Living organisms are known byscientific names.Thesebinomial namescan vary greatly in length, and some of them can become very long depending on the meanings they try to convey. This list of longest species names lists the longestscientific binomials.[1] Species in this list are grouped by length of their name. Only binomials are considered, notsubgenera,trinomial namesofsubspeciesorinfraspecific names.Familyis given for eachspecies(or the closesttaxonomic rankif family is unassigned), with a short explanation. The shortest scientific species names can be found in theList of short species names.
73 letters
edit- Myxococcus llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensisChambers et al. 2020- familyMyxococcaceae. This is the longest scientific name of any living or fossil organism, applied to a bacterium isolated from soil collected atLlanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch,Anglesey,Wales,one of thelongest place namesin the world.[2]
50 letters
edit- Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensisDybowski 1926.This was once the longest scientific name, proposed byPolishnaturalistBenedykt DybowskiforamphipodsfromLake Baikal(familyAcanthogammaridae). The long names in that publication were all invalidated by theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature,[why?]including the following lengthy names as well:Siemienkiewicziechinogammarus siemenkiewitschii(46 letters),Rhodophthalmokytodermogammarus cinnamomeus(41 letters),Toxophthalmoechinogammarus toxophthalmus(39 letters),Zienkowiczikytodermogammarus zienkowiczi(39 letters),Parapallaseakytodermogammarus abyssalis(38 letters),Crassocornoechinogammarus crassicornis(37 letters) andCancelloidokytodermogammarus loveni(34 letters).[citation needed]
44 letters
edit- †Archaeohystrichosphaeridium contortuplicatumTimofeev 1959- phylumAcritarcha.When RussianpalynologistBoris Timofeev described in 1959 this fossil microorganism, collected fromOrdoviciandeposits of the Baltic region, it received the longest binomial of its time (after the invalidation of Dybowski’s amphipod names). However, it was found that the genusArchaeohystrichosphaeridium,also created by Timofeev, had not been properly defined, and it was invalidated as well. Timofeev had described many species under this genus, other examples wereArchaeohystrichosphaeridium semireticulatum(42 letters),Archaeohystrichosphaeridium quadridentatum(41 letters),Archaeohystrichosphaeridium acutangulatum(40 letters),Archaeohystrichosphaeridium cuneidentatum(40 letters) andArchaeohystrichosphaeridium patentissimum(40 letters).[3][4]
42 letters
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- Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioidesBrunetti1923- familyStratiomyidae. TheSoutheast Asian soldier fly,native toThailand,has the longest valid scientific name for anyanimal,and anymacroscopicorganism.[5][6]
- Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum(McClung 1935) Collins et al. 1994- familyThermoanaerobacteraceae.Thisanaerobic,gram-positive bacteriumwas previously namedClostridium thermosaccharolyticum(32 letters), but later became one of the longest accepted binomials upon being reclassified in the genusThermoanaerobacterium(some sources, however, list this name as asynonymand still considerClostridium thermosaccharolyticumto be the correct name).[7]
40 letters
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- Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum(Nair, Kostichka & Kuntz) Broders & Boland- familyGnomoniaceae. Butternut cankeris a lethal fungal disease ofbutternuttrees,Juglans cinerea.It was originally described asSirococcus klavicincinnatigenti-juglandaceous(37 letters), already a long name, but after it was moved in 2011 to the genusOphiognomonia,[8]it became one of the longest accepted binomials.
- †Pseudoperissocytheridea parahieroglyphicaWhatley 1970- familyProgonocytheridae.A fossilostracodfrom theJurassicofGreat Britain.Its name reflects its similarity toPseudoperissocytheridea hieroglyphica,also in this list.[9]
39 letters
edit- × Crepidiastrixeris denticulatoplatyphyllaKitam.- familyAsteraceae.Thisdaisyrelative fromJapanwas once the longest accepted plant name, but it has since been recognised as an intergeneric hybrid andtaxonomistshave placed the name in synonymy within the genusCrepidiastrumasCrepidiastrum × nakaiiH.Ohashi & K.Ohashi.[10]
- Epithelionematobothrium mulloidichthydisYamaguti1970- familyDidymozoidae.Aparasitictrematodeworm found in the gills of theorange goatfish(Mulloidichthys pfluegeri) inHawaii.[11]
- Methanothermococcus thermolithotrophicus(Huber et al. 1984) Whitman 2002- familyMethanococcaceae.Ananaerobic,thermophilicarchaeonthat was isolated fromgeothermallyheatedsea floor.[12]It was originally namedMethanococcus thermolithotrophicus(33 letters), but later became one of the longest scientific names upon being reclassified in the genusMethanothermococcus.[13][14]
- Salisediminibacterium haloalkalitoleransSultanpuram et al. 2015- familyBacillaceae.AGram-positive,rod-shapedandnon-motilebacteriumwhich has been isolated fromLonar crater lakeinIndia.Its name means "a rod from salt sediment", "briny andalkali-tolerant ".[15][16][17]
- Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus(Klaushofer & Parkkinen 1965)Lee et al.1993- familyThermoanaerobacteraceae.Athermophilicandanaerobicbacteriumthat reducessulfitestohydrogen sulfide.[18]It was previously namedClostridium thermohydrosulfuricum(32 letters), but later became one of the longest scientific names upon being reclassified in the genusThermoanaerobacter.[19]
- Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes(Schink & Zeikus 1983) Leeet al.1993- familyThermoanaerobacteraceae.Another species of the aforementioned genusThermoanaerobacterium,isolated from thermal springs atYellowstone National Park.It was originally namedClostridium thermosulfurigenes(29 letters), but later became one of the longest scientific names upon being reclassified. The specific epithet translates as "releasing sulfur in heat".[20][19][21]
38 letters
edit- Alkalihalobacillus hemicellulosilyticus(Nogi et al. 2005) Patel & Gupta 2020- familyBacillaceae.Anaerobic,spore-forming,mesophilicbacterium that was isolated from soil. Originally described asBacillus hemicellulosilyticus(28 letters), and later moved to the new genusAlkalihalobacillus,meaning: "bacillus living inalkalineand salty conditions ". The specific epithet means"hemicellulose-dissolving ".[22][23][24]
- Austrocephalocereus dolichospermaticusBuining& Brederoo- familyCactaceae.ThiscactusfromBrazilwould be the longestplant nameif the genusAustrocephalocereuswas still accepted, but that name has been placed in synonymy withMicranthocereus dolichospermaticus(Buining & Brederoo) F.Ritter,[25]which has a mere 33 letters.
- Hydrogenoanaerobacterium saccharovoransSong & Dong 2009- familyOscillospiraceae.[26]Ananaerobic,Gram-negative,non-motilebacterium which ferments sugars and generateshydrogen,and was first isolated in anUASBreactor.[27]
- †Kimmeridgebrachypteraeschnidium etchesiFleck & Nel 2003- familyAeschnidiidae.Afossildragonflyfrom theJurassicofKimmeridge Bay,United Kingdom.With 31 letters,Kimmeridgebrachypteraeschnidiumis the longest valid genus name.[6]
- Lactiplantibacillus modestisalitolerans(Miyashita et al. 2015) Zhenget al.2020- FamilyLactobacillaceae.Thislactic acid bacteriumwas first isolated from traditionalThai dishesoffermented fish(pla-som) andmeat(mum). Originally described asLactobacillus modestisalitolerans(32 letters) and later moved to the genusLactiplantibacillusin the 2020 taxonomic revision ofLactobacillus.[28][29]
- Mediterraneibacter glycyrrhizinilyticus(Sakuma et al. 2006) Togo et al. 2019- familyLachnospiraceae.Ananaerobic,mesophilicbacterium that was isolated from humanfecesfrom a healthy 51 year old man.[30]Originally described asClostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum(31 letters) and later reclassified in genusMediterraneibacter.[31]Its name means "a rod from theMediterranean Sea","glycyrrhizin-dissolving ".[32]
- Ornithogalum adseptentrionesvergentulum(U.Müll.-Doblies&D.Müll.-Doblies)- familyAsparagaceae.Thismonocotfrom theGreat Karoodesert ofSouth Africais one of the world's most miniaturebulbspecies (under 3 cm tall) and yet it has the longest validplant name.The specific epithet means "inclined towards the north".[33][34]
- †Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalisCroft, Flynn &Wyss2007- familyChlamyphoridae.Afossilglyptodontfrom theMioceneof NorthernChile,which is one of the two prehistoric mammals that share the record for the longest name of anyvertebrateanimal.[35]
- Pseudohalocynthiibacter aestuariivivensWon et al. 2015- familyRhodobacteraceae.AGram-negative,aerobicandnon-motilebacterium isolated fromtidal flatsediments from theSouth SeainKorea.[36][37][38][39]
- Pseudoparacreptotrema macroacetabulatumPérez Ponce de Leónet al.,2016- familyAllocreadiidae.A parasiticflukefound in rivers of southernMexico,where it affects freshwater fish of the genusProfundulus.[40][41][42]
- †Roberthoffstetteria nationalgeographicaMarshall, de Muizon & Sigé 1983- suborderPolydolopiformes.A fossilmarsupialfrom thePaleoceneofBolivia;the generic name honours FrenchtaxonomistRobert Hoffstetter"in recognition of his contributions to knowledge of mammalian evolution in South America in general and in Bolivia in particular", while the specific name is for theNational Geographic Society,which sponsored the field work that enabled the discovery of this species. It is the other prehistoric mammal that shares the record for the longest name of anyvertebrateanimal.[43][44][45]
- Thalassorhabdomicrobium marinisediminisZhaoet al.2019- familyHyphomonadaceae.Anaerobic,Gram-negativebacterium isolated from marinesedimentscollected in theBohai Sea,China.Its name means "a rod-shaped microbe of the sea", "from marine sediments".[46][47]
- Thioalkalivibrio thiocyanodenitrificansSorokin et al. 2005- familyEctothiorhodospiraceae.Amesophilic,chemolithoautotrophic,sulfur-oxidizing bacterium,capable ofphotosynthesis,that was isolated from mixed sediment samples from 8 hypersaline,alkalinelakes.[48][49]
37 letters
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- Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici(Orla-Jensen, 1909) Scholz & Kilian, 2016andAcidipropionibacterium microaerophilum(Koussémonet al.,2001) Scholz & Kilian, 2016- familyPropionibacteriaceae.Two bacteria which producepropionic acid.The first one is found in dairy products and has beneficial effects on the metabolism in the bovinerumen;the second one was isolated fromolive millwastewater. They were originally described in the genusPropionibacterium,and later moved toAcidipropionibacterium.[50][51]
- Anaerosacchariphilus polymeriproducensKimet al.,2019- familyLachnospiraceae.Ananaerobicbacterium isolated from sediment of a salt pond inMuan County,South Korea.Its name means "Anaerobic, sugar-loving", "producingpolymers".[52]
- Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicumKeis, Shaheen & Jones, 2001- familyClostridiaceae.Anindoleand notablybutanol-producing bacterium.
- Companilactobacillus ginsenosidimutansZhenget al.,2020andCompanilactobacillus heilongjiangensis(Guet al.2013) Zhenget al.2020- familyLactobacillaceae.Twolactic acid-producing bacteria isolated from traditional Asian fermented foods (kimchiandChinese picklerespectively).[53][54]They were originally in the genusLactobacillus(making their names only 30 letters long), but were transferred toCompanilactobacillusafter a 2020taxonomic revisionof the former genus which redistributed its species among 25 genera.[28]
- †Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensisP'an & Wang, 1978- orderPetalichthyida.A fossilplacodermfish from theEarly DevonianofChina.It is named after Liaojiaoshan hill inQujing,Yunnan,where the fossils where found.[55]
- Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus(Zeikus & Wolfe, 1972)- familyMethanobacteriaceae.Amethaneproducing,thermophilicarchaeon,used in thebiogasindustry.
- Microbacterium arabinogalactanolyticum(Yokotaet al.,1993) Takeuchi and Hatano 1998- familyMicrobacteriaceae.AGram-positive,mesophilicbacterium that was isolated fromsoil,which can dissolvearabinogalactan.[56][57]
- †Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensisDong, 1978- suborderCeratopsia.Afossilherbivorousdinosaurfrom theCretaceousofShandong,China.It has the longest name of any dinosaur, or anyreptile.
- Neometanematobothrioides periorbitalisYamaguti, 1970- familyDidymozoidae.A parasiticflukethat affects thegreater amberjack,and can reach 8 cm in size.[58][59]
- Paeniglutamicibacter psychrophenolicus(Margesinet al.,2004) Busse 2016- familyMicrococcaceae.AGram-positive,non-spore-forming,aerobic,facultativelypsychrophilicandnon-motilebacterium which was isolated from an alpineice cavefromSalzburginAustria.Originally described asArthrobacter psychrophenolicus(29 letters), it was subsequently moved to the genusPaeniglutamicibacter.[60][61][62][63]
- Pseudorhabdosynochus bunkleywilliamsaeKritsky,Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015andPseudorhabdosynochus magnisquamodiscum(Aljoshkina 1984)- familyDiplectanidae.Two smallmonogeneanflatwormsparasiticon thegillsof fish. The first (named after marine biologist Lucy Bunkley-Williams) affects theNassau grouper,and the second one (whose specific name refers to its largesquamodiscs) was found on afour-banded butterflyfish,though it's been suggested that the host record may have been accidental or erroneous, asPseudorhabdosynochususually only affectgroupers.[64]
- Pseudotyrannochthonius undecimclavatus(Morikawa, 1956)- familyPseudotyrannochthoniidae.A Japanese species of cave-dwellingpseudoscorpion.Originally described asSpelaeochthonius undecimclavatus(31 letters).[65][66]
- Salisediminibacterium selenitireducens(Switzer Blumet al.,2001) Guptaet al.2020- familyBacillaceae.Aspore-forming, rod-shaped,alkaliphilebacterium collected fromMono Lake,California, notable forrespiringoxyanionsofseleniumandarsenic.Originally described asBacillus selenitireducens(24 letters).[67][68]
- Sediminispirochaeta bajacaliforniensis(Fracek & Stolz 2004) Shivaniet al.2016- familySpirochaetaceae.Am anaerobicspirochaeteisolated from muds beneath the laminated sediment in theevaporiteflat at Laguna Figueroa,Baja California Norte,Mexico. Originally described asSpirochaeta bajacaliforniensis(29 letters).[69][70][71]
- Sphaerechinorhynchus macropisthospinusAminet al.,1998- familyPlagiorhynchidae.Anacanthocephalanparasitic worm that has been found attached to theintestinal wallof atiger(Panthera tigris) and awater monitor(Varanus salvator) inVietnam.[72]
- Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilumJeanthonet al.,2002- familyThermodesulfobacteriaceae.Athermophilic,sulfate-reducingbacteriumfound onhydrothermal ventsin theIndian Ocean.
36 letters
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- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans(Klinger, 1912) Nørskov-Lauritsen and Kilian, 2006- familyPasteurellaceae.AGram-negative,facultative anaerobe, nonmotile bacterium often found in association with localizedaggressive periodontitis,and also suspected to be involved inchronic periodontitis.It was originally described asBacterium actinomycetemcomitans(30 letters) but later transferred to other genera, finally being assigned toAggregatibacter.[73][74][75][76]
- Alkalispirochaeta sphaeroplastigenens(Vishnuvardhan Reddy et al. 2013) Sravanthi et al. 2016- familySpirochaetaceae.A a halo-alkaliphilic,anaerobicspirochaetebacterium isolated fromLonar Lake,India.It was originally described asSpirochaeta sphaeroplastigenens(30 letters), and later transferred to the genusAlkalispirochaeta.[77][78]
- Allometanematobothrioides lepidocybiiYamaguti,1965- familyDidymozoidae.A marineflukethat parasitises theescolar(Lepidocybium flavobrunneum), found inHawaii.[79]
- Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducensDavis, Cleven, Brown & Balish, 1976- familySuccinivibrionaceae.Abacteriumfound in thegastrointestinal floraofdogsandcats.It can be potentially lethal to humans, but infections are rare.[80][81]
- †Archaeoacanthocircus angustiannulatusKozur, Moix & Ozsvárt, 2007- familyArchaeoacanthocircidae.A fossilradiolarianfrom theTriassicofTurkey.[82]
- Arcticibacterium luteifluviistationisLiet al.,2017- familySpirosomaceae.Anaerobe,Gram-negative,rod-shaped bacterium that forms circular colonies and was isolated fromArctic seawatercollected atKongsfjorden,Svalbard,Norway.The specific epithetluteifluviistationismeans "of theYellow River Station",since it was collected and identified by scientists of this Chinese research station located in Svalbard.[83]
- Cyrtodactylus australotitiwangsaensisGrismeret al.,2012- familyGekkonidae.The southernTitiwangsabent-toed gecko,endemic to peninsularMalaysia,has the longest binomial name of anyextantreptile.[84][85]
- †Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensisCurrah, Stockey & B.A.LePage 1998- orderPleosporales.Afossilhyperparasiticfungusfound in thePrinceton Chertdeposits in Canada.[86]
- Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophumL'Haridon et al., 1998- FamilyDesulfurobacteriaceae.A species ofautotrophic,sulphur-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-seahydrothermal ventsample collected at theMid-Atlantic Ridge.It is the type species of its genus, beingthermophilic,anaerobic,Gram-negative,motileand rod-shaped.[87]
- Hoplophthiracarus paraaustroafricanus(Niedbała, 2021)andHoplophthiracarus paraendroedyyoungai(Niedbała, 2006)- FamilyPhthiracaridae.TwoSouth Africanspecies ofOribatidmites.Both were originally described in the genusNotophthiracarus(meaning theirprotonymshad 35 letters), and the specific epithets were formed with the prefixpara,Latinfor "near", referring to their similarity to other species, respectively:Notophthiracarus austroafricanus(Mahunka, 1984)(austroafricanusmeaning "from South Africa" ) andNotophthiracarus endroedyyoungai(Mahunka,1984)(named after entomologistSebastian Endrödy-Younga).Notophthiracarussubsequently became a subgenus ofHoplophthiracarus.[88][89][90]
- Methylophaga nitratireducenticrescensVilleneuveet al.,2013- familyPiscirickettsiaceae.AGram-negativebacterium isolated from thebiofilmof themethanol-feddenitrificationsystem treating the seawater at theMontreal Biodome,Canada.Its name means "methyleating "," growing with thereductionofnitrate".[91]
- Microstomatichthyoborus bashforddeaniNichols&Griscom,1917- familyDistichodontidae.Thisfreshwater fishfrom theCongo Riverbasin has the longest name of anyextantfish.[92]
- Novosphingobium chloroacetimidivoransChen et al. 2014- familySphingomonadaceae.AGram-negative,chloroacetamide-degrading and non-spore-forming bacterium which was isolated fromactivated sludgefrom awastewater treatment plantinKunshan City,China.[93]
- Oleiliquidispirillum nitrogeniifigensLiet al.,2020- familyRhodospirillaceae.AGram-negative,spiral-shaped bacterium, isolated from oil reservoir water collected fromLiaohe oil fieldin northeastern China. Its name means "A rod from oil reservoir water", "nitrogen-fixing".[94]
- Opisthorchinematobothrium nephrodomusNikolaeva & Dubina, 1978- familyDidymozoidae.A marineflukethat parasitises thealbacore,found in theIndian Oceannear theComoro Islands.[95]
- Pseudonocardia tetrahydrofuranoxydansKämpferet al.,2006- familyPseudonocardiaceae.AGram-positive,rod-shapedand non-spore-forming bacterium, isolated from sludge from awaste water treatment plantinGöttingen,Germany.[96]
- Pseudoparamacroderoides dongthapensisTruong, Curran & Bullard, 2021andPseudoparamacroderoides raychaudhuriiAgarwal & Kumar, 1983- familyMacroderoididae.Two freshwaterflukesthat affect catfish of the genusMystus:Mystus mysticetusandMystus vittatus(striped dwarf catfish) respectively. The first is named afterĐồng Tháp province,Vietnam,where the specimens were collected; the second was described from specimens collected from theGangesriver inVaranasi,India,and named after professor S.P. Ray-Chaudhuri, longtime Head of the Zoology department atBanaras Hindu University.[97][98]
- †Pseudoperissocytheridea hieroglyphica(Swain & Peterson, 1951) Brand & Malz, 1962- familyProgonocytheridae.A fossilostracodfrom theJurassicofSouth Dakota,USA andWestern Canada;and another species from the aforementioned genusPseudoperissocytheridea.Originally described asProgonocythere hieroglyphica(27 letters) and later reclassified into genusPseudoperissocytheridea,so named to reflect its similarity toPerissocytheridea.The specific epithet is a reference to this species' ornamentation with many deeply marked ridges.[99][100]
- Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae(Oliver, 1984)andPseudorhabdosynochus hyphessometochusKritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015- familyDiplectanidae.Two more species from this aforementioned genus of parasitic flatworms. The former affects the gills of thedusky grouper,the latter is a parasite of theyellowmouth grouper.[64]
- Pseudotyrannochthonius hamiltonsmithiBeier, 1968andPseudotyrannochthonius queenslandicusBeier 1969- familyPseudotyrannochthoniidae.Twocave-dwellingAustralianspecies of the aforementioned genus of pseudoscorpionsPseudotyrannochthonius.The first one is named afterElery Hamilton-Smith,and the second after the state ofQueensland.[101]
- Schleiferilactobacillus shenzhenensis(Zouet al.,2013) Zhenget al.2020- familyLactobacillaceae.Alactic acid bacteriumisolated from a fermented dairy beverage sold in a market inShenzhen,China. Originally described asLactobacillus shenzhenensis(26 letters), it was transferred to the newly created genusSchleiferilactobacillus(named after microbiologist Karl-Heinz Schleifer) in the 2020taxonomic revisionofLactobacillus.[102][28]
- Streptomyces phaeogriseichromatogenesGoodfellowet al.,2008- familyStreptomycetaceae.A bacterium that producesantibioticcompounds and was isolated from soil collected inSri Lanka.Thespecific epithetmeans "producing brown and gray colors".[103][104][105]
- Streptosporangium violaceochromogenesKawamotoet al.,1975- familyStreptomycetaceae.Anantibiotic-producingactinobacteriumisolated from swamp soil collected inKitagunma District,Japan.The specific nameviolaceochromogenes( "producing violet colour" ) refers to characteristic violet or rose-coloured pigments produced by this bacterium in natural nutritionalagar media.[106]
- Thermoanaerobacterium butyriciformansLópezet al.,2019,Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticumLeeet al.,1993andThermoanaerobacterium thermostercorisRomanoet al.,2011- familyThermoanaerobacteraceae.Three more species in the aforementioned genusThermoanaerobacterium.The first two were isolated from thermal springs:T. butyriciformans( "producingbutyric acid") in theColombian AndesandT. saccharolyticum( "sugar dissolving" ) inYellowstone National Park.[107][19]T. thermostercoris( "thermophilic bacterium from dung" ) was isolated fromItalian buffalodung collected in a buffalo farm inCaserta.[108]Its name was originally published asThermoanaerobacterium thermostercus(34 letters), but subsequently corrected following Latin grammar rules.[109]
35 letters
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- Alkalihalobacillus pseudalcaliphilus(Nielsen et al. 1995) Patel and Gupta 2020- familyBacillaceae.Another species in this aforementioned genus of bacteria, isolated from soil samples atHeriot-Watt University.It was originally described asBacillus pseudalcalophilus(25 letters); the specific epithet was corrected topseudalcaliphilusupon validation, and the species was subsequently transferred to genusAlkalihalobacillusin 2020.[110][111][23]
- Benggwigwishingasuchus eremicarminisSmithet al.,2024[112]A species ofMiddle Triassicpoposauroidfrom theFossil Hill Memberin Nevada, which while found in marine sediments shows no obvious aquatic adaptations, suggesting that it was adapted to foraging along the coastline instead of diving for fish. The genus name derives from aShoshoneword meaning “one who fishes” and the Greeksuchusmeaning “crocodile”, while the specific name means “desert song”, honouring the discoverers of the fossil, who are noted for their love of opera.
- Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticusRaineyet al.,1995[113]- familyThermoanaerobacterales Family III.Athermophilic,anaerobiccellulolyticbacterium, which was isolated from a piece of wood floating in the flow from a freshwater thermal spring inNew Zealandin 1987, and tentatively namedCaldocellum saccharolyticum(26 letters).[114]In 1994, the isolate was more thoroughly characterized physiologically, and classified to a new genus,Caldicellulosiruptor.It is the type species, and most thoroughly studied member of its genus. Its name means "cellulose-breaker under hot conditions", "breaking uppolysaccharides".[115]
- Chilobrachys jonitriantisvansickleaeNanayakkara, Sumanapala & Kirk, 2019- familyTheraphosidae.This tarantula fromSri Lankahas the longest binomial name of any spider.[116]Its specific name refers to one of the co-founders of the environmentalNPOIdea Wild, Joni Triantis Van Sickle, "who was kind enough to donate research equipment to the first author and [to honor] Idea Wild’s continuous support to further research in fauna and flora around the globe." This specific name was originally speltjonitriantisvansickleiby its describers; however, this is the correct ending only when the person it is named after is a man, but Joni Triantis Van Sickle is a woman. As per Article 32.5.1 of theICZN,theWorld Spider Catalogsubsequently corrected the name to have thefemininegenitiveendingjonitriantisvansickleae.[117][118]
- Companilactobacillus paralimentarius(Caiet al.,1999) Zhenget al.,2020- familyLactobacillaceae.Anotherlactic acid bacteriumfrom the aforementioned genusCompanilactobacillus;its original name before the genus transfer wasLactobacillus paralimentarius(28 letters). This species was isolated fromsourdoughin Japan.[28][119]
- Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticumLehmann & Neumann, 1896- familyCorynebacteriaceae.This bacterium is commonly found as part of the indigenous microbiota of human skin andpharynx;however, in some cases it can cause clinically significant infections, particularly inimmunocompromisedpatients. Its name means "club-shaped bacterium relating to falsediphtheria".[120]
- Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhynchoidesVieira, Spencer Jones & Winston, 2013- familyCandidae.Abryozoanfrom the coasts ofAustralia.The generic name adds the prefixkrados,Greek for branch, alluding to the characteristic branchedscutumof some species previously assigned toScrupocellariavan Beneden, 1845;the specific epithet refers to its similarity toCradoscrupocellaria macrorhyncha,found in theMediterranean Sea.[121]
- Cypselurobranchitrema spilonotopteriYamaguti, 1966- familyGastrocotylidae.Amonogeneanparasiticflatwormwhich affects the gills of the stained flying fish (Cheilopogon spilonotopterus) (namedCypselurus spilonotopteruswhen this parasite was described).[122]
- Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellensMoeet al.,2009- familyDehalococcoidaceae.Ananaerobic,Gram-negativebacterium,isolated from aSuperfund siteinBaton Rouge,Louisiana.It is useful inbioremediationfor its ability to reductivelydehalogenatechlorinatedalkanes.The generic name refers to this ability, while the specific epithet means "repellingwerewolves",because compounds exhibiting a pungentgarlicaroma are produced when these organisms grow in certain conditions; garlic being said to repel werewolves in some fiction literature.[123]
- Desulfonatronovibrio hydrogenovoransZhilinaet al.,1997- familyDesulfohalobiaceae.Analkaliphilic,sulfate-reducingbacterium isolated from asoda-depositing lake,Lake MagadiinKenya.[124]
- Eustenancistrocerus baluchistanensis(Cameron, 1907)- familyVespidae.Apotter waspnative toBalochistan, Pakistan.Originally described asOdynerus baluchistanensis(24 letters), and subsequently transferred to genusEustenancistrocerus.[125][126][127]
- Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis(Weiss and Schillinger 1984) Zhenget al.2020- familyLactobacillaceae.Alactic acid bacteriumwhich helps givesourdough breadits characteristic taste. It is named after the city ofSan Francisco,where sourdough was found to contain the variety, though it is dominant in Type I sourdoughs globally. Originally described asLactobacillus sanfrancisco(25 letters), the specific epithet was amended to become an adjective ( "from San Francisco" ), and it was later transferred to new genusFructilactobacillusin the 2020 taxonomic revision of genusLactobacillus.[128][129][130][28]
- †Glandulopleurostomella subcylindrica(Hantken, 1875)- familyPolymorphinidae.A fossilforaminiferanfrom thePaleogeneofHungary.Originally described asPolymorphina subcylindrica(25 letters) and later transferred to newly created genusGlandulopleurostomella(of which it is the type species), its specific epithet refers to its similarity toGuttulina cylindrica.[131][132]
- Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus(d'Orbigny&Lafresnaye,1837)- familyTyrannidae.Thecrowned slaty flycatcherfromSouth America,after being moved from the genusEmpidonomusto its ownmonotypicgenusGriseotyrannus,holds the record of longest scientific binomial for anybird(extant or fossil).
- Halodesulfovibrio spirochaetisodalisShivaniet al.,2017- familyDesulfovibrionaceae.An antibiotic-producing, anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, isolated from marine soil samples collected inGujarat,India.[133]
- †Hemisphaerocoryphe pseudohemicranium(Nieszkowski, 1859)- familyCheiruridae.A fossiltrilobitefrom theOrdovicianofEstonia.It was originally described asSphaerexochus pseudohemicranium(30 letters) and subsequently transferred to the genusHemisphaerocoryphe.There has been some discussion as to whetherHemisphaerocorypheis a valid genus or just a junior synonym ofSphaerocoryphe,but most authors who mention this species place it in the former.[134][135]
- Hypodontolaimus schuurmansstekhoveniGerlach, 1951- familyChromadoridae.A marine free-livingroundwormfound in theNorth Sea,named after DutchnematologistJ.H. Schuurmans Stekhoven.[136]
- Ichthyofilaroides novaecaledoniensis(Moravec & Justine, 2009)- familyGuyanemidae.A marine parasiticroundwormwhich affects the lemon ghost flathead (Hoplichthys citrinus), found inNew Caledonia.It was originally described asIchthyofilaria novaecaledoniensis(32 letters), and subsequently transferred to its own monotypic genus,Ichthyofilaroides.[137][138]
- Lacticaseibacillus songhuajiangensis(Guet al.2013) Zhenget al.2020- familyLactobacillaceae.Alactic acid bacteriumisolated from traditional sourdough inHeilongjiang province,China, and named after theSonghua River,which flows through this province. Originally described asLactobacillus songhuajiangensisand transferred toLacticaseibacillusin the 2020 taxonomic revision ofLactobacillus.[139][28]
- Methylobacterium nonmethylotrophicumFenget al.,2020- familyMethylobacteriaceae.A gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped,motilebacterium with aflagellum(monotrichous), isolated fromtungstenmine tailingsinJiangxi Province,China.[140]
- Natronolimnohabitans innermongolicus(Itohet al.,2005) Sorokinet al.,2020- familyNatrialbaceae.Ahaloalkaliphilicarchaeonisolated from asoda lakeinInner Mongolia,China. It was originally described asNatronolimnobius innermongolicus(31 letters), and subsequently transferred to newly created genusNatronolimnohabitans,which means "an organism living in soda lakes".[141][142]
- Neometanematobothrioides rachycentri(Parukhin, 1969)- familyDidymozoidae.Another species in this aforementioned genus of marine flukes, which in this case affects thecobia(Rachycentrum canadum) and was identified in theGulf of Tonkin.It was originally described asNematobothrium rachycentri(25 letters), and subsequently transferred to genusNeometanematobothrioides.[143][144]
- Opisthorchinematobothrium parathunniYamaguti,1970- familyDidymozoidae.Another species in this aforementioned genus of marine flukes, which in this case which affects thebigeye tuna[145]
- †Paleopolymorphina pleurostomelloides(Franke, 1928)- familyPolymorphinidae.A fossilforaminiferanfrom theCretaceousofGermany.Originally described asPolymorphina pleurostomelloides(30 letters) and later transferred to newly created genusPaleopolymorphina(of which it is the type species), its specific epithet refers to the similarity of itstestwith those of genusPleurostomella.[146][147]
- †Paraexophthalmocythere rodewaldensisBartenstein & Brand 1959- familyCytheridae.A fossilostracodfrom theCretaceousofGermany,which takes its specific name from a borehole inRodewald,where the first specimens were collected.[148]
- Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans(Kallimaniset al.,2009) Busse, 2016- familyMicrococcaceae.An aerobic, gram-positive bacterium isolated from a sample ofcreosote-contaminated soil collected inGreece.Originally described asArthrobacter phenanthrenivorans(30 letters), and later transferred to newly created genusPseudarthrobacter.Its name means "Similar to a jointed rod", "that can digestphenanthrene".[149][150]
- Pseudophyllodistomum macrobrachicola(Yamaguti, 1934)- familyGorgoderidae.A parasiticflukethat affectsfreshwater shrimp,such asMacrobrachium nipponense.It is found inJapan.Originally described asPhyllodistomum macrobrachicola(29 letters) and later transferred to newly created genusPseudophyllodistomum.[151]
- Pseudorhadinorhynchus dussamicitatumGupta & Gupta 1972- familyIlliosentidae.A marine parasiticacanthocephalanworm that has been found in the intestines of Indian fish such as theblacktip sea catfish(Plicofollis dussumieri) and thecrescent banded grunter.[152][153]
- Pseudoschikhobalotrema heterocotylum(Nahhas & Cable, 1964)- familyHaplosplanchnidae.A marine parasiticflukefound in theCaribbean Sea,affecting therainbow parrotfish.It was originally described asSchikhobalotrema heterocotylum(29 letters), and subsequently transferred to genusPseudoschikhobalotrema.[154][144]
- †Pseudoschloenbachia antsirasiraensisCollignon,1969- familyMuniericeratidae.A fossil species ofammonitefrom theCretaceousofMadagascar,found near the village of Antsirasira.[155]
- Pseudotyrannochthonius australiensisBeier, 1966- familyPseudotyrannochthoniidae.Another Australian species in this aforementioned genus of pseudoscorpions.[156]
- Scolopendrelloides pseudocongolensisDomínguez Camacho, 2010- familyScutigerellidae.A species ofgarden centipedefrom theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.[157]
- Sphingosinithalassobacter tenebrarumZheng & Sun, 2020- familySphingomonadaceae.AGram-negative,facultatively anaerobic, yellow-pigmented,non-motile,rod-shaped bacterium, isolated from a deep-seacold seep.Its name means "sphingosine-containing rod bacterium from the sea "" of the darkness ".[158]
- Stigmatodactylus dalagangpalawanicumA.S.Rob.- familyOrchidaceae.A smallorchidendemicto the island ofPalawanin thePhilippines,where it is called "dalaga ng Palawan" inTagalog:the 'Maiden of Palawan'.[159]One of two species that share the title of the second longest accepted plant name.
- Streptomyces phaeoluteichromatogenesGoodfellowet al.,2008andStreptomyces purpurogeneiscleroticusPridham, 1970 (Approved Lists, 1980)- familyStreptomycetaceae.Two species ofactinobacteria;the first was isolated atRothamsted Research(UK) and itsspecific epithetmeans "producing brown and yellow colors".[103][160][161]The second, which comes fromIndia,was originally described asChainia purpurogena(only 18 letters); when the genusChainiawas synonymised withStreptomyces,this species was assigned the replacement nameStreptomyces purpurogeniscleroticus(34 letters), and the spelling of this name was later amended to the current version for grammatical correctness, by adding one letter. The specific epithet means "producing purple colour andsclerotia".[162][163][164]
- Terasakiispira papahanaumokuakeensisZepedaet al.,2015- familyHalomonadaceae.AGram-negative,helicalgammaproteobacteriumcultivated from ananchialine poolonPearl and Hermes Atoll,Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.Its name means "Terasaki's spiral" (honouring microbiologist Yasuke Terasaki, for his contributions to the study of spiral-shaped bacteria) "fromPapahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument".[165]
- Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdenseSonne-Hansen & Ahring, 2000- familyThermodesulfobacteriaceae.Another species in this aforementioned genus of bacteria; this one was isolated from hotsprings inIcelandand named after the town ofHveragerði,where it was found.[166]
- Thermosediminibacter litoriperuensisLeeet al.,2006- familyThermosediminibacteraceae.Ananaerobic,thermophilicbacterium that was isolated from deep sea sediments of thePerumargin collected during theOcean Drilling Program.[167]
- Variimorphobacter saccharofermentansRettenmaieret al.,2021- familyLachnospiraceae.An anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium isolated from a lab-scalebiogasfermenter fed with maizesilage.Its name means "rod shaped cells with variablemorphology","sugar-fermenting ".[168]
- Weberbauerocereus cephalomacrostibas(Werderm. & Backeb.) F.Ritter- familyCactaceae.This Peruvian cactus was originally described asCereus cephalomacrostibas(24 letters); the specific epithet is derived from the Greek wordskephalefor 'head',makrosfor 'big' andstibasfor 'bed', and refers to the largeareolesthat almost flow together near the tips of the shoots. It was later transferred to genusWeberbauerocereus,named for German botanistAugust Weberbauer.[169]The second of two species that share the title of the second longest accepted plant name.
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