Limited-access road

For roads with an uninterrupted flow of traffic, commonly referred to as a motorway or freeway, seeControlled-access highway.

Alimited-access road,known by various terms worldwide, includinglimited-access highway,dual-carriageway,expressway,andpartial controlled-access highway,is ahighwayorarterial roadfor high-speed traffic which has many or most characteristics of acontrolled-access highway(also known as afreewayormotorway), including limited or no access to adjacent property, some degree ofseparation of opposing traffic flow,use ofgrade separatedinterchangesto some extent, prohibition of slow modes of transport, such asbicycles,horse-drawn vehiclesor ridden horses, or self-propelled agricultural machines; and very few or nointersecting cross-streetsorlevel crossings.The degree of isolation from local traffic allowed varies between countries and regions. The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction.

TheVeterans Memorial ParkwayinLondon, Ontariois a modern at-grade limited-access road with intersections

California State Route 1is shown with parallel service roads for local traffic in theAptosarea.
(Map source:OpenStreetMap)

History

The first implementation of limited-access roadways in the United States was theBronx River ParkwayinNew York,in 1907.TheNew York State Parkway Systemwas constructed as a network of high-speed roads in and aroundNew York City.The first limited access highway built is thought to be the privately builtLong Island Motor ParkwayinLong Island,New York.TheSouthern State Parkwayopened in 1927, while the Long Island Motor Parkway was closed in 1937 and replaced by theNorthern State Parkway(opened in 1931) and the contiguousGrand Central Parkway(opened in 1936).

Regional implementations

In theUnited States,the nationalManual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices(MUTCD) uses "full control of access" only forfreeways.Expressways are defined as having "partial control of access" (orsemi-controlled access). This means that major roads typically useinterchangesandcommercial developmentis accessed via cross roads orfrontage roads,while minor roads can cross at grade and farms can have direct access. This definition is also used by some states, some of which also restrict freeways only tomotor vehiclescapable of maintaining a certain speed.Some other statesuse "controlled access" to mean a higher standard than "limited access", while othersreverse the two terms.

Oceania

Australia

Main article:Highways in Australia

WhileAustralia's larger capital cities featurecontrolled-access highwaynetworks, the smaller metropolitan areas mostly rely on limited-access highways for high-speed local traffic.

InSouth Australiathe terms "expressway" and "freeway" can be synonymous. The Southern and Northern Expressways are both controlled-access highways. However, perhaps confusingly, the Port River Expressway is a limited-access highway.

Dual carriagewaysthat connect capital cities and regional centres, such as the M31Hume Highwaybetween Sydney and Melbourne, are almost all limited-access highways. In spite of this, 'freeway' terminology is used on signage for most regional limited access highways in the state ofVictoria.

TheDunedin Northern Motorway,a typical non-freeway-typemotorwayin New Zealand

New Zealand:Expressway, Motorway

Main article:Motorways of New Zealand

The termsMotorwayandExpresswayin New Zealand both encompass multi-lane dividedfreewaysas well as narrower 2 to 4-lane undivided expressways with varying degrees ofgrade separation;the difference being that in New Zealand aMotorwayhas certain additional legal traffic restrictions.

Asia

China

Main article:Expressways of China

G50 Huyu Expresswaycrossing over theSi Du River BridgeinEnshi Prefecture,Hubei,China.

The Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China is the longest highway system in the world. The network is also known as National Trunk Highway System (NTHS). By the end of 2016, the total length of China's expressway network reached 131,000 kilometers (82,000 mi).

Expressways in China are a fairly recent addition to a complex network of roads. China's first expressway was built in 1988. Until 1993, very few expressways existed. The network is expanding rapidly after 2000. In 2011, 11,000 kilometres (6,800 mi) of expressways were added to the network.

Pakistan

Main article:Expressways of Pakistan

Symbol used for motorways in Pakistan

TheExpressways of Pakistanare a network of multiple-lane, high-speed highways in Pakistan, which are owned, maintained and operated federally by Pakistan'sNational Highway Authority.They are one class lower than the country'smotorwaysand are usually upgraded versions of the national highways. The total length of Pakistan's expressways is 260-kilometre (160 mi) as of November, 2016. Around 770-kilometre (480 mi) of expressways are currently under construction in different parts of country. Most of these expressways will be complete between 2017 and 2020.

India

TheMumbai-Pune Expresswayas seen fromKhandala

Main article:Expressways of India

Expressways inIndiamake up more than 5,579km(3,467mi) of theIndian National Highway Systemon which they are the highest class of road. TheNational Highways Development Projectis underway to add an additional 18,637 km (11,580 mi) of expressways to the network by the year 2023.

Iran

Main article:Expressways in Iran

Expresswaysin Iran are one class lower thanfreewaysand are used in large urban areas such asIsfahan,Mashhad,orTehranand between other important cities (Usually twoprovincecapitals) in rural and desert areas. The speed limit in Urban areas is between 50–70 km/h (31–43 mph) and in rural and desert areas between 90–110 km/h (56–68 mph).

Japan

Main article:Expressways of Japan

The termExpresswayas used in English in Japan refers to bothfreeway-style highways and narrower, more winding, often undividedRegional High-Standard HighwaysĐịa vực cao quy cách đạo lộ(ちいきこうきかくどうろ).Both types of expressways have a combined length of 10,021 km (6,227 mi) as of April 2012.

Malaysia

Limited-access roads in Malaysia usually, but not always, take the namehighway(Malay:lebuhraya– this is also the name forexpressways). Highways normally have a lower speed limit than expressways (but still higher than the rest of the local road network), and permit at-grade intersections and junctions to residential roads and shopfronts, althoughgrade separationis still typical. Highways are normally toll-free and are owned and operated by thefederal government.Notable examples of limited-access roads are theFederal Highway,Skudai Highway,Gelugor Highway,Kuantan BypassandKuching Bypass.

Singapore

Main article:Expressways of Singapore § Semi-expressways

Limited-access roads in Singapore are formally known assemi-expressways(in contrast tocontrolled-access highwayswhich are known asexpressways). While still functioning as high-speed roads, semi-expressways may still haveat-grade intersectionswithtraffic lights,and speed limits are not uniform.Grade separationis, however, still typical at major junctions. Five roads have been designated as semi-expressways:Bukit Timah Road,Jurong Island Highway,Nicoll Highway,Outer Ring Road SystemandWest Coast Highway.

South Korea

Motorways in South Korea (자동차 전용 도로,jadongcha jeonyong doro,literally 'motor vehicle-only road') include various grades of highways other thanexpressways.Contrary to the expressway in South Korea, the status of motorway is a measure of traffic control rather than a class of road. For example,Jayu-rois a segment of national route 77 as well as a motorway. As of June 2011, 1,610 km of highways in total were designated as motorways. (1,052 km national highways, 351 km metropolitan highways, 185 km regional highways and 20 km municipal highways)

Like on expressways, motorcycles are not permitted.

Sri Lanka

Colombo-Katunayake Expressway, as viewed from the Ja-Ela interchange

Main article:List of E-Grade highways in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has ensured to classify the expressways in reference to the connotation of E grades. As of 2014,three expressways namely theE01Southern Expressway,E02Outer Circular Expresswayand theE03Colombo – Katunayake Expresswayhave been created. A tax levying structure is proposed for travelling via the expressways. Speed limits in the range of 80–100 km/h is attested for travelling through the expressways. Up to now two expressways namely the Northern Expressway and the Ruwanpura Expressway are in process to satisfy the needs of public transport.

Taiwan (R.O.C.)

Main article:Highway system in Taiwan

Expressways in Taiwan may becontrolled-access highwayssimilar to National Freeways or limited-access roads. Most have Provincial (as opposed to National) Highway status, although some are built and maintained by cities. All provincial expressways run east–west except forProvincial Highway No. 61,which runs north–south along the west coast. Some provincial expressway routes are still under construction.

Europe

Arlberg Schnellstrasse (S16) near Schnann, Austria

Austria:Schnellstraße

Further information:Autobahns of Austria § Schnellstraßen

In Austria the speed limit on aSchnellstraßeis 100–130 km/h (62–81 mph).Schnellstraßenare very similar to AustrianAutobahnen(freeways/motorways); the chief difference is that they are more cheaply built with smaller curve radius, oftenundividedand have fewer bridges and tunnels.

Belgium:Autoweg

In Belgium anautowegis a public road, the beginning of which is indicated by the first signboard (F9) and the end by the second sign (F11).

An important difference with anautosnelwegis that crossroads as well as traffic lights can be on anautoweg.

In Belgium there is no specific speed regulation for anautoweg.

Only motor vehicles and their trailers (with the exception of mopeds), agricultural vehicles and the towing of fairground vehicles, as well as four-wheelers (without passenger compartment), are allowed to drive on anautoweg.

Anautowegcan consist of two or more lanes. The driving directions can be separated by a roadmarking, or by a central reservation. If a public road (autosnelweg,autoweg,weg) consists of two or more lanes that are clearly separated from each other by a roadside or a space that is not accessible to vehicles, the drivers may not drive on the lane opposite to them.

Croatia:Brza cesta

Main article:Highways in Croatia § Expressways

InCroatia,the termbrza cesta(lit. "fast road" ) is used to describe a motor vehicle-only road, usuallygrade-separated,without anemergency lane,with a speed limit of 110 km/h (68 mph), although it can be lowered, usually to 70 or 90 km/h (43 or 56 mph). They range from 2+2 lanedual carriagewayswith grade-separated intersections and 110 km/h (68 mph) speed limit (D2inOsijek), four or six-lane urban streets with at-grade intersections with traffic lights (D1inKarlovac) or two-lanesingle carriagewayswith grade-separated intersections (D33inŠibenik). They are either a standalone state road (D10) or a part of one (Southern Osijek bypass,D2). Some portions ofmotorwaysare expressways since they are either in construction (A8betweenPazinandMatulji) or designed as such (A7inRijeka). As a rule, the expressways are not tolled, however major tunnels on expressways are tolled.

Czech Republic:Rychlostní silnice

Main article:Highways in the Czech Republic § Expressways

Expressways in theCzech Republic(Czech:Silnice pro motorová vozidla,are defined as dual carriageways with smaller emergency lane. The speed limit is 110 km/h (70 mph). Expressway road signs are white on blue.

Denmark:Motortrafikvej

InDenmark,a 'motortrafikvej' (Danishfor "motor traffic road" ) is a high-speed highway with a speed limit between 80–90 km/h (50–56 mph). The most common 'motortrafikvej' has two lanes (1+1) or 2+1. There is no grade intersections. The signs for 'motortrafikvej' have white text on blue background.

Finland:Moottoriliikennetie

See also:Highways in Finland

InFinland,highways are separated into three categories: all-accessvaltatie( "main road" ), limited-accessmoottoriliikennetie( "motor traffic road" ) and finallymoottoritie( "motorway" ); the latter two are marked with green signage, whilevaltatiesignage is blue. While most of the network is all-access road, 779 km (484 mi) of it is motorway, and 124 km (77 mi) is limited-access road. The access is limited to motor vehicles faster than 50 km/h, thus excluding pedestrian, bicycle, moped or tractor traffic; furthermore,towingis not allowed. Limited-access roads are generally similar to motorways, but do not fulfill all the technical requirements, such as several lanes in one direction or separation of opposite directions. Limited-access roads are usually built because the local population density is too low to justify a motorway. Often space has been left during construction for an eventual upgrade to a motorway. Limited-access roads also function as feeder routes for motorways. The general speed limit on main roads and limited-access roads is 100 km/h (summertime) and 80 km/h (wintertime). On motorways the speed limits are 120 and 100 km/h respectively. Especially during winter the speed limits can be changed due to weather conditions.

Germany:Kraftfahrstraße

Kraftfahrstrassepassage ofBundesautobahn 60nearPrüm–Bleialf

AKraftfahrstrasse(Germanfor "motor-power road", also colloquially calledSchnellstraße,literally "fast road" ) inGermanyis any road with access limited to motor vehicles with a maximum design speed of more than 60 km/h (37 mph), excluding pedestrian, bicycle, moped or tractor traffic. Oversized vehicles are banned.

The construction of transregionalKraftfahrstraßenhighways (Autostraßen) rank below the standard ofGerman autobahns.With regard to the generalGerman speed limits,on roads with lanes separated by a median or with a minimum of two marked lanes per direction, anadvisory speed limit(Richtgeschwindigkeit) of 130 km/h (81 mph) applies.At-grade intersectionsare admissible, regulation atjunctionsis usually provided bytraffic lightsorroundabouts.U-turnsand any deliberate stopping are prohibited.Kraftfahrstraßenare out of bounds topedestrians,except for special crosswalks.

Hungary:Autóút

See also:Highways in Hungary

Expressways in Hungary are calledAutóút(Auto/car road). They are mostly dual carriageways. The main difference between Hungarian motorways and expressways is, that they are more cheaply built with narrower width and often undivided. Maximum speed limit is reduced to 110 km/h for vehicles under 3.5 tons, and 70 km/h for vehicles over 3.5 tons.

In Hungary there are multiple types of dual carriageways. One part is almost identical with motorways, but the driving lanes are narrower.

Parameters of a 2+2 lane dual carriageway off-habitat area:

• Total width of road: 25.60 m
• Driving lane width: 3.50 m
• Pavement width: 2x10.25 m
• Parking lane: 3.00 m
• Middle separation area width: 3.60 m

Parameters of a 2+2 lane dual carriageway in habitat (town/city) area:

• Total width of road: 24.10 m
• Driving lane width: 3.50 m
• Pavement width: 2x10.75 m
• Parking lane: 3.00 m
• Middle separation area width: 3.60 m

There are also semi-motorways with only one side of the motorway built. After the missing lanes are built, they will become standard motorways.

Ireland:HQDC

The 6 lane Naas Road, the final stretch of theM7nearingDublin.

AHigh-quality dual carriageway(HQDC)in Ireland is normally completed to a motorway standard, including no right-turns, but with no motorway restrictions. These are common on the final stretches of motorways nearing a major city, generally in order to enable use of bus stops and city bus services on the particular stretch of road.

Speed limits are normally 100 km/h compared to 120 km/h on motorways

Italy:Superstrada

Main article:Roads in Italy

ThesuperstradaCagliari-Porto Torres(Strada statale 131 Carlo Felice), the main road artery ofSardinia

Strada extraurbana principale

In Italy there are: Type B highway (orstrada extraurbana principale), commonly but unofficially known assuperstrada,is a divided highway with at least two lanes for each direction, paved shoulder on the right, no cross-traffic and no at-grade intersections. Access restrictions on such highways are exactly the same ofItalian motorways(autostrade), as well as signage at the beginning and the end of the highway (with the only difference being the background color, blue instead of green). Speed limit on type-B road is 110 km/h (68 mph).

Motorized vehicles only (this sign is not associated with any particular road type)

Type C highway (orstrada extraurbana secondaria), asingle carriagewaywith at least one lane for each direction and shoulders. It may have at-grade, at-level crossings withrailways,roundaboutsandtraffic lights.This category contains alsodual carriagewaysthat can not be classified as type-B highways because of the lack of one or more required features. In absence of specific regulation signs, a type-C road is accessible by all vehicles and pedestrians, even if it has separate carriageways and no cross-traffic.

The sign shown here on the left allows access only to motorized vehicles. Speed limit on type-C roads is 90 km/h (56 mph).

Netherlands:Autoweg

Single carriagewayexpressway that was economically upgraded to (mostly) meet the newRegional flow roadstandard. A physicaltraffic barrier,and ahard shoulderwere added.

TheNetherlandshas much more kilometres of motorways (snelwegen), than expressways (autowegen). The latter only form a complementary part of the country's main highway network. They are typically shorter than motorways, offering connections of a more regional significance. The general speed limit is 100 km/h. Only faster motor vehicles, bothcapableandlegally allowedto go at least 50 km/h, may use the road.Autowegenare always numbered and mostly signposted with anN(forNonmotorway highway) and up to three digits, likeN 34.For the most part they fall under national or provincial management.

Dutch expressways are built to significantly varying standards. Designs range from fullycontrolled-accessdual carriagewayswithgrade separation,center dividersand fullhard shoulders,tosingle carriagewayswith just one lane per direction and only intermittent shoulder patches calledVluchthavens(small Lay-bys). Intersections are frequentlyat gradewithtraffic lights,or they areroundabouts.There can bemoveable bridgesin these roads. In either case, the speed limit is frequently reduced to 70 km/h before reaching the junction or the bridge.

Since 1997 a nationaltraffic safetyprogram calledSustainable Safetyhas introduced a newroad categorisationand new design standards. Althoughautowegendon't have to conform completely to the new Dutch design standard for regional flow roads (stroomwegen), many of these roads require at least some upgrades. The ideal is to make expressways divided and grade-separated, as much as possible. Otherwise these roads are downgraded to the safety category of distributor roads, thereby losing their expressway status.

E6motortrafikkveiat Lillehammer, Norway

Norway:Motortrafikkvei

InNorway,amotortrafikkvei(Norwegianfor "motor traffic road" ), formerly calledmotorvei klasse B( "class-Bmotorway") is a high-speed highway with a speed limit of up to 90 km/h. There are no at grade intersections. Direction signs formotortrafikkveihave black text on yellow background, while same signs onmotorveihave white text on blue background. As of October 2017 the Norwegian Road DataBase show approximately 455 km ofmotortrafikkveiin Norway.

Poland:droga ekspresowa

Main article:Highways in Poland

S1Droga ekspresowainBielsko-Biała,Poland

Sign D-7:Expressway

Sign B-6/8/9:No entry for non-motor vehicles

Droga ekspresowa(plural:drogi ekspresowe) refers to a type of road in the Polish highway network, with slightly lower technical parameters than theautostrada(motorway), and serving major international and inter-regional purposes. They are often built asring roadssince they take less space than motorway and allow more entrances and exits. All expressways start with the letter S followed by a number, and are signposted with theD-7traffic sign. They can be dual or single carriageways, but as of May 2024, only 178 km (110 mi) out of 3,102 km (1,930 mi) of Polish expressways are single-carriageway. They are also allowed to haveat-grade intersectionsin exceptional cases, hovewer, since 2020 all expressway junctions are grade separated.The speed limit is 120 km/h (dual carriageway) and 100 km/h (single carriageway).

As of May 2004 the Polish government documents indicated that the country had plans of an expressway and motorway network totalling 7,200 km (4,470 mi) (including about 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of motorways).

Those limited-access roads, which are not part of the Polish national highway network, are signposted with a separateB-6/8/9prohibitory sign, which bans all traffic not allowed on highways.

Portugal:via rápida

Main article:Roads in Portugal

IC27 complementary route inAlgarve,Portugal, a single carriageway typevia rápida.

InPortugal,a non-motorway limited access road is commonly referred as avia rápida(rapid way, plural:vias rápidas), although there is not a specific official technical designation for it.

The legal termvia reservada a automóveis e motociclos(reserved way for automobiles and motorcycles) is used to designate a non-motorway road where motorway rules apply (except the speed limit which is lower). However, this term refers only to the road rules and not to the road technical characteristics.

There are two main types of roads commonly referred asvias rápidasin Portugal. The first type is a limited access road, with dual carriageway and with interchanges grade separation. Many of these roads have all or almost all the technical characteristics of full motorways. Examples are the several urban highways in cities likeLisbon,Oporto,CoimbraandBraga.InMadeira,the main regional highways, that connect the cities and other important places of the island, are mainly of these type, there are two vias rápidas classified as motorways in the region,VR1andVR2.

The second Portuguese type ofvia rápidais a highway with all the same characteristics of the above first type, except the number of carriageways that is only one. Examples of this type of roads are the ancient IP4 and IP5 (before being transformed in full motorways), thePortalegre-Bejasection of the IP2, the Coimbra-Viseusection of the IP3 and several complementary routes (IC).

The dual carriagewayvias rápidascan be classified and signalized as reserved ways for automobiles and motorcycles, cases in which general motorway rules apply, except speed limited which is never above 100 km/h. In dual carriagewayvias rápidasnot signalized as reserved ways, normal road rules apply, including speed limit which is never above 90 km/h. Single carriagewayvias rápidascannot be classified and signalized as reserved ways and so normal road rules always apply there.

Romania

InRomania,such roads are calleddrumuri expres(ordrum expresin singular form). Whilst there is only one expressway in Romania so far, their main difference from regular motorways are the lack ofhard shouldersand a slightly lower speed limit of 120 km/h, otherwise, being similar to a motorway regardinggrade separationand featuring at least2 lanes per direction.

Expressways were introduced for the first time on the 2014 roads masterplan. This masterplan envisaged building most planned motorways up to expressway standards, provided that in the future they would be converted to actual motorways. However, by mid-2019, no expressway has been built, nevermind starting works on one, although contracts were signed to allow for their construction, meaning that in the 2020s more expressways will likely be completed.

Planned expressways according to CNADNR (Romanian National Company of Motorways and National Roads), based on the 2014 roads masterplan:

Expressway	Name	Route	Length (km) / in use (km)	Remarks
DEx1	Valahia Express	Găești–Târgoviște–Ploiești	74 / 0	will connectA1toA3
DEx2	Danubius Express	Lugoj–Drobeta-Turnu Severin–Craiova–Caracal–Alexandria–Bucharest	246 / 0	will connectA6toA12,then toA0
DEx3	Brașovia Express	Brașov–Pitești	65 / 0	will connectA3toA1
DEx4	Someș Express	Turda–Cluj-Napoca–Gherla–Dej–Baia Mare–Halmeuborder-crossing toUkraine	320 / 0	will connectA3toUkraine
DEx4A	Someș Express	Dej–Bistrița	56 / 0	will connect DEx4 toBistrița
DEx4B	Someș Express	Ardusat(DX4 exit) –Baia Mare	10 / 0	will connect DEx4 toBaia Mare
DEx4C	Someș Express	Livada(DX4 exit) –Satu Mare–Peteaborder-crossing toHungary	140 / 0	will connect DEx4 toHungary
DEx5A	Moldavia Express	Bacău–Piatra Neamț	53 / 0	will connect A7 toPiatra Neamț
DEx6	Milcovia Express	Brăila–Focșani	108 / 0	will connect DEx5 to DEx7, then to DEx8, then toRepublic of Moldova
DEx7	Muntenia Express	Buzău–Brăila	98 / 0	will connect DEx5 to DEx6
DEx8	Dobrogea Express	Constanța–Tulcea–Brăila	186 / 0	will connectA4to DEx6
DEx12	Oltenia Express	Craiova–Slatina–Pitești	121 / 37	will connectA1to DEx2

Russia

Main article:Russian federal highways

RU road sign 5.3

Russia has a large federal highway network that totals approximately 30,000 km (18,640 mi).Federal highways in the country are classified into two categories: "motorways" (Russian:магистральная автомобильная дорога, автомагистраль,not the same as the English termmotorway) and "other". In the Road Rules, there are 2 designations for a limited-access road, one being "motorway" and the other being "road for cars" (Russian:дорога для автомобилей), on both of which special motorway rules apply. "Roads for cars" are different from motorways by the fact that they don't have to be dual-carriageway, at-grade traffic light intersections are permitted, and the speed limit is still 90 km/h.

Spain:Autovía

Main article:List of autopistas and autovías in Spain

UnlikeSpain'sAutopistas,specifically reserved for vehicles able to sustain at least 60 km/h (37 mph), and usually tolled,Autovíasare usually upgrades from older roads, and never toll roads. In general, slow vehicles like bicycles and agricultural machinery are allowed under certain restrictions.

Slovakia: Rýchlostná cesta

Main article:Highways in Slovakia

Arýchlostná cestain Slovakia, sometimes referred to as cesta pre motorove vozidla, is different from adiaľnica,withspeed limitsrestricted to 100 km/h (62 mph) for cars and 80 km/h (50 mph) for trucks. Rýchlostné cesty ( "cesty" is the plural form of "cesta" ) used to be designated by the letter 'R' preceding the road number, however, new road rules introduced in 2020 established that all expressways noted by the letter 'R' were to be considered motorways. A rýchlostná cesta has two lanes on each side and, occasionally, may take the form of a single carriageway, like in Poland.

Sweden

A Swedish2+1 lanemotortrafikledis part of Riksväg (national road) 34

The Swedish road typemotortrafikledis aroad with limited access(all grade-separated, no slow traffic) and two or three lanes. According to the EU's multilingual term base,motortrafikledshould be translated toexpressway,rapid roadorroad with limited access.The same rules apply to amotortrafikledas to amotorway- it is basically a half motorway. The speed limit is usually 90 – 100 km/h. Manymotortrafiklederare built as2+1 roads,alternating two lanes in one direction and one in the other, with a narrow fence in between.

Switzerland

TheA8AutostrasseinSwitzerland.Notice thespeed limit,which is repetitively indicated, and the lack of a central physical barrier

InSwitzerlandAutostrasse(German,auto road),semi-autoroute,orsemiautostrada(FrenchandItalianforsemi-freeway) is a highway that is only allowed to high-speed traffic with no crossings, but it is not the highest class road, themotorways(Autobahn/autoroute/autostrada). The speed limit on these roads in Switzerland is 100 km/h (62 mph). Most of theAutostrasse / semi-autoroutes / semiautostradehave no central barrier separating thelanesin different directions.

United Kingdom

Main article:Roads in the United Kingdom

See also:Dual carriageway § United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the second tier of high speed roads belowmotorwaysare typicallydual carriageways(although the term "dual carriageway" can refer to roads that are not limited-access, so long as traffic in opposite directions is physically separated). Many roads such as theA1,theA14,theA19and theA42are built to a high quality, in many places they are only intersected by grade-separated junctions, have full barriers at both the road side and the central reservations and in some cases three or more lanes of traffic, however they are not subjected to motorway restrictions as they are typically built to a lower standard, or have existingrights of wayfor non motorised vehicles. They may lack some features that a motorway would have, such as hard shoulders, and may have tighter bends and steeper gradients than would be allowed on a motorway or have established|rights of way that cannot be removed. The standard motorway speed limit for cars of 70 mph (113 km/h) also applies to many dual carriageways.

In March 2015, it was announced that a new standard would be developed to formally designate certain high-quality routes in England asExpressways.This new standard would have the same motorway regulations as traditional motorways, however would lack a hard shoulder and use traffic management systems like those on smart motorways. An "expressway" is limited to 3 through lanes, they are to be built largely to the same standards as a smart motorway, although some non-standard existing alignments are allowed to remain if they are just short of being standard.

Some roads have "expressway" in their name, this has no reflection on the purpose or standard of the road. For example, theAston Expresswayor theNorth Wales Expressway

North America

Canada

Main article:Roads in Canada

In Ontario,expresswayis synonymous withfreewayand is used to mean limited-access divided-highways with no at-grade intersections. An example of this is theGardiner Expresswaythrough western and downtown Toronto, and once it turns into a 6-lanearterial road(Lake Shore Boulevard) east of theDon River,there is a sign warning of the end of the freeway. TheE. C. Row ExpresswayinWindsor, Ontariois a controlled-access divided freeway with grade-separated interchanges, between Ojibway Parkway at its western terminus and Banwell Road at its eastern terminus, where there are traffic intersections at both termini.TheMacdonald–Cartier Freewaywould be an example of a route that uses the termfreeway,however, that name is being phased out by theMinistry of Transportation.In general, the term "expressway" is used more frequently for municipally maintained roads, while provincial freeways are known more by their route number (particularly the400-series highwaysare known as Highway 4__) despite some of them having an "expressway" name for all or part of their length, such as the (Chedoke Expressway/Hamilton Expressway,Belfield Expressway,andAirport Expressway).

TheVeterans Memorial ParkwayinLondon, Ontario,has intersections instead of interchanges, and thus is considered an expressway and not afreeway.It was originally designed with sufficient right-of-way to be built as a full freeway, but a lack of funding forced it to be built with at-grade intersections. Similarly, theHanlon ParkwayinGuelphandHighway 40inSarnia, Ontariowere originally opened with intersections in lieu of interchanges, save for the couple grade-separated interchanges.Regional Road 420inNiagara Fallsis also an expressway. WhileAllen RoadandHighway 400were originally full freeways, their extensions (for Allen Road to meet Sheppard Avenue and Dufferine Street, and the 400 South Extension which becameBlack Creek Driveand handed over to Metro Toronto upon completion) were built as expressways with at-grade intersections.

Two sections ofHighway 11,between Barrie and Orillia as well as between Orillia and Gravenhurst, are aRight-in Right-out (RIRO) expresswayrather than a full freeway. The joint route ofHighway 35/115inDurham Regionis also a RIRO expressway.

In most ofWestern Canada,an expressway is a high-speed arterial road along the lines of the California definition, while a freeway is fully controlled access with no at-grade intersections. In Alberta, the term "Trail" refers to both full freeways (Stoney Trail), or high-speed arterials with a mix of signalized intersections and interchanges (Crowchild Trail). TheYellowhead Trailas it passes throughEdmonton, Albertahas both intersections and interchanges. It is the main east–west artery for the northern half of the city. There are plans to upgrade many of the most congested remaining intersections into interchanges in the near future.

In Quebec, the termfreewayis never used, with the termsexpressway(in English) andautoroute(in English and French) being preferred. English terms are rare, and only found on bilingual signage of expressways (abbreviated "expy" ) found inMontrealaround bridges and on theBonaventure Expressway;these signs are controlled by the federal government. Most of theAutoroutesare built or at least designed to be upgrade to a full freeway (initially constructed as aTwo-lane expressway), a notable exception is the section of Autoroute 20 through Vaudreuil-Dorion and L'Île-Perrot which is an 8 km urban boulevard.

United States

Further information:United States Numbered HighwaysandInterstate Highway System

County Route G4(Montague Expressway), an American expressway under the MUTCD definition

In the United States, anexpresswayis defined by thefederal government'sManual on Uniform Traffic Control Devicesas a divided highway with partial control of access.In contrast, afreewayis defined as a divided highway with full control of access.The difference betweenpartialandfullaccess control is that expressways may have a limited number of driveways and at-grade intersections (thus making them a form of high-speed arterial road), while access to freeways is allowed only at grade-separated interchanges. Expressways under this definition do not conform to Interstate highway standards (which ban all driveways and at-grade intersections) and are therefore usually numbered asstate highwaysorU.S. Highways.

This distinction was first developed in 1949 by the Special Committee on Nomenclature of what is now theAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO).In turn, the definitions were incorporated into AASHTO's official standards book, the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which would become the national standards book of theU.S. Department of Transportationunder a 1966 federal statute. The same distinction has also been codified into the statutory law of eight states:California,Minnesota,Mississippi,Missouri,Nebraska,North Dakota,Ohio,andWisconsin.

However, each state codified the federal distinction slightly differently. California expressways do not necessarily have to be divided, though they must have at least partial access control. For both terms to apply in Wisconsin, a divided highway must be at least four lanes wide. In Missouri, both terms apply only to divided highways at least 10 miles long that are not part of the Interstate Highway System. In North Dakota and Mississippi, an expressway may have "full or partial" access control and "generally" has grade separations at intersections; a freeway is then defined as an expressway with full access control. Ohio's statute is similar, but instead of the vague word "generally", it imposes a requirement that 50% of an expressway's intersections must be grade-separated for the term to apply. Only Minnesota enacted the exact MUTCD definitions, in May 2008.

However, many states around theGreat Lakesregion and along the Eastern Seaboard have refused to conform their terminology to the federal definition. The following states officially prefer the termexpresswayinstead offreewayto describe what are technically freeways in federal parlance:Connecticut,Florida,Illinois,Maryland,andWest Virginia.In those states, it is common to find Interstate highways that bear the nameexpressway.Ultimately, it is the federal definition that defines a road's classification whether it is an expressway or freeway no matter the preferred term. No state, for instance, could have what is technically an expressway given Interstate status just because semantically they use the term interchangeably with freeway.

Most expressways under the federal definition havespeed limitsof 45-55 mph (70–90 km/h) in urban areas and 55-70 mph (90–110 km/h) in rural areas. Urban expressways are usually free of private driveways, but occasional exceptions include direct driveways togas stationsandshopping mallsat major intersections (which would never be allowed on a true freeway).

The vast majority of expressways are built bystate governments,or by private companies, which then operate them astoll roadspursuant to a license from the state government.

A famous example of alocal governmentgetting into the expressway business isSanta Clara CountyinCalifornia,which deliberately built its own expressway system in the 1960s to supplement the freeway system then planned byCaltrans.Although the county originally planned to upgrade the expressways into full-fledged freeways, such a project became politically infeasible after the rise of thetax revoltmovement in the mid-1970s, which began withCalifornia Proposition 13in 1978.

South America

Brazil

In Brazil, an expressway is known asVia Expressaand its function is to connect the most important streets and avenues of certain cities with their adjacent highways. Because of this, some expressways are numbered (in the same way as highways). According to theCódigo Brasileiro de Trânsito(Brazilian Traffic Code), expressways are officially defined asVias de Trânsito Rápido(Rapid Transit Routes) and are considered the most important urban roads, with standard speed limits of 80 km/h (unless specified). A few examples of expressways includeMarginal TietêandMarginal PinheirosinSão Paulo;Avenida Brasil,Red LineandYellow LineinRio de Janeiro;among others.

See also

• Supercorridor