This articlemay beconfusing or unclearto readers.(October 2010) |
Maqsud Shah(Shah Mexsut,pinyin:shā-mù-hú-suǒ-tè,Uyghur:مقصود شاه;c. 1864–1930), was the UyghurJasaghPrince (Qinwang) of theKumul KhanateinChinafrom 1882 to 1930, he was the final ruler from theBorjigid dynasty.
| Maqsud Shah مقصود شاه | |
|---|---|
| Khanof theKumul Khanate | |
| Khanof theKumul Khanate | |
| Reign | c. 1882– 6 June 1930 |
| Predecessor | Muhammad Shah |
| Successor | (Position abolished)Nasir Shah as Titular Khan |
| Born | c. 1864 Kumul Khanate |
| Died | 6 June 1930 (aged around 65–66) Kumul Khanate |
| Issue | Nasir Shah |
| House | Chagatai |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Background
editMaqsud Shah was the Khan ofKumulfrom 1882 to 1930, and served as the eleventh generational ruler of the Khanate.
Maqsud's family was descended fromChaghatai Khanand had ruled the area since the time of theYuan dynasty,though by the 20th century all the other Khanates in Turkestan had disintegrated. His lineage to Chagatai Khan son ofGenghis Khanis as follows: Qinwang Jasagh Shah Maqsud Khan son of Sehzade Ahmad Khan (brother of Maqsud's uncle Muhammad Shah) son of Hezhuo Qinwang Duolo Junwang Shah Bashir Khan son of Junwang Pinji Jasagh Duoluo Beile Shah Ardashir Khan son of Junwang Pinji Jasagh Duoluo Beile Shah Ishaq Khan son of Jasagh Zhenguo Gong Junwang Pinji Duoluo Beile Shah Yusuf Khan son of Jasagh Darhan Zhenguo Gong Gushan Beizi Shah Emin Khan son of Jasagh Darhan Shah Gapur Beg Khan son of Jasagh Darhan Shah Abdullah Beg Khan son of Emir Muhammad Shah-i-Beg Tarkhan son of Sultan Ahmad Pulat Khan son of Sultan Timur Khan son ofShah Shuja Al-Din Ahmad Khanson ofSultan Muhammad Khanson ofSultan Abdul Rashid Khanson ofSultan Said Khanson ofSultan Ahmad Alaq Khanson ofSultan Yunus Khanson ofSultan Uwais Khanson ofSher Ali Oglan Khan Khuuson ofMuhammad Khanson ofKhizr Khwaja Khanson ofTughlugh Timur Khanson ofEsen Buqa Khanson ofDuwa Khanson ofGhiyath Al-Din Baraq Khanson ofYesuntoa Khan Khuuson ofMutukan Khan Khuuson ofChagatai Khaganson ofTemujin Chinggis Khagan.
Maqsud spoke Turkic in a Chinese accent and often wore Chinese clothing,[1]and also spoke fluent Chinese.[2]He reputedly drank copious amounts of alcohol and did not allow anyone to take pictures of him.[3]
Reign
editMaqsud Shah succeeded his uncle Muhammad Shah in 1882 as ruler of theKumul Khanate.The Khans were officially vassals of theQing Dynasty,and every six years were required to visit Beijing to be a servant to the Emperor for a period of 40 days.[4][5] Unlike the rest ofXinjiangwhich was subjected to state-encouraged settlement, the Kumul Khanate was not opened to settlement by Han Chinese.[6]He sent melons as tribute to the Emperor.[7]
Twenty oneBegsadministered Kumul under the Khan, and he received 1,200 taels in silver from the Xinjiang government after he sent tribute.
In 1912, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown in theXinhai Revolutionand replaced by theRepublic of China,which promptly appointedYang Zengxinas the new Governor of Xinjiang. Yang was a monarchist and supported the Khanate and as a result the Khanate's status as a vassal was undisturbed.
When Yang Zengxin was assassinated in 1928, the warlord governorJin Shurensucceeded him as the governor of Xinjiang, whose period of rule was marked by strife, corruption, and ethnic intolerance.
Upon Maqsud Shah's death in 1930 GovernorJin Shurenreplaced the Khanate with the three provincial administrative districts of Hami, Yihe, and Yiwu. Maqsud Shah's son and designated heir Nasir[8]was not permitted to succeed him to the throne, and the succeeding events set off theKumul Rebellion[9]with the assistance ofYulbars Khan,who served as Maqsud's chancellor at court.[10]
References
edit- ^Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949.Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 43.ISBN0-521-25514-7.Retrieved2010-06-28.
- ^S. Frederick Starr (2004).Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland.M.E. Sharpe. p. 74.ISBN0-7656-1318-2.Retrieved2010-06-28.
- ^Christian Tyler (2004).Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang.New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 97.ISBN0-8135-3533-6.Retrieved2010-06-28.
- ^Alexander Douglas Mitchell Carruthers, Jack Humphrey Miller (1914).Unknown Mongolia: a record of travel and exploration in north-west Mongolia and Dzungaria, Volume 2.Lippincott. p. 489.Retrieved2010-06-28.
- ^Alexander Mildred Cable, Francesca French (1944).The Gobi desert.Hodder and Stoughton. p. 134.Retrieved2010-06-28.
- ^James A. Millward (2007).Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang.Columbia University Press. p. 190.ISBN978-0-231-13924-3.Retrieved2010-06-28.
- ^James A. Millward (2007).Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang.Columbia University Press. p. 190.ISBN978-0-231-13924-3.Retrieved2010-06-28.
- ^Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949.Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 44.ISBN0-521-25514-7.Retrieved2010-06-28.
- ^James A. Millward (2007).Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang.Columbia University Press. p. 191.ISBN978-0-231-13924-3.Retrieved2010-06-28.
- ^Kate James (2006).Women of the Gobi: Journeys on the Silk Road.Pluto Press Australia. p. 178.ISBN1-86403-329-0.Retrieved2010-06-28.