Lipothrixviridaeis a family ofvirusesin the orderLigamenvirales.Thermophilicarchaeain the phylumThermoproteotaserve as natural hosts. There are 11 species in this family, assigned to 4 genera.[1][2][3][4][5]
| Lipothrixviridae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Acidianus filamentous virus 3(AFV3), genusBetalipothrixvirus | |
Virus classification
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Adnaviria |
| Kingdom: | Zilligvirae |
| Phylum: | Taleaviricota |
| Class: | Tokiviricetes |
| Order: | Ligamenvirales |
| Family: | Lipothrixviridae |
| Genera | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Taxonomy
editThe following genera and species are assigned to the family:[2]
The family consists of three genera:Alphalipothrixvirus,Betalipothrixvirus,andDeltalipothrixvirus.Captovirusused to be in this family as the genus Gammalipothrixvirus, but now it is the only genus in the familyUngulaviridae.[6][7]They are classified into genera based on their genomic properties and on the diversity of their terminal appendages, which are involved in host cell recognition. The originally proposed genusAlphalipothrixviruswas renamedAlphatristromavirusand moved to familyTristromaviridae.[8][9]In 2020, the genusAlphalipothrixviruswas recreated for classification of Sulfolobus filamentous virus 1[10]and Sulfolobales Beppu filamentous virus 2.[11]
In the genusGammalipothrixvirusclaw-like structures are found at either end of the virion.
Members of theLipothrixviridaeshare structural and genomic characteristics with viruses from theRudiviridaefamily, which contains non-enveloped rod-shaped viruses. Viruses from the two families have linear dsDNA genomes and share up to nine genes. In addition, the filamentous particles of rudiviruses and lipothrixviruses are built from structurally similar, homologous major capsid proteins. Due to these shared properties viruses from the two families are classified into an orderLigamenvirales.[12]
Members of theLigamenviralesare structurally related to viruses of the familyTristromaviridaewhich, similar to lipothrixviruses, are enveloped and encode two paralogous major capsid proteins with the same fold as those of ligamenviruses.[13]Due to these structural similarities, orderLigamenviralesand familyTristromaviridaewere proposed to be unified within a class 'Tokiviricetes' (toki means ‘thread’ in Georgian andviricetesis an official suffix for a virus class).[13]
Virology
editThe viruses are enveloped and filamentous. The capsid varies considerably in length – 410–1950 nanometers (nm) – and is 24–38 nm in diameter. The envelope has a monolayer structure and includes di-phytanyl tetraethers lipids.[citation needed]
From either end of the viron are protrusions extending from the core through the envelope. The capsid itself is elongated and exhibits helical symmetry. The core itself is helical.[citation needed]
There are two major capsid proteins (MCP1 and MCP2). MCP1 and MCP2 form a heterodimer, which wraps around the linear dsDNA genome transforming it into A-form. Interaction between the genome and the MCPs leads to condensation of the genome into the virion superhelix.[10][14][15]Genomes are linear, up to 40 kb in length.[1]
| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alphalipothrixvirus | Filamentous | Helical | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
| Betalipothrixvirus | Filamentous | Helical | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
| Deltalipothrixvirus | Filamentous | Helical | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Life cycle
editViral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption to the host cell. Acidianus filamentous virus 1 was found to bind to cellular pili-like appendages. DNA templated transcription is the method of transcription. Archaea serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.[1]
Virion assembly and egress have been studied in the case ofSulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus(SIFV). The virions assemble inside the cell. Binding of the major capsid protein dimers to the linear dsDNA genome lead to the assembly of nucleocapsids, which are subsequently enveloped intracellularly through an unknown mechanism.[16]All lipothrixviruses are likely to be lytic viruses. In the case of betalipothrixviruses and deltalipothrixviruses, virions are released through pyramidal portals, referred to as virus-associated pyramids (VAPs). The VAPs of SIFV have a hexagonal base (i.e., constructed from six triangular facets).[16]
| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alphalipothrixvirus | Archaea:Saccharolobus | None | Injection | Unknown | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
| Betalipothrixvirus | Archaea:Acidianus,Saccharolobus | None | Injection | Lytic | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
| Deltalipothrixvirus | Archaea:Acidianus | None | Injection | Lytic | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
References
edit- ^abc"Viral Zone".ExPASy.Retrieved15 June2015.
- ^ab"Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release".International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021.Retrieved14 May2021.
- ^Arnold, H.P., Zillig, W., Ziese, U., Holz, I., Crosby, M., Utterback, T., Weidmann, J.F., Kristjanson, J.K., Klenk, H.P., Nelson, K.E. and Fraser, C.M. (2000). A novel lipothrixvirus, SIFV, of the extremely thermophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus. Virology, 267, 252–266.
- ^Janekovic, D., Wunderl S, Holz I, Zillig W, Gierl A, Neumann H (1983) TTV1, TTV2 and TTV3, a family of viruses of the extremely thermophilic anaerobic, sulphur reducing, archaeabacterium Thermoproteus tenax. Mol. Gen. Genet. 19239–19245
- ^Bettstetter, M., Peng, X., Garrett, R.A. and Prangishvili, D. (2003). AFV-1, a novel virus infecting hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Acidianus. Virology, 315, 68–79.
- ^"Current ICTV Taxonomy Release | ICTV".
- ^Häring M, Vestergaard G, Brügger K, Rachel R, Garrett RA, Prangishvili D (2005) Structure and genome organization of AFV2, a novel archaeal lipothrixvirus with unusual terminal and core structures. J Bacteriol 187(11): 3855–3858doi:10.1128/JB.187.11.3855-3858.2005
- ^Prangishvili, D; Rensen, E; Mochizuki, T; Krupovic, M; ICTV Report, Consortium (February 2019)."ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Tristromaviridae".The Journal of General Virology.100(2): 135–136.doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001190.PMID30540248.
- ^"ICTV Report Tristromaviridae".
- ^abLiu, Y; Osinski, T; Wang, F; Krupovic, M; Schouten, S; Kasson, P; Prangishvili, D; Egelman, EH (2018)."Structural conservation in a membrane-enveloped filamentous virus infecting a hyperthermophilic acidophile".Nature Communications.9(1): 3360.Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3360L.doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05684-6.PMC6105669.PMID30135568.
- ^Liu, Y; Brandt, D; Ishino, S; Ishino, Y; Koonin, EV; Kalinowski, J; Krupovic, M; Prangishvili, D (2019)."New archaeal viruses discovered by metagenomic analysis of viral communities in enrichment cultures".Environmental Microbiology.21(6): 2002–2014.Bibcode:2019EnvMi..21.2002L.doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14479.PMC11128462.PMID30451355.S2CID53950297.
- ^Prangishvili D, Krupovic M (2012)."A new proposed taxon for double-stranded DNA viruses, the order" Ligamenvirales "".Arch Virol.157(4): 791–795.doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1229-7.PMID22270758.
- ^abWang, Fengbin; Baquero, Diana P; Su, Zhangli; Osinski, Tomasz; Prangishvili, David; Egelman, Edward H; Krupovic, Mart (2020)."Structure of a filamentous virus uncovers familial ties within the archaeal virosphere".Virus Evolution.6(1): veaa023.doi:10.1093/ve/veaa023.PMC7189273.PMID32368353.
- ^Kasson, P; DiMaio, F; Yu, X; Lucas-Staat, S; Krupovic, M; Schouten, S; Prangishvili, D; Egelman, EH (2017)."Model for a novel membrane envelope in a filamentous hyperthermophilic virus".eLife.6:e26268.doi:10.7554/eLife.26268.PMC5517147.PMID28639939.
- ^Wang, F; Baquero, DP; Beltran, LC; Su, Z; Osinski, T; Zheng, W; Prangishvili, D; Krupovic, M; Egelman, EH (2020)."Structures of filamentous viruses infecting hyperthermophilic archaea explain DNA stabilization in extreme environments".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.117(33): 19643–19652.Bibcode:2020PNAS..11719643W.doi:10.1073/pnas.2011125117.PMC7443925.PMID32759221.
- ^abBaquero, DP; Gazi, AD; Sachse, M; Liu, J; Schmitt, C; Moya-Nilges, M; Schouten, S; Prangishvili, D; Krupovic, M (2021)."A filamentous archaeal virus is enveloped inside the cell and released through pyramidal portals".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.118(32): e2105540118.Bibcode:2021PNAS..11805540B.doi:10.1073/pnas.2105540118.PMC8364153.PMID34341107.
External links
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Media related toLipothrixviridaeat Wikimedia Commons- Viralzone:Lipothrixviridae
