Wikipedia

Marie Stopes

For the modern organisation that was named after her, seeMSI Reproductive Choices.

Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes(15 October 1880 – 2 October 1958) was a British author,palaeobotanistand campaigner foreugenicsandwomen's rights.She made significant contributions to plant paleontology and coal classification, and was the first female academic on the faculty of theUniversity of Manchester.With her second husband,Humphrey Verdon Roe,Stopes founded the firstbirth controlclinic in Britain. Stopes edited the newsletterBirth Control News,which gave explicit practical advice. Hersex manualMarried Love(1918) was controversial and influential, and brought the subject of birth control into wide public discourse. Stopes publicly opposed abortion, arguing that the prevention of conception was all that was needed,[1]though her actions in private were at odds with her public pronouncements.[2]

Marie Stopes
Stopes in 1918
Born
Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes

(1880-10-15)15 October 1880
Edinburgh,Scotland
Died2 October 1958(1958-10-02)(aged 77)
Dorking,Surrey, England
Education
Known forFamily planningandeugenics
Spouses
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​
(m.1911;ann.1914)​
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​
(1918⁠–⁠1935)​
ChildrenHarry Stopes-Roe
Scientific career
FieldsPalaeobotany
InstitutionsUniversity of Manchester

In reaction to her controversial beliefs,Marie Stopes Internationalin 2020 changed its name to "MSI Reproductive Choices" with no other changes.[3]

Early life and education

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Stopes was born inEdinburgh.Her father,Henry Stopes,was a brewer, engineer, architect andpalaeontologistfromColchester.Her mother wasCharlotte Carmichael Stopes,aShakespeareanscholar andwomen's rightscampaigner from Edinburgh. At six weeks old, her parents took Stopes from Scotland;[4]the family stayed briefly in Colchester then moved to London, where in 1880 her father bought 28 Cintra Park inUpper Norwood.[5]Both of her parents were members of theBritish Association for the Advancement of Science,where they had met.[6]At an early age, she was exposed to science[7]and was taken to meetings where she met the famous scholars of the day. At first, she was home-schooled, but from 1892 to 1894 she attendedSt George's School for Girlsin Edinburgh.[8]Stopes was later sent to theNorth London Collegiate School,where she was a close friend ofOlga Fröbe-Kapteyn.[1]

Stopes primarily focused on her science career in her 20s and 30s. Stopes attended the University of London in 1900,[7]atUniversity College Londonas a scholarship student, where she studied botany and geology; she graduated with a first classB.Sc.in 1902 after only two years by attending both day and night schools atBirkbeck, University of London.[9]

Stopes' father died in 1902[7]leaving her family in financial ruin. Herpaleobotanyprofessor,Francis Oliver,took her under his wing and hired her as his research assistant in early 1903.[7]This is what sparked her interest in paleobotany, building a platform to begin her career.

Oliver was on the verge of debatably one of the greatest finds in paleobotany when he took Stopes on as a research assistant. Initially, it was thought that most of the fossil plants found inCarboniferousCoal Measureswereferns,[7]Stopes was tasked to find the specimens that showed better connection with the seeds offern fronds.[clarification needed]It was discovered that some of the "ferns" bore seeds.[7]"Seed ferns" became known and recognized as the missing link between ferns andconifers.[7]They later became known as thepteridosperm.[7]She was provided the opportunity to work with the world's leading experts in paleobotany at the time. Within the same year she won the Gilchrist scholarship from University College London,[7]with the help of Oliver and her geology professor,Edmund Garwoodwho provided incredible references.

Following this, Stopes earned aD.Sc.degree from University College London, becoming the youngest person in Britain to have done so. In 1903 she published a study of the botany of the recently dried-upEbbsfleet River.After carrying out research onCarboniferous plantsat theRoyal Botanic Gardens,Kew, and at University College, London, she put the money she received from the Gilchrist Scholarship towards a year's worth of funding her study on the reproduction of livingcycads[7]at theUniversity of Munich.There, she worked withKarl Goebel,who was a leading paleobotanist on cycads. Stopes used this study as herdoctoral dissertation,she presented her dissertation in German and received aPhDinbotanyin 1904.[7]She was, in 1904, one of the first women to be elected a fellow of theLinnean Society of London,[10][11]and was appointed ademonstratorin order to teach students.[12]She was also a fellow and occasional lecturer in paleobotany at University College, London until 1920.

Scientific research

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Stopes in her laboratory, 1904

At age 23, Stopes secured her first job in the world of academia, holding the post of Lecturer in Paleobotany at theVictoria University of Manchesterfrom 1904 to 1910;[13]in this capacity she became the first female academic of that university. It was during this period that she metWilliam Boyd-DawkinsandFrederick Ernst Weiss.Dawkins was a friend of her father and a board member at the University and advocated for her teaching position when members of the senate opposed the concept of having a woman teach young men.[13]Stopes was known around the campus as a partier: she would socialize freely with staff, colleagues, and a few students, or 'flirt'.[7]

During Stopes' time at Manchester, she studied coal andcoal ballsand researched the collection ofGlossopteris(Permian seed ferns). This was an attempt to prove the theory ofEduard Suessconcerning the existence ofGondwanaorPangaea.A chance meeting withAntarcticexplorerRobert Falcon Scottduring one of his fund-raising lectures in 1904 brought a possibility of proving Suess's theory. Stopes's passion to prove Suess's theory led her to discuss the possibility of joining Scott's next expedition to Antarctica. She did not join the expedition, but Scott promised to bring back samples of fossils to provide evidence for the theory.[14]Scott died during the 1912Terra NovaExpedition,but fossils of plants from theQueen Maud Mountainsfound near Scott's and his companions' bodies provided this evidence.[15]

Her study ofCarboniferouscoal ballswithFrancis Oliverduring her time atUniversity College Londonproved pivotal, and coupled with Dawkins' and Weiss' influence atVictoria University of Manchester,helped spark Stopes' intrigue in this area of research, aided, in part, by her close proximity to coal seams in the north of England.[13]These seams held calcareous nodules that preserved the anatomical structure of the permineralized peat that formed the coal balls.[13]Her motive behind this research was driven, in part, by the importance of coal to the British Empire as its main source of fuel.[16]The mines for these coal balls were close to Manchester, and Stopes became distinct from other paleobotanists by directly going to these mines and observing the coal on site.[12]

During this period of her research, Stopes first worked withJames Lomax,a manufacturer ofpetrographic thin sections.[7]She and Lomax did not get along; as a result, she decided to work withDavid Meredith-Seares Watson,one of her undergraduate students.[7]Together, they investigated the coal-bearingstrataof northern England. Their findings led them to hypothesize that the coal balls native to the area were formed when marine water permeated carboniferouspeatmires.They proved that the coal balls had formed in situ, and the nodules had not been transported, which was being claimed at the time.[7]With the coal balls being closely associated with overlying marine bands, Stopes and Watson came to the conclusion that the carbonate in the coal balls washed into the coal swamps from adjacent seas.[7]This was contested while showcasing at conferences, but eventually the evidence became sustainable enough that this finding became one of the greatest contributions to the field.

Continuing in the vein of coal ball research, Stopes expanded her studies to include those from theMesozoicera. This represented an exciting new area of study for her, as little evidence of anatomically preserved Mesozoic plants had been found at that time.[13]Seeking advice from other academics in the field, she received leads for areas of potential study in India and Japan,[13]the latter of which would become important later on. The most promising region at that time proved to be much closer to home, and on 22 March 1907, during the middle of a massive heat wave, Stopes and Watson departed for theJurassiccoast of northeast Scotland, to the coal-mining town ofBrora,on theMoray Firth.[13]

Stopes theorized that Brora would harbor the type ofMesozoiccoal balls she was in search of. This form of geological prediction, 'geoprophesy' as Stopes called it, is formally known asbiostratigraphy,and was originally formulated by 17th century Danish scientistNicholas Steno.[17]Upon arriving in Brora, they discovered the town's coal mining operations were still in full operation, and as a result, were unable to gain access to the mines. Instead, the pair set their sights on the coastline, and despite finding some fossil specimens of interest, were unable to locate any coal balls. Despite this setback, the flora fossils they did recover were the firstMiddle Jurassicperiod specimens to be uncovered in that region, and demonstrated a biostratigraphic link between the Scottish and north east English coasts.[13]

After returning home to Manchester in April 1907, Stopes set about processing her Brora discoveries for publication. However, a previous endeavour from the year before would come to bear fruit. During her Brora research, Stopes had been in correspondence with several high-profile geologists of the time, includingJohn Wesley JuddandAlbert Charles Seward,and these two men helped Stopes secure her first major grant,[13]which she had applied for in 1906. The purpose of this £85 grant was to allow her to conduct her research intoMesozoiccoal balls in Japan, and on 19 May 1907, it was granted by theRoyal Society.[13]In six weeks, Stopes concluded her Brora research, and made arrangements to depart for Japan on 3 July 1907.[13]She spent eighteen months at theImperial University, Tokyoand explored coal mines onHokkaidofor fossilized plants. As with the Brora study, Stopes failed to locate any Mesozoic coal balls in Japan either, but did manage to discover many important fossils, such as theCretaceousangiospermfloras,[13]which she wrote about in her 1909 article "Plant containing nodules from Japan" for theQuarterly Journal of the Geological Society,London.[13]She also published her Japanese experiences as a diary, called "Journal from Japan: a daily record of life as seen by a scientist", in 1910.[18]

In 1910, theGeological Survey of Canadacommissioned Stopes to determine the age of theFern Ledges,a geological structure atSaint John, New Brunswick.It is part of the EarlyPennsylvanianepochLancaster Formation.Canadian scholars were divided between dating it to theDevonianperiod or to the Pennsylvanian. Stopes arrived in North America before Christmas to start her research. On 29 December, she met the Canadian researcherReginald Ruggles Gatesin St. Louis, Missouri; they became engaged two days later. Starting her work on the Fern Ledges in earnest in February 1911, she did geological field work and researched at geological collections in museums, and shipped specimens to England for further investigation. The couple married in March and returned to England on 1 April that year. Stopes continued her research. In mid-1912 she delivered her results, finding for the Pennsylvanian period of theCarboniferous.[19]The Government of Canada published her results in 1914.[20]Later that year, her marriage to Gates was annulled.

During theFirst World War,Stopes was engaged in studies of coal for the British government, which culminated in the writing of "Monograph on the constitution of coal" with R.V. Wheeler in 1918. The success of Stopes' work on marriage issues andbirth controlled her to reduce her scholarly work; her last scientific publications were in 1935. According to W. G. Chaloner (2005), "between 1903 and 1935 she published a series of palaeobotanical papers that placed her among the leading half-dozen British palaeobotanists of her time".[21]Stopes made major contributions to knowledge of the earliest angiosperms, the formation of coal balls and the nature ofcoal macerals.The classification scheme and terminology she devised for coal are still being used. Stopes also wrote a popular book on palaeobotany, "Ancient Plants" (1910; Blackie, London), in what was called a successful pioneering effort to introduce the subject to non-scientists.[21]

Married Love

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Main article:Married Love
Cover of Marie Stopes's bestseller,Married Love

Around the start of her annulment proceedings in 1913, Stopes began to write a book about the way she thought marriage should work. In July 1913, she metMargaret Sanger,who had just given a talk on birth control at aFabian Societymeeting. Stopes showed Sanger her writings and sought her advice about a chapter on contraception.[22]Stopes's book was finished by the end of 1913. She offered it toBlackie and Son,who declined. Several publishers refused the book because they thought it too controversial. WhenBinnie Dunlop,secretary of theMalthusian League,introduced her toHumphrey Verdon Roe—Stopes's future second husband—in 1917, she received the boost that helped her publish her book. Roe was a philanthropist interested in birth control; he paidFifield & Co.to publish the work.[23]The book was an instant success, requiring five editions in the first year,[24]and elevated Stopes to national prominence.

Married Lovewas published on 26 March 1918; that day, Stopes was visiting Humphrey Roe, who had just returned with a broken ankle from service during theFirst World Warafter his aeroplane crashed.[25]Less than two months later they were married and Stopes had her first opportunity to practise what she preached in her book. The success ofMarried Loveencouraged Stopes to provide a follow-up; the already writtenWise Parenthood: a Book for Married People,a manual on birth control that was published later that year.[26]Many readers wrote to Stopes for personal advice, which she energetically endeavoured to give.

Wise Parenthoodwas aimed at married women, as Stopes believed birth control to be necessary for married couples to help protect mothers against the exhaustion of excessive childbearing. Although many considered Stopes' advocacy of birth control to be scandalous,Wise Parenthoodprinted ten editions and was a successful sequel toMarried Love.

The following year, Stopes publishedA Letter to Working Mothers on how to have healthy children and avoid weakening pregnancies,a condensed version ofWise Parenthoodaimed at the poor. It was a 16-page pamphlet and was to be distributed free of charge.[27]Stopes's intended audience had—until this work—been the middle classes. She had shown little interest in, or respect for, the working classes;[28]theLetterwas aimed at redressing her bias.

On 16 July 1919, Stopes—pregnant and a month overdue—entered a nursing home. Stopes and the doctors clashed over the method of birth—she was not allowed to give birth on her knees. The child wasstillborn;the doctors suggested the incident was due tosyphilis,but an examination excluded the possibility. Stopes was furious and said her baby had been murdered. She was 38 years old.[29]

Marie Stopes: Her Work and Play

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Aylmer Maude,acclaimed writer and Tolstoy expert, was brought into the home of Stopes and Gates in an effort to support their financial needs. While already having a troublesome marriage, Maude's interjection in the household only added more tension to the marriage as Stopes' flirtatious nature caused Gates more jealousy and frustration. Maude and Stopes remained friends long after her separation from Gates in 1914, and the intensity of their relationship was reflected in a letter he wrote immediately prior to her second marriage to Humphrey Roe: "My dearest Una [Maude's pet name for Stopes], I have been bothering you with letters recently… Still I cannot let the eve of yourthirdmarriage pass without sending you my most cordial good wishes and fondest greetings. "[30]

Maude's biography, "The Authorized Life of Marie C Stopes",was published in 1924. The book was not well received (The Spectatordescribed it as "a panegyric and not a biography" ) and it may even have been written by Stopes herself. When Stopes blamed Maude for the book's poor sales, he replied: "you so impressed on me the importance of getting the Life out quickly, and I evidently rushed it to the point of scamping it and failed to correct some of the errors in your rough draft."[31]

The book was republished in 1933 as "Marie Stopes Her Work and Her Play".While the later book included an account of the StopesvSutherland libel trial of 1923, questions have been raised about its credibility. For instance, significant aspects of the story of Stopes' visit to Professor McIlroy in disguise and being fitted with a cervical cap (the same device about which McIlroy had been so critical during the High Court trial) have been shown to have been fabricated,[32][33]and McIlroy's treatment of Stopes has been shown to have been consistent with her testimony in the High Court.[34]

A New Gospel to All Peoples

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When Stopes had sufficiently recovered, she returned to work in 1920; she engaged in public speaking and responding to letters seeking advice on marriage, sex and birth control.[35]She sent Mrs. E. B. Mayne to disseminate theLetter to Working Mothersto the slums of East London. Mayne approached twenty families a day, but after several months she concluded the working class was mistrustful of well-intentioned meddlers.[36]

This lack of success made Stopes contemplate a different approach to taking her message to the poor.A conference of Anglican bishopswas due to be held in June; not long before the conference, Stopes had a vision. She called in her secretary and dictated a message addressed to the bishops which began: "My Lords, I speak to you in the name of God. You are his priests. I am his prophet. I speak to you of the mysteries of man and woman."[37] In 1922, Stopes wroteA New Gospel to All Peoples.[38]The bishops were not receptive; among the resolutions carried during the conference was one aimed against "the deliberate cultivation of sexual union" and another against "indecent literature, suggestive plays and films [and] the open or secret sale of contraceptives".[39]The Catholic Church's reaction was more strident,[40]marking the start of a conflict that lasted the rest of Stopes's life.[citation needed]

Family planning

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Marie Stopes House in Whitfield Street near Tottenham Court Road was Britain's first family planning clinic after moving from its initial location in Holloway in 1925.

In 1917, before meeting Marie Stopes, Humphrey Roe offered to endow a birth control clinic attached to St Mary's Hospital in Manchester. He proposed all patients would be married and that no abortions would be done, but his offer was declined.[41][42]This was a serious issue for Roe; after their marriage, he and Stopes planned to open a clinic for poor mothers in London.[43]

Margaret Sanger,another birth-control pioneer, had opened a birth control clinic in New York but the police closed it. In 1920, Sanger proposed opening a clinic in London; this encouraged Stopes to act more constructively, but her plan never materialised.[44]Stopes resigned her lectureship atUniversity College Londonat the end of 1920 to concentrate on the clinic; she founded theSociety for Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress,a support organisation for the clinic.[45]Stopes explained that the object of the Society was:

"...to counteract the steady evil which has been growing for a good many years of the reduction of the birth rate just on the part of the thrifty, wise, well-contented, and the generally sound members of our community, and the reckless breeding from the C.3 end, and the semi-feebleminded, the careless, who are proportionately increasing in our community because of the slowing of the birth rate at the other end of the social scale. Statistics show that every year the birth rate from the worst end of our community is increasing in proportion to the birth rate at the better end, and it was in order to try to right that grave social danger that I embarked upon this work."[46]

On the printed notepaper is a list of prominent supporters which include the militant suffragette Lady Constance Lytton, feminist novelistVera Brittain,Emily Pethick-Lawrence(former Treasurer of the Women's Social and Political Union), RevMaude Royden(Women's Suffrage Societies).[citation needed]Later supporters included eminent economistJohn Maynard Keynes.[citation needed]Three months later she and Roe opened the Mothers' Clinic at 61 Marlborough Road,Holloway,North London,on 17 March 1921.[47]The clinic was run by midwives and supported by visiting doctors.[48]It offered mothers birth control advice, taught them birth control methods and dispensed Stopes own "Pro-Race"[49](and "Racial" )[50]cervical caps.

The free clinic was open to all married women for knowledge about reproductive health. Stopes tried to discover alternatives for families and increase knowledge about birth control and the reproductive system. Options included thecervical cap—which was the most popular—coitus interruptus,andspermicidesbased on soap and oil.[51]Stopes rediscovered the use ofolive oil-soaked sponges as an alternative birth control. Olive oil's use as a spermicide dates to Greek and Roman times. Her recipe proved very effective.[52]She tested many of her contraceptives on patients at her clinics.[citation needed]

Stopes became enthusiastic about a contraceptive device called the "gold pin", which was reportedly successful in America. A few months later, she askedNorman Haire,an Australian doctor, whether he would be interested in running a clinical trial of the device, as she had two correspondents who wanted to use it. Haire had already investigated the device and found it to be dangerous.[53]Haire became involved in another birth control clinic that opened inWalworthin November 1921; later a rivalry between Stopes and Haire erupted inThe Lancet.Haire brought up the gold-pin episode,[54]even though Stopes' clinic had never used it. The issue of the gold pin device resurfaced in the Stopes-Sutherland libel case a few years later.[55]

In 1925, the Mothers' Clinic moved to Central London, where it remains as of 2015.Stopes gradually built up a small network of clinics across Britain, working to fund them. She opened clinics inLeedsin April 1934;Aberdeenin October 1934;Belfastin October 1936;Cardiffin October 1937; andSwanseain January 1943.[56]She also helpedBeatrice Greenestablish a clinic inAbertilleryin 1925.[57]

The Marie Stopes International organisation

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Main article:Marie Stopes International

The clinics continued to operate after Stopes' death, but by the early 1970s they were in financial difficulties and in 1975 they went into voluntaryreceivership.Marie Stopes Internationalwas established a year later as an internationalnon-governmental organisation(NGO) working onsexual and reproductive health.The global partnership took over responsibility for the main clinic, and in 1978 it began its work overseas inNew Delhi,India. Since then the organisation has grown steadily; today it works in 37 countries (2019), has 452 clinics and has offices in London,Brussels,Melbourneand in the US.[58]

Opposition and libel case

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In 1922,Halliday Sutherlandwrote a book calledBirth Control: A Statement of Christian Doctrine Against theNeo Malthusians.[59]In the inter-war years, the terms "birth control" and "eugenics"were closely related; according to Jane Carey they were" so intertwined as to be synonymous ".[60]

Following attacks on "the essential fallacies of Malthusian teaching", Sutherland's book attacked Stopes. Under the headings "Specially Hurtful to the Poor" and "Exposing the Poor to Experiment", it read:

In the midst of a London slum a woman, who is a doctor of German philosophy (Munich), has opened a Birth Control Clinic, where working women are instructed in a method of contraception described by Professor McIlroy as 'The most harmful method of which I have had experience'. When we remember that millions are being spent by the Ministry of Health and by Local Authorities – on pure milk for necessitous expectant and nursing mothers, on Maternity Clinics to guard the health of mothers before and after childbirth, for the provision of skilled midwives, and on Infant Welfare Centres – it is truly amazing that this monstrous campaign of birth control should be tolerated by the Home Secretary.Charles Bradlaughwas condemned to jail for a less serious crime.[59]

Stopes was incensed. The reference to "doctor of German philosophy" sought to undermine Stopes because she was not a medical doctor and, being so soon after the First World War, sought to harness anti-German sentiment. Stopes's work had been associated withCharles Bradlaugh,who had been convicted of obscenity 45 years earlier when he had republished an American Malthusian text in Britain, which "advocated and gave explicit information about contraceptive methods".[60]Stopes challenged Sutherland to a public debate. When Sutherland did not respond, she brought a writ for libel against him.[61]The court case began on 21 February 1923; it was acrimonious. Four questions were put to the jury, which they answered as follows:

  1. Were the words complained of defamatory of the plaintiff?Yes.
  2. Were they true in substance and in fact?Yes.
  3. Were they fair comment?No.
  4. Damages, if any?£100.

Based on the jury's verdict, barristers for both sides asked for judgement in their favour, so it came down to legal argument. Sutherland's barrister successfully argued that as soon as the jury decided that the statements were true in substance and in fact, that was the end of the matter.[62]It was a moral victory for Stopes as the press saw it, and she appealed.[63]On 20 July, the Court of Appeal reversed the previous decision (2–1), awarding the £100 to Stopes. The Catholic community mobilised to support Sutherland, a Catholic, and Stopes publicly campaigned to raise £10,000.[64]Sutherland made a final appeal to the House of Lords on 21 November 1924, and won; Stopes was ordered to repay the one hundred pounds arising from the previous hearing, and to pay the defendant's costs in relation to the appeals to the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords.[65][66]The trial had made birth control a public topic and the number of clients visiting the clinic doubled. The Law Lords found in Sutherland's favour (4–1) and, despite the fact that the decision was irrevocable, Stopes wrote to the Lord Chancellor to overturn it "so that legal subtleties based on misapprehension may not rob me of my victory".[67]The cost for Stopes was vast;[68]costs were partially compensated by publicity and book sales.[69]

Stopes was even remembered in a playground rhyme:

Jeanie, Jeanie, full of hopes,
Read a book by Marie Stopes,
But, to judge from her condition,
She must have read the wrong edition.[70]

Literary life

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Coward's poem to Marie Stopes

If through a mist of awful fears,
Your mind in anguish gropes,
Dry up your panic-stricken tears
And fly to Marie Stopes.

If you have missed life's shining goal
And mixed with sex perverts and Dopes,
For normal soap to cleanse your soul
Apply to Marie Stopes.

And if perhaps you fail all round
And lie among your shattered hopes,
Just raise your body from the ground,
And crawl to Marie Stopes.[71]

Stopes was acquainted with many literary figures of the day. She had long-standing correspondences withGeorge Bernard ShawandAylmer Maude,and argued withH. G. Wells.Noël Cowardwrote a poem about her, and she editedLord Alfred Douglas' letters. She unsuccessfully petitionedNeville Chamberlainto arrange for Douglas to receive acivil listpension; the petition was signed byArthur Quiller-Couch,John Gielgud,Evelyn WaughandVirginia Woolf,among others.[72]The general secretary of thePoetry Society,Muriel Spark,had an altercation with Stopes; according to Mark Bostridge, Spark "found herself lamenting that Stopes's mother had not been better informed on [birth control]".[73]

Stopes wrote poems, plays, and novels; during the First World War she wrote increasingly didactic plays. Her first major success wasOur Ostriches,a play that dealt with society's approach to working class women being forced to produce babies throughout their lives.[74]The play ran for three months at the Royal Court Theatre. It was hurriedly produced in place ofVectia,another of Stopes' plays.[75]Vectiais an autobiographical attempt to analyse the failure of Stopes' first marriage. Because of its themes of sex and impotence, it was denied a licence to be performed, despite Stopes's frequent efforts.[76]In 1926, Stopes hadVectiaprinted under the titleA Banned Play and a Preface on Censorship.In addition to a revival of Our Ostriches in 1930,[77]Stopes produced two other plays for the London stage, "Don't Tell Timothy", a musical farce produced in 1925–26,[78]and "Buckie's Bears", a children's Christmas pageant, allegedly dictated by her son, Henry Roe-Stopes, produced annually between 1931 and 1936.[79][80]

In collaboration with Joji Sakurai, Stopes produced a translation of three Japanese playsPlays of Old Japan: The Nōin 1913.[81]

Stopes published several volumes of poetry, includingMan and Other Poems(1913),Love Songs for Young Lovers(1939),Oriri(1940), andJoy and Verity(1952). She also published a novel,Love's Creation(1928), under the semi-pseudonym "Marie Carmichael".

Views on abortion

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Publicly, Stopes professed to oppose abortion; during her lifetime, her clinics did not offer that service. She single-mindedly pursued abortion providers and used the police and the courts to prosecute them.[82]Stopes thought that the use of contraceptives was the preferred means by which families should voluntarily limit their number of offspring. Nurses at Stopes' clinic had to sign a declaration not to "impart any information or lend any assistance whatsoever to any person calculated to lead to the destructionin uteroof the products of conception ".[83]When Stopes learned that one ofAvro Manhattan's friends had had an abortion, she accused him of murdering the unborn child.[84]

Her public actions were at odds with her private pronouncements. In a 1919 letter, she had outlined a method of abortion to an unidentified correspondent,[82]and she "was even prepared in some cases to advocate abortion, or, as she preferred to put it, the evacuation of the uterus".[85]InWise Parenthood,she had promoted the "Gold Pin" or "Spring", which was a "method [that] could be described as an abortifacient".[86]

Eugenics

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In her biography of Stopes,June Roseclaimed "Marie was an elitist, an idealist, interested in creating a society in which only the best and beautiful should survive,"[87][88]a view echoed by Richard A. Soloway in the 1996Galton Lecture:"If Stopes's general interest in birth control was a logical consequence of her romantic preoccupation with compatible sexuality within blissful marriage, her particular efforts to provide birth control for the poor had far more to do with her eugenic concerns about the impending 'racial darkness' that the adoption of contraception promised to illuminate."[89]

Regarding threats ofdysgenics,she spoke of "that intolerable stream of misery which ever overflows its banks."[90]

Stopes's enthusiasm for eugenics and race improvement was in line with many intellectuals and public figures of the time: for exampleHavelock Ellis,Cyril BurtandGeorge Bernard Shaw.Eugenic sympathies were drawn from the left and the right of politics and included Labour politicians, such asEllen Wilkinson.[91]As a child Stopes had metFrancis Galton,one of the founders of modern eugenics, through her father. She joined the Eugenics Education Society in 1912[92]and became a life fellow in 1921.[60]Clare Debenham[93]in her 2018 biography of Stopes argues in Chapter Nine that she was a maverick eugenicist, who was shunned by the inner circle of the Eugenic Society. In 1934, she reflected: "I am a Life Fellow and would have much more interest in the Eugenics Society if I had not been cold shouldered".[94]

The objects of the Society For Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress expressed the eugenic aims of the Mothers' Clinic,[95]summarised in Tenet 16:

"In short, we are profoundly and fundamentally a pro-baby organisation, in favour of producing the largest possible number of healthy, happy children without detriment to the mother, and with the minimum wastage of infants by premature deaths. In this connection our motto has been 'Babies in the right place,' and it is just as much the aim of Constructive Birth Control to secure conception to those married people who are healthy, childless, and desire children, as it is to furnish security from conception to those who are racially diseased, already overburdened with children, or in any specific way unfitted for parenthood."[96]

"Racially diseased" included conditions such as infectious diseases (liketuberculosis), or caused by environmental factors (such as poor living conditions and malnutrition).

In 1918[97]and 1920,[98]Stopes advocated thecompulsory sterilisationof those she considered unfit for parenthood.

In Chapter XX of her 1920 bookRadiant MotherhoodStopes discussed race and said that the "one central reform" was: "The power of the mother, consciously exerted in the voluntary procreation and joyous bearing of her children, is the greatest power in the world".[99]She added that two "main dangers" stood in the way. The first of these was ignorance and the second was the "inborn incapacity which lies in the vast and ever increasing stock of degenerate, feeble-minded and unbalanced who are now in our midst and who devastate social customs. These populate most rapidly and tend proportionately to increase and these are like the parasite upon the healthy tree sapping its vitality."[100]Stopes then stated that "a few quite simple acts of Parliament" could deal with "this prolific depravity" through sterilisation by x-rays and assured the reader that "when Bills are passed to ensure the sterility of the hopelessly rotten and racially diseased, and to provide for the education of the child-bearing woman so that she spaces her children healthily, our race will rapidly quell the stream of the depraved, hopeless and wretched lives which are at present increasing in proportion in our midst".[101]

Stopes promoted her eugenic ideas to politicians. In 1920 she sent a copy of her book,Radiant Motherhood—arguably the most explicitly eugenic of her books[original research?]—to the Prime Minister's secretary (and mistress),Frances Stevenson,and urged her to getDavid Lloyd Georgeto read them.[102]In November 1922, just before the general election, she sent a questionnaire to parliamentary candidates asking that they sign a declaration that: "I agree that the present position of breeding chiefly from the C3 population and burdening and discouraging the A1 is nationally deplorable, and if I am elected to Parliament I will press the Ministry of Health to give such scientific information through the Ante-natal Clinics, Welfare Centres and other institutions in its control as will curtail the C3 and increase the A1". She received 150 replies.[103]

In July 1931 theWomen's Co-operative Guildat their conference passed a resolution advocating compulsory sterilisation for the mentally or physically unfit.[104]

A 1933 letter from Stopes to a friend revealed disillusion with eugenics: "I do not think I want to write a book about Eugenics. The word has been so tarnished by some people that they are not going to get my name tacked onto it".[105]Despite this, she attended the International Congress for Population Science inBerlinin 1935.[106]After attending this conference she came under attack by some of her former supporters such a Guy Aldred and Havelock Ellis[12]and, on her death in 1958, she bequeathed her clinics to the Eugenics Society.[107]

In 1934, an interview published in theAustralian Women's Weeklydisclosed her views on mixed-race marriages: she advised correspondents against them and believed that all half-castes should be sterilized at birth... "thus painlessly and in no way interfering with the individual's life, the unhappy fate of he who is neither black nor white is prevented from being passed on to yet unborn babes."[108]

In August 1939 she sent a copy of herLove Song for Young LoverstoAdolf Hitlerbecause "Love is the greatest thing in the world". She wanted her poems to be distributed through the German birth control clinics. However, according to Rose, any sympathy she may have had with Hitler was dissipated when he closed those clinics.[103]On 12 July 1940 she wrote toWinston Churchillto offer a slogan, "Fight the Battle of Britain in Berlin's Air".[103]

Personal life

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Stopes had a relationship, mainly through correspondence, with Japanese botanist Kenjiro Fujii, whom she met at theUniversity of Munichin 1904 while researching her PhD In 1907, during her 1904–1910 tenure atManchester University,she arranged to research in Japan, allowing her to be with Fujii. The relationship ended.[citation needed]

In 1911, Stopes married Canadian geneticistReginald Ruggles Gates.She hadmaintained her nameout of principle; her work was blooming while his was struggling. Stopes was part of theWomen's Freedom Leagueand he was strongly opposed to her support forsuffragettes[12]and seemingly, was frustrated.[109]The marriage fell apart amid squabbling over the house and rent. After another year, she sought legal advice about ending the marriage. Not receiving useful help, she read the legal code seeking a way to get a divorce.[110]On 11 May 1913, Stopes filed for divorce on the grounds that the marriage had never beenconsummated.Gates left England the following year and did not contest the divorce, although he disputed Stopes's claims, describing her as "super-sexed to a degree that was almost pathological". He added to this "I could have satisfied the desires of any normal woman".[111]

A 1930 cartoon by David Low showing in theIrish Free Statein 1931 a man arrested for having possession of Marie Stopes literature on birth control-followed by his wife and many children

In 1918 she marriedHumphrey Verdon Roe,the financial backer of her most famous work,Married Love: A New Contribution to the Solution of the Sex Difficulties.Their son,Harry Stopes-Roe,was born in 1924.[112]

In 1923, Marie Stopes bought theOld Higher Lighthouseon theIsle of Portland,Dorset,as an escape from the difficult climate of London during her court case againstHalliday Sutherland.The island's Jurassic fossil forests provided her with endless interest.[113]She founded and curated thePortland Museum,which opened in 1930.[114]The cottage housing the museum was an inspiration behindThe Well-Beloved,a novel byThomas Hardy,who was a friend of Marie Stopes.[115]

In the 1940s, Stopes disliked Harry's companion, Mary Eyre Wallis, who was the daughter of the noted engineerBarnes Wallis.When Harry announced their engagement in October 1947, his mother set about "to try to sabotage the union".[116]She found fault with Mary and wrote to Mary's father to complain.[117]She tried to get Humphrey's support against the marriage, arguing that any grandchildren might inherit Mary'smyopia.[88]He was not persuaded.[116]Later, believing "he had betrayed her by this marriage", Stopes cut him out of any substantial inheritance.[118][119][120]

Stopes died on 2 October 1958, aged 77, from breast cancer at her home inDorking,Surrey. Her will left her clinic to theEugenics Society;most of her estate went to theRoyal Society of Literature.Her son Harry received her copy of theGreater Oxford Dictionaryand other small items.[121][122]AnEnglish Heritage blue plaquecommemorates Stopes at 28 Cintra Park, Upper Norwood, where she lived from 1880 to 1892.[123]

Selected works

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  • Marie C. Stopes (1910).A Journal From Japan.London: Blackie & Son, Limited.OL9026688W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1912).Botany; or, The modern study of plants.London and Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack.OL9026684W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1913).Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the British Museum (Natural History): The Cretaceous Flora: Part I – II.London: British Museum.
  • Marie C. Stopes; Jōji Sakurai (1913).Plays of Old Japan.London: William Heinemann.[124]
  • Marie C. Stopes; Jōji Sakurai (1927).Plays of Old Japan: The 'Nō'.Eclipse Press.OL9026704W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1914).The 'Fern ledges' Carboniferous flora of St. John, New Brunswick.Ottawa: Government of Canada, Government Printing Bureau.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1914).Man, other poems, and a preface.London: William Heinemann.OL9026691W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1917).Conquest; or, A piece of jade; a new play.London: French.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1918).Married Love.London: Fifield and Co.ISBN0-19-280432-4.OL9026716W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1918).Wise Parenthood: A Treatise on Birth Control or Contraception.London: Rendell & Co.ISBN0-659-90552-3.OL9026714W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1918).On the Four Visible Ingredients in Banded Bituminous Coal: Studies in the Composition of Coal, No. 1.Ottawa: Government of Canada, Government Printing Bureau.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1920).Radiant Motherhood.London: Putnam.OL9026706W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1921).The Truth about Venereal Disease.London: Putnam.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1923).Contraception (birth control) its theory, history and practice.London: J. Bale, Sons & Danielsson.OL9026713W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1923).Our Ostriches.London: Putnam.OL9026703W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1926).Sex and the Young.New York and London: Putnam.OL53799W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1926).The Human Body.New York and London: Putnam.OL9026707W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1926).A Banned Play and a Preface on the Censorship.London: J. Bale, Sons & Danielsson.OL9026682W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1928).Enduring Passion.New York: Putnam.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1935).Marriage in My Time.Rich & Cowan Ltd.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1936).Change of Life in Men and Women.New York: Putnam.OL9026710W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1939).Your Baby's First Year.London: Putnam.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1940).Oriri.London: William Heinemann.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1946).The Bathe, an Ecstasy.London: A. Moring.OL412916W.
  • Marie C. Stopes (1949).We Burn. Selected poems... with portrait frontispiece and... illustrations byGregorio Prieto.London: Alex. Moring.
The standardauthor abbreviationStopesis used to indicate this person as the author whencitingabotanical name.[125]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abMaude, Aylmer (1933).Marie Stopes: Her Work and Play.John Bale & Sons and Danielsson. p.42.
  2. ^Brand, Pauline.Birth Control Nursing in the Marie Stopes Mothers' Clinics 1921–1931.De Montfort University Leicester. p. 243.Retrieved8 May2019.
  3. ^"Abortion provider changes name over Marie Stopes eugenics link".BBC News.17 November 2020.
  4. ^Briant, Keith (1962).Passionate Paradox: The Life of Marie Stopes.New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p.14.
  5. ^Stephanie Green (2013).The Public Lives of Charlotte and Marie Stopes.London: Pickering & Chatto. p. 48.ISBN9781848932388.
  6. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.16.ISBN9780151712885.
  7. ^abcdefghijklmnopFalcon-Lang, Howard (2008)."Marie Stopes: passionate about palaeobotany".Geology Today.24(4): 132–136.Bibcode:2008GeolT..24..132F.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2008.00675.x.ISSN1365-2451.S2CID128414890.
  8. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.28.ISBN9780151712885.
  9. ^Fraser, H. E. & C. J. Cleal, "The contribution of British women to Carboniferous palaeobotany during the first half of the 20th century", inBurek, C. V.; Higgs, B., eds. (2007).The Role of Women in the History of Geology.Geological Society, London.p.56.
  10. ^The Linnean(2005) Vol. 21(2), p. 25
  11. ^Beharrell, Will; Douglas, Gina."New Exhibition: Celebrating the Linnean Society's First Women Fellows".The Linnean Society of London.Retrieved20 May2020.
  12. ^abcd"Marie Stopes".Spartacus Educational.Retrieved7 February2021.
  13. ^abcdefghijklmFalcon-Lang, Howard J. (April 2008)."Marie Stopes and the Jurassic floras of Brora, NE Scotland".Scottish Journal of Geology.44(1): 65–73.Bibcode:2008ScJG...44...65F.doi:10.1144/sjg44010065.ISSN0036-9276.S2CID129802917.
  14. ^The interior of Antarctica, being perpetually below 0 °C, is not suitable for life, so the presence of fossils provides evidence of major changes in biological conditions there during geologic time.
  15. ^Morgan, Nina (6 June 2008)."Cold Comfort".Geological Society.Archived fromthe originalon 23 November 2008.Retrieved18 May2015.
  16. ^Oldroyd, David; Falcon-Lang, Howard (1 January 2008)."Marie Stopes, The Discovery of Pteridosperms And The Origin of Carboniferous Coal Balls".Earth Sciences History.27(1): 78–99.Bibcode:2008ESHis..27...78F.doi:10.17704/eshi.27.1.7061723043w72561.ISSN0736-623X.
  17. ^Dolphin, Glenn (2019).Stories in Geology: What We Know and How We Figured It Out.Online: KendallHunt. p. 2.ISBN978-1524933647.
  18. ^"Marie Stopes".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36323.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  19. ^Falcon-Lang, H.J.; Miller, R.F. (1 January 2007). "Marie Stopes and the Fern Ledges of Saint John, New Brunswick".Geological Society, London, Special Publications.281(1): 227–245.Bibcode:2007GSLSP.281..227F.doi:10.1144/SP281.13.S2CID129508096..(also printed inThe Role of Women in the History of Geologyedited by C. V. Burek & B. Higgs published by the Geological Society, London (2007) pp. 232,236).
  20. ^Stopes, Marie C. (1914).Fern Ledges Carboniferous Flora of St. John, New Brunswick.Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  21. ^abChaloner, W.G. (2005). "The palaeobotanical work of Marie Stopes".Geological Society of London, Special Publications.241(1): 127–135.Bibcode:2005GSLSP.241..127C.doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.207.01.10.S2CID129810402.
  22. ^Greer, Germaine (1984).Sex and Destiny.Secker and Warburg. p. 306.
  23. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp.102–103.
  24. ^Burke, Lucy, "In Pursuit of an Erogamic Life" inArdis, Ann L.; Leslie W. Lewis, eds. (2003).Women's Experience of Modernity, 1875–1945.The Johns Hopkins University Press.p.254.
  25. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp.140–141.ISBN9780151712885.
  26. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.148.ISBN9780151712885.
  27. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp.125–126.
  28. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.173.ISBN9780151712885.
  29. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp.127–129.
  30. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp. 110].
  31. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 262.ISBN9780151712885.
  32. ^Sutherland, Mark H. (with Neil Sutherland) (2020).Exterminating Poverty: The true story of the eugenic plan to get rid of the poor and the Scottish doctor who fought against it.pp. Appendix 4.ISBN978-1-6562-9702-0.
  33. ^Neushul, Peter (April 1998)."Marie C. Stopes and the Populatization of Birth Control Technology".Technology and Culture.39(2): 245–272.doi:10.2307/3107046.JSTOR3107046.PMID11620325.S2CID9480956.Retrieved27 February2021.
  34. ^"The Trap".hallidaysutherland.com.June 2019.Retrieved27 February2021.
  35. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p.132.
  36. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.174.ISBN9780151712885.
  37. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.160.ISBN9780151712885.
  38. ^Stopes, Marie Carmichael (1922).A New Gospel to All Peoples.Arthur L. Humphreys.
  39. ^Garrett, William (2007).Marie Stopes: Feminist, Eroticist, Eugenicist.San Francisco: Kenon. p. xvii–xix.
  40. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp.162–164.ISBN9780151712885.
  41. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.140.ISBN9780151712885.
  42. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p.143.
  43. ^Rose, J. (1992). Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution. London: Faber and Faber Limited. Page 135. "In the two eventful years since they had met and married, Marie and Humphrey had discussed birth control, and looked for a way to work in that field. Tired of delays and timidity of other birth controllers, the couple decided to open their own clinic, and by 1920 they had begun to look for suitable premises, both passionately involved."
  44. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp.185–186.ISBN9780151712885.
  45. ^Rose, J. (1992). Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution. London: Faber and Faber Limited. Page 153.
  46. ^Box, M. (Ed.). (1967). The Trial of Marie Stopes. London: Femina Books Ltd. Page 76.
  47. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.186.ISBN9780151712885.
  48. ^Marie Stopes (1925).The First Five Thousand.London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson. p. 9.
  49. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p. 145.
  50. ^John, AuthorTara (14 June 2015)."Exhibition review: The whitewashing of Marie Stopes' eugenicist beliefs".
  51. ^Stopes, Maire (2013).Wise Parenthood a Sequel to Married Love a Book for Married People.London: Forgotten Books.
  52. ^James, Peter (1994).Ancient Inventions.New York: Ballantine Books.
  53. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp.168–169.
  54. ^Wyndham, Diana (2012).Norman Haire and the Study of Sex.Sydney: Sydney University Press. pp. 99–100.
  55. ^Box, M. (Ed.). (1967). The Trial of Marie Stopes. London: Femina Books Ltd. Page 94.
  56. ^Cohen, Deborah A.(1993). "Private Lives in Public Spaces: Marie Stopes, the Mothers' Clinics and the Practice of Contraception".History Workshop.35:95–116.doi:10.1093/hwj/35.1.95.
  57. ^Boots, Bryan (2022)."Green, Beatrice (1894 - 1927), Political Activist".Dictionary of Welsh Biography.National Library of Wales.Retrieved7 August2023.
  58. ^"Global Impact Report 2019".Marie Stopes International.Retrieved14 July2020.
  59. ^abHalliday Sutherland, Birth Control: A Statement of Christian Doctrine against the Neo-Malthusians New York, PJ Kennedy and Sons, 1922.
  60. ^abcCarey, Jane (2012). "The Racial Imperatives of Sex: Birth Control and Eugenics in Britain, the United States and Australia in the Interwar Years".Women's History Review.21(5). Monash University: 733–752.doi:10.1080/09612025.2012.658180.S2CID145199321.
  61. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p.158.
  62. ^Sutherland, Mark H. (with Neil Sutherland) (2020).Exterminating Poverty: The true story of the eugenic plan to get rid of the poor, and the Scottish doctor who fought against it.pp. 266–270.ISBN978-1-6562-9702-0.
  63. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp.172–173.
  64. ^Westminster Gazette, 28 July 1923, "Work of the Mothers' Clinic: Appeal for a £10,000 Fund."
  65. ^June Rose, Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution Faber and Faber London 1992
  66. ^Box, Muriel, ed. (1968).The Trial of Marie Stopes.Femina Books. pp. 387–389.
  67. ^Sutherland, Mark H. (with Neil Sutherland) (2020).Exterminating Poverty: The true story of the eugenic plan to get rid of the poor and the Scottish doctor who fought against it.pp. 284–286.ISBN978-1-6562-9702-0.
  68. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp.174–175.
  69. ^Kalsem, Kristin Brandser (2004)."Law, Literature and Libel: Victorian Censorship of" Dirty Filthy "Books on Birth Control'"(PDF).William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law.10:566.
  70. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 5.ISBN9780151712885.
  71. ^Sullivan, Esther Beth, "Vectia,Man-Made Censorship, and the Drama of Marie Stopes "inTheatre Survey,46:1 (May 2005), p.93.
  72. ^Briant, Keith (1962).Passionate Paradox: The Life of Marie Stopes.New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p.210.
  73. ^Mark Bostridge (2 August 2009)."Muriel Spark: The Biography by Martin Stannard".The Guardian.
  74. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp.180–181.
  75. ^Stopes, Marie (1926).A Banned Play and a Preface on Censorship.London: J. Bale, Sons & Danielsson. p. 6.
  76. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p.76.
  77. ^Stopes, Marie (1939).Our Ostriches, 3rd ed.London: Putnam.
  78. ^J.P. Weaving (1984).The London Stage, A Calendar of Plays, vol II: 1925–29.New Jersey and London: Metuchen. pp. 679–80.
  79. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp.[1].
  80. ^Stopes, Marie Carmichael.British Library, Ad.MS 58505.
  81. ^Nicoll, Allardyce (1973).English drama, 1900–1930; the beginnings of the modern period.Cambridge [England]: University Press. pp. 117, 970.ISBN0-521-08416-4.OCLC588815.
  82. ^abBrand, Pauline."Birth Control Nursing in the Marie Stopes Mothers' Clinics 1921–1931".De Montfort University Leicester.Retrieved7 May2019.
  83. ^Marie Stopes (1925).The First Five Thousand.London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson. pp. 16–17.
  84. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p.239.
  85. ^Hall, Leslie A. (1997). Peel, Robert A. (ed.).Marie Stopes Eugenics and The English Birth Control Movement.The Galton Institute. p. 41.ISBN0950406627.
  86. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader: The Life of Marie Stopes.New York and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p.232 (footnote).ISBN0-15-171288-3.
  87. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p. 134.
  88. ^abFreedland, Jonathan (17 February 2012)."Eugenics: the skeleton that rattles loudest in the left's closet | Jonathan Freedland".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved15 June2020.
  89. ^Soloway, Richard (1997).Marie Stopes Eugenics and the English Birth Control Movement.London: The Galton Institute. p. 54.ISBN0950406627.
  90. ^Stopes, Marie C. (1921).Verbatim Report of the Town Hall Meeting.October 27, 1921. New York: Voluntary Parenthood League
  91. ^Jonathan Freedland (1 May 2019)."Eugenics and the master race of the left – archive, 1997".The Guardian.
  92. ^Searle, G.R. (1976).Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900–1914.The Netherlands: Leyden Noordhoff International Publishing. p. 102.ISBN9028602364.
  93. ^Debenham, Clare (2018).Marie Stopes' Sexual Revolution and the Birth Control Movement.Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 121–132.
  94. ^Archive letter to Cora Hudson 24 March 1934 (British Library, London, Marie C. Stopes's Papers')
  95. ^"The Tenets of the C.B.C."Halliday Sutherland.15 May 2018.
  96. ^Maude, Aylmer (1924).The Authorized Life of Marie C Stopes.London: Williams & Norgate Ltd. pp. 222–226.
  97. ^Problems of Population and Parenthood: The Second Report of the National Birth Rate Commission 1918–20.Chapman and Hall. 1920. p. 133.
  98. ^Stopes, Marie C. (1921).Radiant Motherhood: A Book for Those Who are Creating the Future.G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 230 & 233.
  99. ^Stopes, Marie (1920).Radiant Motherhood.G.P. Putnam's Sons Ltd. p. 226.
  100. ^Stopes, Marie C. (1921).Radiant Motherhood: A Book for Those Who are Creating the Future.G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 228–229.
  101. ^Stopes, Marie C. (1921).Radiant Motherhood: A Book for Those Who are Creating the Future.G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 233.
  102. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p. 138.
  103. ^abcRose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p. 161.
  104. ^Potter, Mark (14 July 2021)."The key to understanding social Darwinism lie in the political struggles going on in that society".QMHJ.Retrieved10 March2023.
  105. ^British Library, London. Marie C. Stopes' Papers.
  106. ^Paul, Diane (1995).Controlling Human Heredity.Humanity Books. pp. 84–91.
  107. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p. 244.
  108. ^Hall, Ruth (1995).Passionate Crusader: The Life of Marie Stopes.Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp.182.ISBN0-15-171288-3.
  109. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp.93–94.ISBN9780151712885.
  110. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.101.ISBN9780151712885.
  111. ^Howard Falcon-Lang,"The secret life of Dr Marie Stopes",bbc.co.uk/news, 23 August 2010, accessed 17 November 2020
  112. ^Morpurgo, JE (1972).Barnes Wallis, a Biography.London: Longman Group Ltd.(Page number?)
  113. ^Falcon-Lang, H.J. (July–August 2008). "Marie Stopes: passionate about palaeobotany".Geology Today.24(4): 136.Bibcode:2008GeolT..24..132F.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2008.00675.x.S2CID128414890.
  114. ^"Marie Stopes Pictures, Portland, Dorset".Steps in Time—Images Project (SITIP) archive.Archived fromthe originalon 8 February 2007.
  115. ^"Portland Museum".About Britain.
  116. ^abRose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p.234.
  117. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. pp.234–235.
  118. ^In Rose's words,Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p.236.
  119. ^Peter Pugh (2005)Barnes Wallis Dambuster.Thriplow: IconISBN1-84046-685-5;p. 178
  120. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.303.ISBN9780151712885.
  121. ^Rose, June (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.Faber and Faber. p.244.
  122. ^Hall, Ruth (1977).Passionate Crusader.Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p.325.ISBN9780151712885.
  123. ^"STOPES, Marie (1880–1958)".English Heritage.Retrieved24 August2014.
  124. ^"Review ofPlays of Old Japan: the Nōby Marie C. Stopes, together with translations of the dramas by M. C. Stopes and Prof. Jōji Sakurai, with a preface by Baron Kato ".The Athenaeum(4479): 197–198. 30 August 1913.
  125. ^International Plant Names Index.Stopes.

Bibliography

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Aylmer Maude (1933).Marie Stopes: Her Work and Play.London: John Bale & Sons and Danielsson.
  • Keith Briant (1962).Passionate Paradox: The Life of Marie Stopes.New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
  • Ruth Hall (1978).Marie Stopes: a biography.London: Virago, Ltd.ISBN0-86068-092-4.
  • June Rose (1992).Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution.London: Faber and Faber.ISBN0-571-16970-8.
  • Sutherland, Mark H. (with Neil Sutherland) (2020).Exterminating Poverty: The true story of the eugenic plan to get rid of the poor, and the Scottish doctor who fought against it.ISBN978-1-6562-9702-0.
edit
Library resourcesabout
Marie Stopes
By Marie Stopes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Stopes&oldid=1243033656"