Wikipedia

Luxury car

(Redirected fromLuxury SUV)
For the film, seeLuxury Car(film).

Aluxury caris acarthat provides above-average to high-end levels ofcomfort,features, and equipment. Often, more expensive materials and surface finishes are used, and buyers expect betterbuild quality.The usually higher pricing and more upscale appearance are often associated with the users' highersocial statuscompared to low- and mid-market segment cars.

Rolls-Royce Phantom V(1959–1968)

The term is relative and partially subjective, reflecting both objective qualities of a car, as well as the projected and perceivedimageof the vehiclemarque.[1]Luxury brands rank abovepremium brands,though there is no clear distinction between the two.[2]

Traditionally, most luxury cars were largevehicles,though smaller sports-oriented models were produced. "Compact"luxury vehicles such ashatchbacksand off-road capablesport utility vehiclesare more recent expansions of luxury qualities in various cars.[1]

Increasing comfort features, materials quality, interior space, innovations, and or performance have consistently been competitive strategies between car makers practically throughout the history of the automobile.

Classification standards

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Main article:Car classification

Several car classification schemes include a luxury category, such as:

  • Australia: Since the year 2000, the Federal Government'sluxury car taxapplies to new vehicles over a certain purchase price, with higher thresholds applying for cars considered as fuel efficient.[3][4]As of 2019, the thresholds were approximately AU$66,000 (US$50,000) for normal cars and AU$76,000 (US$57,000) for fuel-efficient cars.[5]
  • Europe: Luxury cars are classified asF-segmentvehicles in theEuropean Commission classification scheme.[6][7][8]
  • Italy: The term "auto di lusso" is used for luxury cars.[9]
  • France: The term "voiture de luxe" is used for luxury cars.[10]
  • Germany: The termGerman:Oberklasse(upper class) is used for luxury cars.[11]
  • Russia: The term (автомобиль представительского класса("representative class vehicle,also translated asluxury vehicle) is used for luxury cars.[12]
  • Rental cars: TheACRISS Car Classification Codeis a system used by manycar rentalcompanies to define equivalent vehicles across brands. This system includes "Luxury" and "Luxury Elite" categories (along with "Premium" and "Premium Elite" categories).[13]The criteria for a vehicle to be considered "luxury" is not published.

Characteristics

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1933 Duesenberg SJ "Twenty Grand"

Features

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Luxury cars have traditionally emphasized higher levels of comfort and safety.[14]Manufacturers often introduce new safety technologies and comfort amenities on luxury models before they are available on more affordable models.[15]Some brands, likeAudiandBMWhave expanded their marketing by "introducing lesser priced and strip-down economy versions of their products."[16]

Luxury vehicles can be a status symbol forconspicuous consumption.[17]However, since many European luxury car buyers shy away from conspicuous consumption, brands offer buyers the option of removing exterior badges that identify the model name or engine size.[18]

The suspension system of most luxury cars is tuned to prioritizeride qualityoverhandling,however, some are marketed as "sports luxury" and have a greater emphasis on handling characteristics.[19][20]

Layout and powertrain

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Traditionally, luxury cars have used afront-engine, rear-wheel drive(FR) layout. The FR layout is more expensive to produce and produces lower fuel economy than a front-wheel drive layout; however, it allows for larger engines (particularlystraight-six,V8,andV12) to be used.[18][21][22][23]

Some American luxury cars during the 1970s through the 1990s switched to a front-wheel drive layout withtransverse engine,due to theArab Oil Embargoof 1973 and the 1979 fuel crises which eliminated many FR platforms in favor of the more economicalfront-wheel drive(FF) layout.[24]From the early 2000s, several of these American luxury cars reverted to FR layouts.[25][26][27][28]

Since the introduction of theBentley Continental GTin 2003, additional luxury grand tourers featureall-wheel drive.[29]

History

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European manufacturers

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Bugatti Royale(1927–1933)

Prior toWorld War II,a wide array of European producers made luxury cars, includingRolls-Royce,Bugatti,Delage,Delahaye,Talbot-Lago,Bentley,Alvis,Avions Voisin,Isotta Fraschini,Horch,Simson,Stoewer,Maybach,Mercedes-Benz,Hispano Suiza,Daimler Company,andSpyker.[30][31]

France was a leading producer of powerful luxury automobiles before World War II.[32]After World War II, the French government usedpuissance fiscaletax regulationsto encourage manufacturers to build cars with small engines, and French motorists to buy them.[32]The Maserati-poweredCitroën SMand theCitroën C6were arguably the last domestic French luxury cars.[33][34]In the 2010s, some French manufacturers have attempted to develop luxury cars, however the lack of a historical legacy has hindered these efforts.[35]In 2014, Citroën introducedDS Automobilessub-brand to market luxury cars.[36][37]

PreWorld War IIintermediatecar manufacturers likeRenault,Fiat,Opel,Lancia,Škoda,Riley,Praga,Peugeot,HillmanandTatramade luxury cars but were forced to make economy cars andsuperminispostWorld War II.Following World War II, Germany rose to become an export powerhouse, building on success with the Mercedes-Benz brand, later joined byBMW,which acquired Rolls-Royce Motor Cars in 1998, as well asVolkswagenwhich much later controlled or acquired additional brands such asAudi,Porsche,Bentley,Lamborghini,andBugattibrands.[38][39]

In the Soviet Union, the manufacturerZiL(then called Zis) began producing representational limousines in the mid-1930s. In the early 1950s,GAZjoined with the somewhat smaller "Chaika" model range. In 2018,Aurus Motorswas established to produce luxury vehicles for the Russian market.

North American manufacturers

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1940Packard180 Darrin Sport Sedan

The luxury car phenomenon began at the start of the automobile industry when the wealthy frequently invested in manufacturing such models to gain social prestige.[40]Emphasis was also placed on custom-built coachwork.[41]The 1920s and 1930s were the apogee of production of these very large luxury automobiles from many manufacturers. The significant North American manufacturers from 1910 until 1940 includedAuburn,Buick,Cadillac,Chrysler,Continental,Cord,Daniels,DeSoto,Duesenberg,Franklin,Imperial,LaFayette,LaSalle,Lincoln,Marmon,Packard,Peerless,Pierce Arrow,Ruxton,Stearns-Knight,andStutz.The Great Depression put many luxury car manufacturers out of business; others would hold on before going defunct during the postwar era.[citation needed][42][43]

1969Cadillac Fleetwood Eldoradocoupe

From 1946 until the late 1990s, Cadillac was the top-selling brand of luxury cars in the U.S., while Lincoln was second.[44]The most successful and long-running model names during this era were theCadillac DeVille,Lincoln Continental,and theChrysler Imperial.TheLincoln Mark SeriesandCadillac Eldoradowere positioned in the personal luxury category, and competition between them continued into the 1990s.[45]

Thepersonal luxury caremerged into mass popularity and affordability as an America-specific category of popularly-priced cars made from the 1950s by the four domestic manufacturers (GM, Ford, Chrysler, and AMC) that reached peak popularity in the 1970s.[46]The cars were stylized, mass-produced two-doorcoupésorconvertibles,relying on standard components.[47]These distinctively styled cars were targeting the needs of individual customers, not an entire family.[48]The longest running model lines were the 1958-1997Ford Thunderbird,1956-1998Lincoln Mark Series,and the 1967-2002Cadillac Eldorado.

In 1990, American luxury brands dominated, with Cadillac selling over a quarter-million cars, and Lincoln had its best year ever at 231,660 units.[49]However, the market was changing with an ever greater acceptance of smaller, more efficient imported luxury brands while at the same time, the domestic manufacturers were downsizing their models with product decisions that backfired on quality and brand respect.[49]

Since the late 1990s, Japanese and German brands have sold the most luxury-type cars in the United States. However, theCadillac Escaladehas led the luxury SUV segment sales in the United States since its introduction in 1998, with the highest sales for 15 out of its first 20 years on the market.[50][51]

In the 2000s, both Ford and General Motors produced luxury pickups: 2002-2013Cadillac Escalade EXT,2002-2003Lincoln Blackwood,and 2006-2014Lincoln Mark LT. In the late 2000s, theCadillac CTSandCadillac DTSled to a resurgence in the brand's luxury sedans.[52]The equivalent sedan from the Ford group, the 2008Lincoln MKS,was also regarded as a significant improvement over previous models.[53]In 2010, BMW was the best-selling luxury vehicle manufacturer by sales, with Audi and Mercedes-Benz the second and third highest selling luxury brands.[54]

East Asian manufacturers

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Hongqi L5
Toyota Century

Chinese manufacturerHongqiwas launched in 1958, making it the oldest Chinese luxury car marque.[55]Later newcomers joined taking advantage of the rise of electric powertrains, withNEVbrands such asNioin 2014,Lynk & Coin 2016,HiPhiin 2019, andZeekrin 2021 producing luxury electric and hybrid vehicles.

Japanese manufacturers have been producing luxury cars since the 1950s, including theToyota Crown(1955–present),[56][57]Prince/Nissan Gloria(1959–2004),Nissan Cedric(1960–2015),Mitsubishi Debonair(1964–1998),Nissan President(1965–2010),Toyota Century(1967–present),Mazda Luce/929(1969–1991), andHonda Legend(1985–2021).[58]

Since the 1980s, overseas sales of Japanese luxury cars have increased, challenging traditional European luxury brands.[59]

Genesis G90

Several East Asian manufacturers have created sub-brands for the marketing of luxury cars. The first of these was the 1986 launch ofAcura(a Honda sub-brand), followed byLexus(Toyota) in 1989,Infiniti(Nissan) in 1989, andGenesis(Hyundai) in 2015.[59]

2007–2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession

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The time of the2007–2008 financial crisisand theGreat Recessionwas the first time since theGreat Depressionthat the luxury car market suffered considerably, something not seen in previous economic downturns. Many such customers saw their net worth decline during this time.[17][60]For example, some of the steepest drop-offs came at the high end, including theBMW 7 SeriesandRolls-Royce Phantom,and in 2010 Mercedes-Benz dropped the price of theW212 E-Class.The unusually sharp decline in luxury car sales has led observers to believe that there is a fundamental shift and reshaping of the luxury automotive market, with one industry official suggesting that the marques no longer command the premiums that they used to and another saying that conspicuous consumption was no longer attractive in poor economic conditions.[59]Additionally, mainstream brands have been able to offer amenities and devices such as leather, wood, and anti-lock brakes, previously found only on luxury cars, as the costs decline.[59]

However, luxury vehicle sales remained relatively high compared to their non-luxury counterparts.[61][62]This was aided by growing interest in luxury vehicles from emerging markets such as China and Russia.[59]

Sales in the entry-level luxury segment remained strong throughout the GFC, due to prices being lowered to compete with well-equipped non-luxury cars.[63][64]For example, in Canada, several luxury manufacturers set sales records in August 2009, due mostly to discounted pricing on entry-level luxury vehicles.[65][66]

Brands

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ADuesenberg,"one of the great luxury cars"[67]with custom body by Willoughby
1932Nash Ambassador,characterized as "the Duesenberg from Kenosha"[68]
A 1930s ItalianIsotta FraschiniTipo 8A S LeBaron Boattail Roadster[69]
1936DelageD8 120 Chapron Cabriolet[70]
1936Mercedes-Benz 500KSpezial-Roadster[71]

Some auto manufacturers market their luxury models using the samemarqueas the rest of their line. Others have created a separate marque (e.g.Lexus,launched byToyotain 1989)[72]or purchased one (e.g.Bentley,byVolkswagenin 1998).[73][74]

Occasionally, a luxury car is initially sold under a mainstream marque and is laterrebrandedunder a specific luxury marque (for example, theHyundai'sGenesistoGenesis G80as well as theCitroën DStoDS 5).[75][76]

For mass-produced luxury cars, sharing ofplatformsor components with other models is common,[77]as per modern automotive industry practice.

Carmaker Sample luxury vehicle brands
Aston Martin Aston Martin,Lagonda
Auburn Duesenberg,Cord,Auburn
BMW BMW,Rolls-Royce
BYD Denza,Yangwang,[78]Fangchengbao
Chery Exeed,Luxeed
Chrysler Corporation Imperial,Chrysler,DeSoto
Dongfeng Motor Corporation Voyah,M-Hero (Mengshi)
FAW Group Hongqi
Ferrari N.V. Ferrari
Ford Motor Company Lincoln,Continental,Zephyr,Mercury
GAC Group Aion,[79]Trumpchi
Geely Volvo Cars,[80][81]Lynk & Co,[82]Polestar,[83]Lotus,Zeekr,[84]Jidu Auto[85]
General Motors Cadillac,LaSalle,Buick,Oldsmobile
Great Wall Motors WEY,TANK
Hispano-Suiza Hispano-Suiza
Honda Acura
Hudson Motor Company Greater Eight,[86][87]Italia[88][89]
Human Horizons HiPhi
Hyundai Genesis Motor
Ideal Team Ventures Apollo,De Tomaso[90]
Kaiser-Frazer Frazer
Li Auto Li Auto
Lucid Motors Lucid Motors
Mahindra Group Automobili Pininfarina
Mercedes-Benz Group Mercedes-Benz,Maybach
McLaren Group McLaren Automotive
Nash Motor Company Ambassador,[91][92]Nash-Healey[89]
NEVS SAAB
NAMI Aurus
Nio Nio
Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance Automobiles Alpine,Infiniti
SAIC Motor IM Motors[93]
Stellantis DS,Alfa Romeo,Maserati,Lancia
Studebaker Packard[94]
Tata Motors Jaguar Cars,Land Rover,Daimler,Lanchester
Toyota Lexus,Century,[95]Crown[96]
Volkswagen Group Audi,Bentley,Bugatti,Cupra,Porsche,Lamborghini
Wanxiang Karma Automotive
Weltmeister Weltmeister

Market categories

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Compact executive / compact luxury

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Main articles:Compact executive carandD-segment

Acompact executive caror a compact luxury car is a premium car larger than apremium compactand smaller than anexecutive car.In European classification, compact executive cars are part of theD-segment.In North American terms, close equivalents are "compact premium car", "compact luxury car",[97]"entry-level luxury car" and "near-luxury car".[98]Compact executive cars are usually based on the platform of amid-size car(also known as large family car orD-segment), while some models may be based on acompact car(also known as small family car orC-segment).

Executive / mid-size luxury

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Main articles:Executive carandE-segment

Executive car is aBritishterm for anautomobilelarger than alarge family car.In official use, the term is adopted byEuro NCAP,a European organization founded to test for car safety. It is a passenger car classification defined by the European Commission.

Luxury saloon / full-size luxury sedan

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Main article:F-segment

The next category of luxury cars is known in Great Britain as a "luxury saloon" or "luxury limousine,"[99][100][101][102]and is known in the United States as a full-size luxury sedan, large luxury sedan, or flagship sedan.[103][104][105][106]It is the equivalent of the EuropeanF-segmentand the GermanOberklassesegment.

Many of these luxury saloons are theflagshipfor the marque and include the newest automotive technology.[107]Several models are available in long-wheelbase versions, which provide additional rear legroom and may have a higher level of standard features.[108]

Examples of luxury saloons / full-size luxury sedans include theBMW 7 Series,[109]Jaguar XJ,Cadillac CT6,[110][111]Genesis G90,[110]Audi A8,[112]Mercedes-Benz S-Class,[109]Lexus LS,[110]Hongqi H9,Porsche PanameraandMaserati Quattroporte.[109]

Ultra-luxury

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Luxury cars costing overUS$100,000(as of 2007) can be considered as "ultra-luxury cars".[113]Examples include theRolls-Royce Phantom,Maybach 57 and 62,Hongqi L5,Bentley Mulsanne,Cadillac Celestiq,Toyota Century,andAurus Senat.[113][114][115]High-end sports cars which are targeted towards performance rather than luxury are not usually classified as ultra-luxury cars, even when their cost is greater thanUS$100,000.[113]The history of a brand and the exclusivity of a particular model can result inprice premiumscompared to luxury cars with similar features from less prestigious manufacturers.[116]Ultra-luxury cars are usually selected as theofficial state car.[117]

Grand tourer

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Main article:Grand tourer

Grand tourers are essentially high-performance luxury vehicles. These vehicles are generally two-door coupes and are made for long-distance driving, combined with the luxury of anexecutive carorfull-size luxury car.[118]

Luxury SUV / crossover

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Long before the luxurySUVsegment was defined and became popular, the 1966Jeep Super Wagoneerwas marketed at the time as a fully-equipped station wagon.[119][120][121][122]: 3 It was the first off-road SUV to offer aV8 engineandautomatic transmissionalong with luxury car trim and equipment.[123]Standard features includedbucket seating,a center console, air conditioning, a seven-position tilt steering wheel, avinyl roof,and gold-colored trim panels on the body sides and tailgate.[122]: 3 By the late 1970s, optional equipment included an electric sunroof.[122]: 4 The 1978 Jeep Wagoneer Limited was the spiritual successor to the Super Wagoneer and was the first four-wheel drive car to use leather upholstery.[122]: 5 

TheRange Roverwas released in 1970 as a two-door vehicle for off-road durability with few "creature comforts."[124]A four-door version was added in 1981, and the model was pushed upmarket in 1983 by introducing an automatic transmission (Chrysler's A727TorqueFlite) as an option.[125]The Range Rover had a long-travel coil-spring suspension and an aluminium V8 engine.[126]

In the mid-1990s, the SUV market expanded with new entrants. By the mid-1990s, the entry-levelFord Explorerand upscaleJeep Grand Cherokeewere the market leaders for SUVs.[127]The fastest-growing sector of this market was for the so-called luxury SUVs, which included the Jeep Grand Cherokee... the Grand Cherokee's allure: "This vehicle is proof you can have a true off-road vehicle without giving up luxuries and amenities" with the Jeep providing a crucial new intangible factor for buyers—image.[128]

The SUV models generated higher profit margins than passenger cars, and car manufacturers began introducing new luxury SUVs during the late 1990s.[129]SUVs such as the 1995Lexus LX,1997Mercedes-Benz M-Class,and 1998Lincoln Navigatorwere the first SUVs produced by these luxury car brands. Some of these early luxury SUV models usedunibodyconstruction, becoming part of the trend moving away from thebody-on-frameconstruction traditionally used by off-road vehicles.

During the mid-2000s, SUVs from luxury car brands grew by almost 40% in the United States to more than 430,000 vehicles (excluding SUV-only brands likeHummerandLand Rover), at a time when luxury car sales suffered a 1% decline, and non-luxury SUV sales were flat. By 2004, 30% of major luxury brands' U.S. sales were SUVs.Crossover SUVsbecame increasingly popular in the mid-2000s, and manufacturers also began to produce luxury versions of crossovers. TheLexus RXwas the earliest luxury crossover on the market, and it has since been the best-selling luxury vehicle in the US.[130]Some luxury crossovers are built on aplatformshared with sedans or hatchbacks. For example, theInfiniti FXis based upon the same platform as theInfiniti G35sedans and coupes.[131]While early luxury crossovers released in the late 1990s have resembled traditional boxy SUVs, later crossovers, such as theInfiniti FXandBMW X6,have been designed with a sporting appearance.[132][133][134]

Despite the increased popularity of crossover models, traditional luxury SUVs remain in production. Examples include theLexus LX,Infiniti QX80,andLincoln Navigator.[135]

Research data from the mid-2000s suggested that luxury SUV buyers did not consider traditional luxury cars (e.g. sedans and coupes), therefore the SUV is becoming the key to bringing new customers into luxury dealerships.[136]

Luxury car companies have increasingly introduced SUV or crossover models in the 2010s. For example,Rolls-Royce Cullinan,Bentley Bentayga,Aston Martin DBX,Maserati Levante,Lamborghini Urus,andFerrari Purosangue.Some brands, such asLincoln,have even moved to an all SUV and/or crossover lineup.

Luxury MPV

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Manufacturers such asMercedes-Benz,Toyota,Lexus,Buick,Hongqi,ZeekrandVolvohave marketed upscaleluxury MPVsas luxury vehicles, mainly marketed for Asian markets. Luxury MPVs generally have 3-rows of six or seven seats; however, range-topping flagship models may also offer a 2-rows option with four seats, which typically have more features than their cheaper counterparts. By the early 2020s, manufacturers have found additional strategies to improve technologies, such as new materials, new systems, and improving exteriors.

Examples of luxury MPV models includeMercedes-Benz V-Class,Lexus LM,Buick GL8,Hongqi HQ9,Toyota Alphard,Volvo EM90and theZeekr 009.[137][138]

See also

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