to American conservatism

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In the United States, conservatives often combine the economicindividualismof classical liberals with aBurkeanform of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.[12]From a different perspective,American conservatism(a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism" ) has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and forpatriotismwhile rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, scepticism regarding progress and elitism.[13][clarification needed]Consequently, the termliberal conservatismis not used in the United States.Modern American liberalismhappens to be quite different fromEuropean liberalismand occupies thecentre-leftof the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with thecentreandcentre-rightwhilesocial democracymakes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true inLatin America,whereeconomically liberalconservatism is often labelled under the rubric ofneoliberalismboth in popular culture and academic discourse.[14]

Americanlibertarian conservatismfocuses more onlibertarian economicprinciples andconservative culturalprinciples, but social stances of Europeanliberal conservatism,on the other hand, are more closely related to relativeprogressivismthantraditional conservatism.[15]Americanneoconservatismis sometimes described as the same or similar toliberal conservatismin Europe.[16]However, Peter Lawler regarded neoconservatism in the United States asconservative liberalismand distinguished it fromliberal conservatism.Fiscal conservatismis also an idea rooted inclassical liberalism.

Classical conservatism and economic liberalism

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Joseph de Maistre(1753–1821)

Historically,conservatismin the 18th and 19th centuries comprised a set of principles based on concern for establishedtradition,respect forauthorityandreligious values.This form oftraditionalistor classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings ofJoseph de Maistrein the post-Enlightenmentage. Contemporaneousliberalism,now recalled asclassical liberalism,advocated bothpolitical freedomfor individuals and afree marketin the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated byJohn Locke,Montesquieu,Voltaire,Jean-Jacques Rousseau,Ben Franklin,Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Paine,Edward Gibbon,David Hume,Adam Smith,Jeremy BenthamandJohn Stuart Mill,who are respectively remembered as the fathers ofliberalism,includingeconomic liberalism,theseparation of church and state,social liberalismandutilitarianism.

Alexis de Tocqueville

According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".[17]Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues by authors such asEdmund BurkeandAlexis de Tocqueville[18]as the basis of current liberal conservatism which can be seen both in the works ofRaymond AronandMichael Oakeshott.However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule ofmeritocracy,without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in theWestern worldcame to adopt free market economic ideas as theIndustrial Revolutionprogressed and the monarchy, aristocracy and clergy lost their wealth and power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, the termliberalis used in most countries to describe those with free-market economic views. This is the case incontinental Europe,[19]Australia[20]andLatin America.[21]

Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions

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Current parties

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Historical parties or factions

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Liberal-conservative organisations

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The LDP was described as aliberalorconservative-liberalparty in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before theSecond Abe Cabinet,but since 2012, LDP has been controversial related toultranationalismandfascism.(Major LDP members are linked to the far-rightNippon Kaigi.)[55][56]
  2. ^United Russia officially supports the "liberal-conservative" ideology.[72]However, there is a controversy that United Russia is actuallyauthoritarianoranti-liberal.[73]
  3. ^The AKP was described as a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal, but there is controversy that the AKP isilliberal.[89]

Citations

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  16. ^Oleksii Stus; Dmytro Finberg; Leonid Sinchenko, eds. (2021).Ukrainian Dissidents: An Anthology of Texts.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 346.ISBN9783838215518.The tendency of neoconservatism (liberal conservatism) is most clearly represented by the literary...
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  112. ^"What about the re-establishment of the four-party system, the future political circle?".아이뉴스21(in Korean). 3 February 2018.Retrieved2 May2020.
  113. ^"New conservative party sets sail ahead of April parliamentary elections".The Korean Herald.11 June 2021.After the impeachment of Park in 2016, he left the Saenuri Party and joined the minor conservative Bareun Party. He then moved to the liberal-conservative Bareunmirae Party after the Bareun Party and minor liberal People's Party were merged.
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  116. ^"Winners & Losers: Hungary's opposition primaries first-round recap".Kafkadesk.2021-10-02.Retrieved2021-11-27.

General references

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