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Long-finned pilot whale

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"Calderon dolphin" redirects here.

Thelong-finned pilot whale,orpothead whale(Globicephalamelas) is a largespeciesofoceanic dolphin.It shares thegenusGlobicephalawith theshort-finned pilot whale(Globicephala macrorhynchus). Long-finned pilot whales are known as such because of their unusually longpectoral fins.

Long-finned pilot whale[1]
Size compared to an average human
CITESAppendix II(CITES)[3]
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Delphinidae
Genus: Globicephala
Species:
G. melas
Binomial name
Globicephala melas
(Traill,1809)
Subspecies

Globicephala melas melas
Globicephala melas edwardii

Range of the long-finned pilot whale
Synonyms
  • Globicephala melaena
  • Globicephalus melas
  • Globicephalus melaenus
  • Globicephala intermedius(Harlan, 1827)[4]

Taxonomy and naming

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Etymology

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Pilot whales get their name from the original belief that there was a "pilot" or lead individual in their groups.[5][6]The name for the genus, "Globicephala"is derived from a combination of Latinglobus( "globe" ) and Greekkephale( "head" ).[5][6]The specific name "melas"is Greek for" black ". This species has also earned the nickname of" pothead whale "in some places because the shape of its head reminded early whalers of black cooking pots.[7]

Taxonomy

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This species was first classified in 1809 byThomas Stewart Trailland given the name "Delphinus melas".[8]However, this scientific name was changed later to "Globicephala melaena".Then in 1986, thespecific namefor this species was reverted to its original form as "melas".[9]

Anatomy and morphology

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Size

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There issexual dimorphismin the species. Females grow to a maximum length of up to 6 m (20 ft), and a maximum weight of up to 2,500 kg (5,500 lb). Males are significantly larger at up to 7.6 m (25 ft) in length, and weigh up to 4,500 kg (9,900 lb).[10][11][12][13]This makes the long-finned pilot whale the second largest member of the dolphin family, behind theOrca(Orcinus orca).

Appearance

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Skeleton of a long-finned pilot whale.

Despite its common name, the long-finned pilot whale is actually a large species of dolphin. The same is true oforcasand several other small whales. It has a bulbous forehead and is black or dark grey in colour with light-grey or white markings on the throat and belly regions.[14]This light grey patch found on the throat of pilot whales forms the shape of an anchor. Some individuals have other distinct markings such as a light coloured area behind dorsal fin, known as a saddle patch, as well as an upwards sweeping stripe just behind the eye. The dorsal fin is thick and falcate in nature, and is located about a third of the way down the length of the animal. The common name of this species is a reference to the pilot whale's long, sickle-shaped pectoral flippers that are 18 to 27 percent of its total body length.[15] Being a toothed whale, pilot whales have a singleblowhole.[16]

It can be challenging to tell male and female apart in the wild for many cetacean species. Long-finned pilot whales are no exception, though it was thought in the past that males had hooked dorsal fins while females did not. Recent research on fin shape has shown that this is not a predictable way to distinguish between the sexes.[17]However, males are bigger in size, and relative fin dimensions as well as other characteristics may still be discovered to allow for distinguishing the sex of at least certain age classes for free-ranging pilot whales.

The ranges of long-finned and short-finned pilot whales overlap in some areas of the world.[18]As the difference between them is mainly distinguished by the length of the pectoral flippers and tooth counts, it is hard to tell the two species apart in these areas.[7][19]

Pilot whale cow and calf – Ireland
Pilot whales – Ireland

Physiology

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The long-finned pilot whale hasmore neocortical neurons than any mammalstudied to date, in fact having almost twice as many as humans.[20]

Behavior and life history

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Social behavior

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Long-finned pilot whales are very social in nature. They are usually seen in groups, which range in size from a couple of individuals to aggregations of over a thousand.[21]However, 20 to 150 individuals are more commonly observed.[21][22]Studies have shown that this species often forms small long-term social units made up of around 8-12 individuals.[23][24]Geneticinvestigations of the pilot whales driven ashore in the Faroese hunts have shown a relatedness amongst whales, suggesting a matrilineal structure within social units.[25][26]This means that calves - females and perhaps the males as well - remain with their mothers for life.

These groups have been observed socializing withcommon bottlenose dolphins,Atlantic white-sided dolphinsandRisso's dolphins.[27][28]Pilot whales mainly feed on cephalopods, though in certain regions fish may be more prominent in their diet.[29][30]Northwestern Atlantic whales are thought to dine predominately on short-finned squid.[31]

Long-finned pilot whales can often be seenlobtailingandspyhopping.Occasionally they may alsobreach.This species is notorious for mass strandings. During a specific time of year, approximately December to March, these whales beach themselves in high numbers along the coast of New Zealand. The reasons for stranding are not fully understood, but because pilot whales have strong social bonds, it is hypothesized that when one animal strands, the rest of the group may have the tendency to follow.

These whales have also been observed babysitting calves that are not their own, with one study showing that many of those doing the babysitting are males.[32]

Long finned pilot whale calls
Songs of long-finned pilot whales. The cracking noise is caused by echolocation.
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Communication

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Long-finned pilot whales make many different kinds of sounds. In addition to squeaks, whistles, buzzes, and other calls likely used for communicative functions, they also produce rapid clicks that function as a type of bio sonar known asecholocation.This allows the whales to "see" in the murky, dark environments that they live in by listening to the nature of theechoesthat return.

The whistles and pulsed calls that pilot whales make seem not to fall into distinct types, but rather can be arranged on acontinuum.[33]These calls are produced in a widefrequencyrange, which has been observed from less than 1 kHz to about 20 kHz.[34]

Recent studies have found that a large portion of their vocal repertoire is made up of calls produced in repeated sequences.[35]These repetitions are more commonly heard when whales are socializing than any other behavioral state (e.g. foraging, traveling, and resting).[36]

Decision-making

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During the deeper collective dives of groups of long-finned pilot whales, females on the right and left flanks (periphery) are found to lead most often.[37]This may function in a similar fashion to what is observed in cattle drives, where flanking riders are important for maintaining cohesion of the herd of cattle. The study also found that both mature males and juveniles can lead these dives, but that they do so far less often.

Diet

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Long-finned pilot whales areapex predators,preying on various species ofsquid,octopus,crustaceansandfish.Examples offishspeciesrecorded as prey includeLanternfish,Atlantic herring,Silver hake,Atlantic mackerelandSpiny dogfish.[38][39][40][41]

Reproduction

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Females reach sexual maturity at about 8 years of age, while males reach sexual maturity at around 12 years of age.[15] It seems that mating can take place at any time during the year, but it peaks in late spring/early summer for both northern and southern hemisphere populations.[15]Mating is thought to occur when different groups meet up, and breeding within units is a rare occurrence.[26][42]

Gestation lasts approximately 12 to 16 months and calving occurs once every 3 to 6 years. Calves are generally 1.6–2.0 m (5 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) at birth, and weigh about 75 kg (165 lb).[43]Most calves are born in the summer, though some calving occurs throughout the year. There is evidence that some males may stay with their mothers after they reach sexual maturity.[44]

Parasites

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Among other parasites, long-finned pilot whales harbourCrassicauda carbonelli,a species ofnematodeswhich is found exclusively in the penis.[45]

Distribution and abundance

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Abundance

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Though long-finned pilot whales appear to be abundant, there have been no recent reliable estimates for the worldwide population and very little long-term baseline data collected for monitoring population trends. However, based on their apparent abundance and what information is available, they are currently listed by the IUCN as "Least Concern." Conservative estimates for the population found off Newfoundland estimated around 13,000 individuals.[46]Another study estimated a total of 780,000 animals in the North Atlantic, though this study includes both short and long-finned pilot whales as they are hard to distinguish at sea.[47]

Current distribution

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Long-finned pilot whales are found in the North Atlantic (subspeciesGlobicephala melas melas), as well as the Southern Hemisphere (subspeciesGlobicephala melas edwardii). Those in the north are wide-ranging and have been observed off the coast of the eastern U.S. and Canada, across the Atlantic in places such as the Azores and the Faroe Islands, as well as down the western coast of Europe all the way to the Strait of Gibraltar and North Africa.[48][49][50][51]In the southern ocean, long-finned pilot whales are thought to range from 19 to 60° S, but are commonly seen in theAntarctic Convergence Zoneand other areas, showing that they go as far as 68° S.[52]This species has been observed near sea ice in the Antarctic.

Historical distribution

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Though there are only two recognized living subspecies, there was once a third that was found in the western North Pacific around Japan.[53]These are thought to have died off sometime between the 8th and 12th century. This unnamed form was documented in historical literature and confirmed by the discovery of fossils in several locations ofJapan,such as onRebun Islandand inChiba Prefecture.Their biological niche after the extinction has likely been refilled byshort-finned pilot whales,who are currently present in parts of this region.[54]

Antagonistic interactions with other species

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Pilot whales have been occasionally observed harassing, mobbing or chasing other species of cetaceans.

Orcas

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Chases of orcas have been documented in several parts of the world, including Iceland and the Strait of Gibraltar.[55]It is thought that this might be due to either competition for prey or an anti-predation strategy by the long-finned pilot whales. Recently, an adult female Icelandic orca was observed with a newborn pilot whale travelling alongside her in a mother-calf position, leading to speculation that the relationship between both species might be far more complex than previously suggested.[56]This same orca was seen a year later interacting with a larger group of pilot whales. Whether this newborn calf was adopted or abducted is unknown.

Strandings

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Mass strandings

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Long-finned pilot whales are the most common species involved inmass strandings.The largest event consisted of 1,000 whales on theChatham Islandsin 1918.[57]Though mass strandings of this species are most common in New Zealand, pilot whales have beached themselves in many other countries in places such as northern Europe, the Atlantic coast of North America, South America, and southern parts of Africa.

Over 600 pilot whales were involved in a stranding at Farewell Spit, New Zealand on February 9, 2017. This was the second largest mass stranding event to be documented.

Research from strandings

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Scientists have learned a number of important things from mass strandings of long-finned pilot whales around the world. Studies suggest that they do not always beach together in family units, as multiple matrilines can be found in a single stranding event.[58]

Conservation

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Current conservation status

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The North Sea and Baltic Sea populations of the long-finned pilot whale are listed on Appendix II[59]of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), since they have an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

The long-finned pilot whale is also covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS),[60]the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS),[61]the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU)[62]and the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia (Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU).[63]

Whaling

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See also:Whaling in the Faroe Islands
Killed pilot whales inHvalba

Whalingof this species in theFaroe Islandsin the North Atlantic has been practiced since the time of the firstNorsesettlements there. The hunts, calledgrindadrápinFaroese,are mainly executed during the summer. They are generally regarded as non-commercial - though people may sell their share after the catch has been divided - and organized on a community level. The hunters first surround the pilot whales with a wide semicircle of many boats. The boats then drive the pilot whales into abayor to the bottom of afjord.It is regulated by Faroese authorities but not by theInternational Whaling Commission,which does not regulate the hunts of small cetaceans.[64][65]As of the end of November 2008 the chief medical officers of the Faroe Islands have recommended that pilot whales no longer be considered fit for human consumption because of the level of mercury in the whales.[66][67]

Though the Faroe Islands are home to the only remaining large scale long-finned pilot whale hunts in the world, this species has also been hunted historically elsewhere. An industrial drive fishery was started in the Trinity Bay area of Newfoundland, Canada in 1947 by a Norwegian whaling captain. The catches increased every year until in 1956, there were approximately 10,000 pilot whales successfully captured and killed. This species was also historically hunted along the New England coastline.

Aside from the Faroe Islands, a few pilot whales are taken opportunistically in Greenland each year.

  • Pilot whale hunt inVágur,Suðuroyin August 2012
  • Beach ofHvalbaduring a Grindadráp,Faroe Islands,the sea has turned red with blood
  • In accordance with the regulations, men and women gather on the shore to kill the beached whales, here in the townVáguronSuðuroy

Tourism

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Whale-watching vessel and long-finned pilot whales offCape Breton

Long-finned pilot whales are economically important in thewhale-watchingindustry of some areas of the world, especially in eastern Canada. Even though there are a number of other species of whales found in the Gulf of the St. Lawrence and around Newfoundland, pilots are one of the more common ones sighted inshore during the summer season. The tour vessels used in these regions are normally old converted fishing vessels or zodiacs. In these places, pilot whales provide valuable income for people living in rural fishing communities.

The effects of whale-watching on long-finned pilot whales have not been well studied.

Museum specimens

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The articulated skeleton of a long-finned pilot whale, killed in theFirth of Forthin 1867, was put on display atLeeds City Museum,UK in 2019.[68]

See also

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References

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