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Marinid dynasty

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TheMarinid dynasty(Arabic:المرينيونal-marīniyyūn) was aBerberMuslimdynasty that controlled present-dayMoroccofrom the mid-13th to the 15th century and intermittently controlled other parts ofNorth Africa(AlgeriaandTunisia) and of the southernIberian Peninsula(Spain) aroundGibraltar.[3]It was named after theBanu Marin(Arabic:بنو مرين,Berber:Ayt Mrin[4]), aZenata Berbertribe.[5][3]It ruled theMarinid sultanate,founded byAbd al-Haqq I.[5][6]

Marinid dynasty
المرينيونal-marīniyyūn(ar)
1244–1465
The Marinid sultanate circa 1360[1]
The Marinid sultanate circa 1360[1]
StatusRuling dynasty of Morocco
CapitalFez
Official languagesArabic[2]
Common languagesMaghrebi Arabic,Berber languages
Religion
Sunni Islam
Sultan
• 1215–1217 (first)
Abd al-Haqq I
• 1420–1465 (last)
Abd al-Haqq II
History
• Established
1244
• Disestablished
1465
CurrencyDinar
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Almohad Caliphate
Wattasid dynasty

In 1244, after being at their service for several years, the Marinids overthrew theAlmohadswhich had controlled Morocco.[7]At the height of their power in the mid-14th century, during the reigns ofAbu al-Hasanand his sonAbu Inan,the Marinid dynasty briefly held sway over most of theMaghrebincluding large parts of modern-day Algeria and Tunisia.[3]The Marinids supported theEmirate of Granadainal-Andalusin the 13th and 14th centuries and made an attempt to gain a direct foothold on theEuropeanside of theStrait of Gibraltar.They were however defeated at theBattle of Río Saladoin 1340 and finished after theCastilianstook Algecirasfrom the Marinids in 1344, definitively expelling them from theIberian Peninsula.[8]Starting in the early 15th century theWattasid dynasty,a related ruling house, competed with the Marinid dynasty for control of the state and becamede factorulers between 1420 and 1459 while officially acting asregentsorviziers.In 1465 the last Marinid sultan,Abd al-Haqq II,was finally overthrown and killed by arevolt in Fez,which led to the establishment of direct Wattasid rule over most of Morocco.[3][9]

In contrast to their predecessors, the Marinids sponsoredMalikiSunnismas the official religion and madeFeztheir capital.[10][3]Under their rule, Fez enjoyed a relativegolden age.[11]The Marinids also pioneered the construction ofmadrasasacross the country which promoted the education of Malikiulama,althoughSufisheikhsincreasingly predominated in the countryside.[3]The influence ofsharifianfamilies and the popular veneration of sharifian figures such as theIdrisidsalso progressively grew in this period, preparing the way for later dynasties like theSaadiansandAlaouites.[12]

History

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Origins

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The Marinids were a faction of the Berber tribal confederation of theZenata.The Banu Marin were nomads who originated from the Zab (a region aroundBiskrain modern-dayAlgeria).[13][14]Following the arrival of ArabBedouinsin North Africa in the middle of the 11th-12th centuries, they were pushed to leave their lands in the region of Biskra.[15][16]They moved to the north-west of present-day Algeria,[17]before enteringen masseinto what is now Morocco by the beginning of the 13th century.[18]The Banu Marin first frequented the area betweenSijilmasaandFiguig,[17][19]at times reaching as far as the Zab.[20]They moved seasonally from theFiguigoasis to theMoulouya Riverbasin.[21][18]

The Marinids took their name from their ancestor, Marin ibn Wartajan al-Zenati.[22]Like earlier Berber ruling dynasties of North Africa andAl-Andalushad done, and in order to help gain legitimacy for their rule, Marinid historiography claimed anAraborigin for the dynasty through a NorthArabiantribe.[23][24][25]The first leader of the Marinid dynasty,Abd al-Haqq I,was born in the Zab into a noble family. His great-grandfather, Abu Bakr, was a sheikh of the region.[26][27][28][29][30]

Rise

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After arriving in present-day Morocco, they initially submitted to theAlmohad dynasty,which was at the time the ruling regime. Their leader Muhyu contributed to the Almohad victory atBattle of Alarcosin 1195, in central Iberian Peninsula, though he died of his wounds.[17][18]His son and successor, Abd al-Haqq, was the effective founder of the Marinid dynasty.[6]Later, the Almohads suffered a severe defeat against Christian kingdoms of Iberia on 16 July 1212 in thebattle of Las Navas de Tolosa.The severe loss of life at the battle left the Almohad state weakened and some of its regions somewhat depopulated.[4]Starting in 1213 or 1214,[17]the Marinids began to tax farming communities of today's north-eastern Morocco (the area betweenNadorandBerkane). The relationship between them and the Almohads became strained and starting in 1215, there were regular outbreaks of fighting between the two parties. In 1217 they tried to occupy the eastern part of present-day Morocco but were defeated by an Almohad army and Abd al-Haqq was killed.[18]They were expelled, pulling back from the urban towns and settlements, while their leadership passed on to Uthman I and then Muhammad I.[9]In the intervening years, they regrouped and managed to establish their authority again over the rural tribes in the regions aroundTaza,Fez,andKsar el-Kebir.[18]Meanwhile, the Almohads lost their territories inAl-Andalusto Christian kingdoms likeCastile,theHafsidsofIfriqiyabroke away in 1229, followed by the independence of theZayyanid dynastyofTlemcenin 1235. The Almohad caliphSa'idnonetheless managed to defeat the Marinids again in 1244, forcing them to retreat back to their original lands south of Taza.[18]

It was under the leadership of Abu Yahya, whose reign began in 1244, that the Marinids re-entered into the region on a more deliberate campaign of conquest.[4][18]Between 1244 and 1248 the Marinids were able to take Taza,Rabat,Salé,Meknesand Fez from the weakened Almohads.[31]Meknes was captured in 1244 or 1245,[17][18]Fez was captured in 1248, and Sijilmassa in 1255.[17]The Almohad caliph, Sa'id, managed to reassert his authority briefly in 1248 by coming north with an army to confront them, at which point Abu Yahya formally submitted to him and retreated to a fortress in theRif.[32]However, in June of the same year the caliph was ambushed and killed by the Zayyanids in a battle to the south of Oujda. The Marinids intercepted the defeated Almohad army on its return, and the Christianmercenariesserving under the Almohads entered the service of the Marinids instead.[33]Abu Yahya quickly reoccupied his previously conquered cities the same year, and established his capital in Fes.[33]His successor,Abu Yusuf Yaqub(1259–1286) capturedMarrakechin 1269, effectively ending Almohad rule.[34][3]

Apogee

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After theNasrids of Granadaceded the town ofAlgecirasto the Marinids, Abu Yusuf went toAl-Andalusto support the ongoing struggle against theKingdom of Castile.The Marinid dynasty then tried to extend its control to include the commercial traffic of theStrait of Gibraltar.

It was in this period that Iberian Christians were first able to take the fighting across the Strait of Gibraltar to what is today Morocco: in 1260 and 1267 they attempted an invasion, but both attempts were defeated.

After gaining a foothold in the city of Algeciras in the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, the Marinids became active in the conflict between Muslims and Christians in Iberia. To gain absolute control of the trade in the Strait of Gibraltar from their base at Algeciras, they conquered several nearby Iberian towns: by the year 1294 they had occupiedRota,Tarifa,andGibraltar.

In 1276, they founded the North African city ofFes Jdid,which they made their administrative and military center. While Fes had been a prosperous city throughout the Almohad period, even becoming the largest city in the world during that time,[35]it was in the Marinid period that Fes reached its golden age, a period which marked the beginning of an official, historical narrative for the city.[36][37]It is from the Marinid period that Fes' reputation as an important intellectual centre largely dates and the Marinids established the firstmadrasasin Morocco here during this time.[38][39][40]

Despite internal infighting, Abu Said Uthman II (r. 1310–1331) initiated huge construction projects across the land. Several madrasas were built, theAl-Attarine Madrasabeing the most famous. The building of these madrasas were necessary to create a dependent bureaucratic class, in order to undermine the marabouts and Sharifian elements.

The Marinids also strongly influenced the policy of theEmirate of Granada,from which they enlarged their army in 1275. In the 13th century, the Kingdom of Castile made several incursions into their territory. In 1260,Castilianforces raidedSaléand, in 1267, initiated a full-scale invasion, but the Marinids repelled them.

At the height of their power, during the rule ofAbu al-Hasan Ali(r. 1331–1348), the Marinid army was large and disciplined. It consisted of 40,000 Zenata cavalry, while Arab nomads contributed to the cavalry and Andalusians were included as archers. The personal bodyguard of the sultan consisted of 7,000 men, and included Christian, Kurdish and Black African elements.[41]UnderAbu al-Hasananother attempt was made to reunite theMaghreb.In 1337 theAbdalwadidkingdom of Tlemcenwas conquered, followed in 1347 by the defeat of theHafsidempire inIfriqiya,which made him master of a huge territory, which spanned from southern present-day Morocco toTripoli.However, within the next year, a revolt of Arab tribes in southern Tunisia made them lose their eastern territories. The Marinids had already suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of aPortuguese-Castilian coalition in theBattle of Río Saladoin 1340, and finally had to withdraw from Andalusia, onlyholding on to Algecirasuntil 1344.

In 1348, Abu al-Hasan was deposed by his sonAbu Inan Faris,who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. Despite several successes, he was strangled by his own vizir in 1358, after which the dynasty began to decline.

Decline

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After the death of Abu Inan Faris in 1358, the real power lay with the viziers, while the Marinid sultans were paraded and forced to succeed each other in quick succession. The county was divided and political anarchy set in, with different viziers and foreign powers supporting different factions. In 1359Hintatatribesmen from the High Atlas came down and occupiedMarrakesh,capital of their Almohad ancestors, which they would govern independently until 1526. To the south of Marrakesh, Sufi mystics claimed autonomy, and in the 1370sAzemmourbroke off under a coalition of merchants and Arab clan leaders of the Banu Sabih. To the east, the Zianid and Hafsid families reemerged and to the north, the Europeans were taking advantage of this instability by attacking the coast. Meanwhile, unruly wandering ArabBedouintribes increasingly spread anarchy, which accelerated the decline of the empire.

In the 15th century, it was hit by a financial crisis, after which the state had to stop financing the different marabouts and Sharifian families, which had previously been useful instruments in controlling different tribes. The political support of these marabouts and Sharifians halted, and it splintered into different entities. In 1399Tetouan was taken by Castile and its population was massacredand in 1415the Portuguese captured Ceuta.After Sultan Abdalhaqq II (1421–1465) tried to break the power of the Wattasids, he was executed.

Marinid rulers after 1420 came under the control of theWattasids,who exercised a regency asAbd al-Haqq IIbecame Sultan one year after his birth. The Wattasids however refused to give up the Regency after Abd al-Haqq came to age.[42]

In 1459, Abd al-Haqq II managed a massacre of the Wattasid family, breaking their power. His reign, however, brutally ended as he was murdered during the1465 revolt.[43]This event saw the end of the Marinid dynasty as Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey, leader of theSharifs,was proclaimed Sultan inFes.He was in turn overthrown in 1471 byAbu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya,one of the two the survivingWattasidsfrom the 1459 massacre, who instigated theWattasid dynasty.

Chronology of events

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TheMarinid Tombsin Fes, Morocco
Coin minted during the reign ofAbu Inan Faris(1348–1358)
Remnants of the city ofal-Mansourahconstructed by the Marinids during their siege ofTlemcen.
  • 1215: The Banu Marin (Marinids) attacks theAlmohadswhen the 16-year-old Almohad caliphYusuf II Al-Mustansircomes to power in 1213. The battle takes place on the coast of theRif.In the reign of Yusuf II Al-Mustansir a great tower is erected to protect the royal palace in Seville.[44]
  • 1217:Abd al-Haqq Idies during victorious combat against the Almohads. His sonUthman ibn Abd al-Haqq(Uthman I) succeeds to the throne. Marinids take possession of the Rif and seem to want to remain there. The Almohades counterattack in vain.
  • 1240:Uthman Iis assassinated by one of his Christian slaves. His brotherMuhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq(Muhammad I) succeeds him.
  • 1244: Muhammad I is killed by an officer of his own Christian mercenary militia.Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq,the third son of Abd Al-Haqq, succeeds him.
  • 1249: Severe repression of anti-Marinid forces inFes.
  • 1258: Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq dies of disease. His uncle,Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq,fourth son of Abd Al-Haqq, succeeds to the throne.
  • 1260: TheCastiliansraidSalé.
  • 1269: Seizure ofMarrakeshand the end of Almohad domination of the westernMaghreb.
  • 1274: The Marinids seizeSijilmassa.
  • 1276: Founding ofFes Jdid( "New Fes" ), a new city near Fes, which comes to be considered a new district of Fes, in contrast toFes el Bali( "Old Fes" ).
  • 1286: Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq dies of disease in Algeciras after a fourth expedition to theIberian Peninsula.His sonAbu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasrreplaces him.
  • 1286: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr combats revolts in and around theDraa Riverand the province of Marrakesh.
  • 1288: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr receives in Fes the envoys of the king of Granada, to whom the town ofCadizis returned.
  • 1291: Construction of the mosque ofTaza,the earliest preserved Marinid building.
  • 1296: Construction of Sidi Boumediene mosque, or Sidi Belhasan, in Tlemcen.
  • 1299: Beginning of Tlemcen's siege by the Marinids, which will last nine years.
  • 1306: Conquest and destruction ofTaroudannt.
  • 1307: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr is assassinated by aeunuchin connection with some obscure matter related to the harem. His sonAbu Thabit Amirsucceeds to the throne.
  • 1308: Abu Thabit dies of disease after only one year in power inTetouan,a city which he has just founded. His brother,Abu al-Rabi Sulaymansucceeds him.
  • 1309: Abu al-Rabi Sulayman enters Ceuta.
  • 1310: Abu al-Rabi dies of disease after having repressed a revolt of army officials in Taza. Among them is Gonzalve, chief of the Christian militia. His brother Abu Said Uthman succeeds him to the throne.
  • 1323: Construction of the Attarin's madrasa in Fes.
  • 1325:Ibn Battutabegins his 29-year journey across Africa and Eurasia.
  • 1329: The Marinids defeat the Castilians in Algeciras, establishing a foothold in the south of the Iberian peninsula with the hope of reversing theReconquista.
  • 1331: Abu Said Uthman dies. His sonAbu al-Hasan ibn Uthmansucceeds him.
  • 1337: First occupation of Tlemcen.
  • 1340: A combined Portuguese–Castilian army defeats the Marinids in theBattle of Rio Salado,close toTarifa,the southernmost town of the Iberian peninsula. The Marinids return to Africa.
  • 1344: The Castilians take over Algeciras. The Marinids are definitively ejected from Iberia.
  • 1347: Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman destroys theHafsid dynastyofTunisand restores his authority over all the Maghreb.
  • 1348: Abu al-Hasan dies, his sonAbu Inan Farissucceeds him as Marinid ruler.
  • 1348: TheBlack Deathand the rebellions of Tlemcen and Tunis mark the beginning of the decline of the Marinids, who are unable to drive back the Portuguese and the Castilians.
  • 1350: Construction ofBou Inania madrasainMeknes.
  • 1351: Second seizure of Tlemcen.
  • 1357: Defeat of Abu Inan Faris in front of Tlemcen. Construction of anotherBou Inania Madrasain Fes.
  • 1358 Abu Inan is assassinated by his vizir. A time of confusion starts. Each vizir tries to install weak candidates on the throne.
  • 1358: Abu Zian as-Said Muhammad ibn Faris is named sultan by the vizirs, just after the assassination of Abu Inan. His reign lasts only a few months. Abu Yahya abu Bakr ibn Faris comes to power, but also reigns only a few months.
  • 1359:Abu Salim Ibrahimis nominated sultan by the vizirs. He is one of the sons ofAbu al-Hasan ibn Uthmanand is supported by the king of Castille,Pedro.
  • 1359: Resurgence of the Zianids of Tlemcen.
  • 1361: Abu Umar Tachfin is named the successor to Abu Salim Ibrahim by the vizirs, with the support of the Christian militia. He reigns only a few months.
  • 1361: The period called the "reign of the vizirs" ends.
  • 1362: Muhammad ibn Yaqub assumes power. He is a young son of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman, who had taken refuge in Castile.
  • 1366: Muhammad ibn Yaqub is assassinated by his vizir. He is replaced by Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali, one of the sons of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman who until this time had been held locked up in the palace of Fes.
  • 1370: Third seizure of Tlemcen.
  • 1372: Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali dies of disease leaving the throne to his very young son Muhammad as-Said, beginning a new period of instability. The vizirs try on several occasions to install apuppet sovereign.
  • 1373: Muhammad as-Said is presented as the heir to his father, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali, but being only five years old cannot reign, and dies in the same year.
  • 1374: Abu al-Abbas Ahmad, supported by theNasridprinces of Granada, takes power.
  • 1374: Partition of the empire into two kingdoms: theKingdom of Fesand the Kingdom of Marrakech.
  • 1384: Abu al-Abbas is temporarily removed by the Nasrids. The Nasrids replace him with Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris, a disabled son of Abu Inan Faris. This ensures a kind of interim during the reign of Abu al-Abbas Ahmad from 1384 to 1386.
  • 1384: Abu Zayd Abd ar-Rahman reigns over the Kingdom of Marrakech from 1384 to 1387 while the Marinid throne is still based in Fes.
  • 1386:Al-Wathiqensures the second part of the interim in the reign of Abu al-Abbas from 1386 to 1387.
  • 1387: Abu Al-Abbas begins to give vizirs more power. Morocco knows six years of peace again, although Abu Al-Abbas benefits from this period to reconquer Tlemcen andAlgiers.
  • 1393: Abu Al-Abbas dies. Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad is designated as the new sultan. The troubles which follow the sudden death of Abu Al-Abbas inTazamake it possible for the Christian sovereigns to carry the war into Morocco.
  • 1396: Abu Amir Abdallah succeeds to the throne.
  • 1398: Abu Amir dies. His brother, Abu Said Uthman ibn Ahmad, takes power.
  • 1399: Benefitting from the anarchy within the Marinid kingdom, kingHenry III of Castilearrives in Morocco, seizesTetouan,massacres half of the population and reduces the rest to slavery.
  • 1415: KingJohn I of Portugalseizes Ceuta. This conquest marks the beginning of overseas European expansion.
  • 1418: Abu Said Uthmanbesieges Ceutabut is defeated.
  • 1420: Abu Said Uthman dies. He is replaced by his son, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq, who is only one year old.
  • 1437: Failure of aPortuguese expeditiontoTangier.Many prisoners are taken and the infantFernando, the Saint Princeis kept as a hostage. A treaty is made with the Portuguese enabling them to embark if they return Ceuta. Fernando is kept as a hostage to guarantee the execution of this pact. Influenced byPope Eugene IV,Edward of Portugalsacrifices his brother for national trade interests.
  • 1458: KingAfonso V of Portugalprepares an army for a crusade against theOttomansin response to the call ofPope Pius II,but he instead uses the army to attack a small port located betweenTangierandCeuta.
  • 1459: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq revolts against his own Wattasid vizirs. Only two brothers survive, who will become the first Wattasid sultans in 1472.
  • 1462: Ferdinand IV of Castile takes overGibraltar.
  • 1465: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq appoints aJewishvizir, Aaron ben Batash, provoking apopular revolt.The sultan dies in the revolt when his throat is cut. The Portuguese kingAfonso Vfinally manages to take Tangier, benefitting from the troubles in Fes.
  • 1472: Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya, one of the two Wattasid vizirs surviving the 1459 massacre, installs himself in Fes, where he founds the Wattasid dynasty.

Government

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In many respects, the Marinids reproduced or continued the social and political structures that existed under the Almohads, ruling a primarily tribal state that relied on the loyalty of their own tribe and allies to maintain order and that imposed very little official civil administrative structures in the provinces beyond the capital.[45][46]They also maintained the Berber traditions of democratic or consultative government, particularly through the existence of a council of Marinid tribal chiefs whom the sultan consulted when necessary, primarily on military matters.[45]To maintain their control over the provinces beyond the capital of Fez, the Marinids mostly relied on appointing their family members to governorships or on securing local alliances through marriage. These local governors were in charge of both the administration and the military.[47][46]After Abu Yusuf Ya'qub captured Marrakesh in 1269, for example, he appointed his ally Muhammad ibn 'Ali, to whom he was related by marriage, as hiskhalifa(deputy or governor) in Marrakesh, a position that would continue to exist for a long time.[47]In some areas, like the mountainousAtlasandRifregions, this resulted in indirect rule and a very limited presence of the central government.[46]

The Marinid sultan was the head of the state and wielded the title ofamīr al-muslimīn( "Commander of the Muslims" ).[46][45]In later periods the Marinid sultans sometimes also granted themselves the title ofamīr al-mu'minīn( "Commander of the Faithful" ).[45]The involvement of the sultan in state affairs varied depending on the personality of each; some, like Abu al-Hassan, were directly involved in the bureaucracy, while others less so.[45]Under the sultan, the heir-apparent usually held a large amount of power and often served as the head of the army on behalf of the sultan.[46]Aside from these dynastic positions, the vizier was the official with the most executive power and oversaw most of the day-to-day operations of government.[46][45]Several families of viziers became particularly powerful during the Marinid period and competed with each other for influence,[46]with the Wattasids being the most significant example in their later history. After the vizier, the most important officials were the public treasurer, in charge of taxes and expenditures, who reported to either the vizier or the sultan. Other important officials included the sultan's chamberlain, the secretaries of his chancery, and thesahib al-shurtaor "chief of police", who also oversaw judiciary matters.[46]On some occasions the chamberlain was more important and the vizier reported to him instead.[45]

Emblem

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Marinid soldiers in theCantigas de Santa Maria,depicted on the left under banners with white and blue zigzag pattern[48]

Spanish Historian andArabistAmbrosio Huici Miranda[es]suggested that the Marinids used white banners, much like their Almohad predecessors,[49]following a long Islamic tradition of using white as a dynastic color.[50]Whether these white banners contained any specific motifs or inscriptions is not certain.[51]HistorianMichel Abitbolwrites:[52]

When the morning light shines, the Sultan mounts his horse and the white standard which is the flag of the dynasty, called al-Mansur (the Victorious) is carried next to him. Immediately before him march the armed men on foot; the horses held in hand, covered with caparisons of patterned cloth, that is to say, saddle blankets.

HistorianAmira Bennisonindicates that the Sultans's banner was white according to Marinid sources, she also states: "The naming of the Marinid palatine city, Madīnat al-Bayḍā', the White City, reflects their use of white as a dynastic colour."[51]Egyptian historiographerAl-Qalqashandi(d. 1418) recalled a white flag made of silk with verses from the Qur’an written in gold at the top of the circle as the sultanate’s emblem among the kings of the Banu Abd al-Haqq of the Banu Marin in Morocco, calling it the Victorious Flag.[53]Maghrebi historianIbn Khalduntalked about the flags he saw during the time of Sultan Abu al-Hasan, indicating that they used to give governors, workers, and commanders permission to take one small flag made of white linen.[54]Contemporary historianCharles-André Julienreferences the small white flag as a miniature version of the royal standard that was given to the main commander on the battlefield as a mark of authority to lead the troops. The flag was raised in conquered fortresses.[55]

TheBook of Knowledge of All Kingdoms,written by a Franciscan friar in the 14th century, describes the flag of Fez, the Marinid capital, as being plain white.[56]

Military

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The Marinid army was largely composed of tribes loyal to the Marinids or associated with the ruling dynasty. However, the number of men these tribes could field had its limits, which required the sultans to recruit from other tribes and from mercenaries.[46][47]Additional troops were drawn from other Zenata tribes of the central Maghreb and from the Arab tribes such as theBanu HilalandBanu Ma'qil,who had moved further west into the Maghreb during the Almohad period.[46][47]The Marinids also continued to hire Christian mercenaries from Europe, as their Almohad predecessors had done, who consisted mainly of cavalry and served as the sultan's bodyguard.[46]This heterogeneity of the army is one of the reasons that direct central government control was not possible across the entire Marinid realm.[46][47]The army was sufficiently large, however, to allow the Marinid sultans to send military expeditions to the Iberian Peninsula in the 13th and 14th centuries.[57]

More details are known in particular about the army during the reign of Abu al-Hasan, which is described by some historical chroniclers such asIbn Marzukandal-Umari.His main attack force was composed of Zanata horsemen, around 40,000 strong, along with Arab tribal horsemen, around 1500 mounted archers of "Turkish" origin, and around 1000 Andalusi foot archers.[45][57]The regular standing army, which also formed the sultan's personal guard, consisted of between 2000 and 5000 Christian mercenaries fromAragon,Castile, and Portugal, as well as Black Africans andKurds.These mercenaries were paid a salary from the treasury, while the chieftains of tribal levies were giveniqta'lands as compensation.[45]

The army's main weakness was its naval fleet, which could not keep up with the fleet of Aragon. The Marinids had shipyards and naval arsenals atSaléandSebta(Ceuta), but on at least one occasion the Marinid sultan hired mercenary ships fromCatalonia.[45]Marinid military contingents, mostly Zenata horsemen (also known asjinetesin Spanish), were also hired by the states of the Iberian Peninsula. They served, for example, in the armies of the Kingdom of Aragon and the Nasrid Emirate of Granada on some occasions.[45]In Nasrid Granada, Zenata soldiers were led by exiled members of the Marinid family up until the late 14th century.[58]

Society

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Population

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The population under Marinid rule was mostly Berber and Arab, though there were contrasts between the main cities and the countryside as well as between sedentary and nomadic populations. The cities were heavilyarabizedand more uniformlyIslamicized(aside from minority Jewish and Christian communities). Urban local politics was marked by affiliations with local aristocratic families.[45]In the countryside, the population remained largely Berber and dominated by tribal politics. The nomadic population, however, became more arabised than the rural sedentary population.[45]Nomadic Berber tribes were joined by nomadic Arab tribes such as the Banu Hilal, who had arrived in this far western region during the Almohad period.[47]

Jewish communities were a significant minority in urban centers and played a role in most aspects of society.[45]It was during the Marinid period that theJewish quarter of Fez el-Jdid,the firstmellahin Morocco, came into existence.[59][60]Jews were sometimes appointed to administrative positions in the state, though at other times they were dismissed from these positions for ideological and political reasons.[47]There were also some Christians in urban centers, although these were mainly merchants and mercenary soldiers from abroad, forming small minorities primarily in the coastal cities.[45][57]

Religion

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While the Marinids did not declare themselves champions of a reformist religious ideology, as their Almohad and Almoravid predecessors had, they attempted to promote themselves as guardians of proper Islamic government as a way to legitimize their rule.[46][47]They also restoredMalikiSunni Islam as the official religion after the previous period of officialAlmohadism.[45]They allied themselves politically with the Malikiulama(scholars/jurists), who were especially influential in the cities, and with theshurafaor sharifs(families claiming descent fromMuhammad), with whom they sometimes intermarried.[47]After establishing themselves in Fez, the Marinids insisted on directly appointing the officials in charge of religious institutions and on managing thewaqf(orhabus) endowments that financed mosques and madrasas.[47]

The influence of the Malikiulamaof Fez was concentrated in Fez itself and was more important to urban culture; the scholars of Fez had more contact with theulamaof other major cities in the Maghreb than they did with religious leaders in the nearby countryside.[46]Sufism,maraboutism,and other more "heterodox"Islamic currents were more prominent in rural areas.[45][47]Indigenous Berber religions and religious practices also continued to linger in these areas.[45]Some Sufi brotherhoods, especially those led by sharifian families, posed a potential political challenge to Marinid rule and were involved in occasional rebellions, but in general the Marinids attempted to incorporate them into their sphere of influence.[47]They also used their patronage of Maliki institutions as a counterbalance to Sufism.[46]Sufism was also practiced in the cities, often in a more scholarly form and with the involvement of the sultan, state officials, and various scholars.[45]

Language

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As the ruling family and its supporting tribes were Zenata Berbers,Berber (Tamazight)was generally the language spoken at the Marinid court in Fez.[57][47][61][62]The Marinids also continued the Almohad practice of appointing religious officials who could preach in Tamazight.[47]Tamazight languages and dialects also continued to be widely spoken in rural areas.[45]However,Arabicwas the language of law, government, and most literature,[47][57]and assimilation of the region's population to Arabic language and culture also advanced significantly during this period.[57]

Culture

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Intellectual life and education

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TheBou InaniaMadrasainMeknes,Morocco

The Marinids were eager patrons of Islamic scholarship and intellectual culture. It was in this period that theQarawiyyin,the main center of learning inFes,reached its apogee in terms of prestige, patronage, and intellectual scope.[63][64][65]: 141 Additionally, the Marinids were prolific builders ofmadrasas,a type of institution which originated in northeasternIranby the early 11th century and was progressively adopted further west.[66]These establishments served to train Islamic scholars, particularly inIslamic lawand jurisprudence (fiqh). The madrasa in theSunniworld was generally antithetical to more heterodox religious doctrines, including the doctrine espoused by the preceding Almohads. As such, it only came to flourish in Morocco under the Marinids that followed them.[66]To the Marinids, madrasas played a part in bolstering the political legitimacy of their dynasty. They used this patronage to encourage the loyalty of Fes's influential but fiercely independent religious elites and also to portray themselves to the general population as protectors and promoters of orthodox Sunni Islam.[66][67]The madrasas also served to train the scholars and elites who operated their state's bureaucracy.[67]

Sculpted decoration, includingmuqarnas,around the courtyard of theBou Inania MadrasainFes

The majority of documented madrasa constructions took place in the first half of the 14th century, especially under the reign of Sultan Abu al-Hasan (ruled 1331–1348).[68]Many of these madrasas were built near the major mosques which had already acted as older centers of learning, such as the Qarawiyyin, theMosque of the Andalusians,and theGrand Mosque of Meknes.One of their most important functions seems to have been to provide housing for students from other towns and cities – many of them poor – who needed a place to stay while studying at these major centers of learning.[69]: 137 [64]: 110 [11]: 463 In Fes, the first madrasa was theSaffarin Madrasabuilt in 1271, followed by theSahrij Madrasafounded in 1321 (and theSba'iyyin Madrasanext to it two years later), theal-Attarinein 1323, and theMesbahiya Madrasain 1346.[70]Another madrasa, built in 1320 near theGrand MosqueofFes el-Jdid,was less successful in contributing to the city's scholarly life.[11][64]: 114 These madrasas taught their own courses and sometimes became well-known institutions in their own right, but they usually had much narrower curriculums or specializations than the Qarawiyyin.[64]: 141 [71]The last and largest Marinid madrasa in Fes, theBou Inania,was a slightly more distinctive institution and was the only madrasa to also have the status of aFriday mosque.[66][67]Surviving Marinid madrasas built in other cities include theMadrasa of Abu al-HasaninSaléand theBou Inana MadrasaofMeknes.[72]Many more were built in other cities but have not been preserved, or only partially preserved, including in:Taza,al-Jadida,Tangier,Ceuta,Anfa,Azemmour,Safi,Aghmat,Ksar el-Kebir,Sijilmasa,Tlemcen, Marrakesh (theBen Youssef Madrasawhich was rebuilt in the 16th century), andChellah(near Rabat).[68]

Part ofAl-Manhaj al-Faaiq wa al-Manhal al-Raaiq fi Ahkam al-Wathaaiqbyal-Wansharisi,Muftiof Fes.

Literary production under the Marinids was relatively prolific and diverse. In addition to religious texts such as treaties offiqh(jurisprudence), there was also poetry and scientific texts. Geographies and, most of all, histories were produced, partly because the dynasty itself was eager to use these to legitimize its rule.[45]The oldest surviving historical chronicle from the Marinid period is considered to beal-Dhakhîrah as-Sanîyyaprobably composed byIbn Abi Zar[73][74](first published by ProfessorMohamed Bencheneb,Algiers, 1920).[73][75]Ibn Khaldunwas the most famous manifestation of this intellectual life which was also shared with theEmirate of Granadain Al-Andalus, where many of the intellectuals of this period also spent time.Ibn al-Khatib,the Andalusi poet and writer from Granada, also spent time in Fes and North Africa when his Nasrid masterMuhammad Vwas there in exile between 1358 and 1362.[76][77]The historianIbn Idhariwas another example, while the famous travelerIbn Battutaalso passed through Morocco and other regions in Africa and Asia in the 14th century and described them in his writings.[78]Not only grand regional histories but also local histories were composed by some authors for cities and towns.[45]

Art

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Marinid art continued many of the artistic traditions previously established in the region under the Almoravids and Almohads.[79]

Metalwork

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The enormous Marinid chandelier in theGreat Mosque of Taza

Many Marinid religious buildings were furnished with the same kind of bronzechandeliersthat the Almohads made for mosques.[79]The Marinid chandelier in theGreat Mosque of Taza,with a diameter of 2.5 metres and weighing 3 tons, is the largest surviving example of its kind in North Africa. It dates to 1294 and was commissioned by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf. It is closely modeled on another large chandelier in theQarawiyyin Mosquemade by the Almohads. It is composed of nine circular tiers arranged in an overall conical shape that could hold 514 glass oil lamps. Its decoration included mainlyarabesqueforms like floral patterns as well as a poetic inscription incursive Arabic.[80][81]

A number of other ornate metal chandeliers hanging in the Qarawiyyin mosque's prayer hall also date from the Marinid era. Three of them were made from church bells which Marinid craftsmen used as a base onto which they grafted ornate copper fittings. The largest of them, installed in the mosque in 1337, was a bell brought back fromGibraltarby the son of SultanAbu al-Hasan,Abu Malik, after its reconquest from Christian forces in 1333.[82][67]: 462 

Textiles and banners

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The banner of SultanAbu al-Hasan,dated to 1339–1340, now housed at theCathedral of Toledo

Not many Marinid textiles have survived, but it is assumed that luxurious silks continued to be made as in previous periods. The only reliably-dated Marinid textiles extant today are three impressivebannerswhich were captured from Sultan Abu al-Hasan's army in theBattle of Rio Saladoin 1340 byAlfonso XI.[79][83]Today they are housed at theCathedral of Toledo.Ibn Khaldun wrote that Abu al-Hasan possessed hundreds of silk and gold banners which were displayed in palaces or on ceremonial occasions, while both the Marinid and Nasrid armies carried many colourful banners with them into battle. They thus had great symbolic value and were deployed on many occasions.[83]

The oldest of the three banners is dated, according to its inscription, to May or June 1312 (Muharram712 AH).[83]It was made in the "kasbah" (royal citadel) of Fes for Sultan Abu Sa'id Uthman (father of Abu al-Hasan). The banner measures 280 by 220 cm and is made of predominantly green silktaffeta,along with decorative motifs woven in blue, white, red, and gold thread. Its visual layout shares other general similarities with the so-called Banner of Las Navas de Tolosa from the earlier Almohad period (13th century). The central part of the banner is filled with a grid of sixteen green circles containing short religious statements in smallcursiveinscriptions. This area is contained in turn within a large rectangular frame. The band of the frame is filled with monumental and ornamental inscriptions in whiteKuficletters whose style is similar to the Kufic inscriptions carved into the walls of the Marinid madrasas of Fes, which in turn are derived from earlier Kufic inscriptions found in Almohad architecture. These inscriptions feature a selection of Qur'anic verses very similar to those found in the same positions in the Banner of Las Navas de Tolosa (mainly Qur'an 61:10-11). At the four corners of the rectangular band are roundels containing golden cursive letters against a deep blue background, whose inscriptions attribute victory and salvation to God. The whole rectangular band is in turn lined on both its inner and outer edges by smaller inscription bands of Qur'anic verses. Lastly, the bottom edge of the banner is filled with two lines of red cursive script detailing the titles and lineage of Abu Sa'id Uthman and the date of the banner's fabrication.[83]

The second banner was made for Abu al-Hasan and is dated, according to its inscriptions, toJumada II740 AH (corresponding to either December 1339 or January 1340). It measures 347 by 267 centimeters.[83]It is made with similar weaving techniques as its older counterpart and uses the same overall visual arrangement, although this time the predominant colour is yellow, with details woven in blue, red, gold thread, or different shades of yellow. It features a grand Arabic inscription in cursive letters along its top edge which calls for the victory of its owner, Abu al-Hasan. The central part of the banner once again has sixteen circles, arranged in a grid formation, each containing a small Arabic cursive inscription that repeats either the words "Eternal power and infinite glory" or "Perpetual joy and infinite glory". These circles are in turn contained within a large rectangular frame whose band is occupied by four more cursive inscriptions, of moderate size, which again call for Abu al-Hasan's victory while attributing all victory to God. Four more small inscriptions are contained within circles at the four corners of this frame. Finally, the bottom edge of the banner is occupied by a longer inscription, in small cursive letters again, which gives the full titles and lineage of Abu al-Hasan.[83]

A third banner, undated and less well-preserved, is also believed to date from Abu al-Hasan's time. It is curious for the fact that its inscriptions are painted onto the fabric instead of woven into it, while the orientation of its inscriptions is inversed or "mirrored". Some scholars have suggested that it may have been a cheaper reproduction of Abu al-Hasan's banner intended for the use by soldiers or that it was intended as a template drawn by the calligrapher from which artisans could weave the real banner (and as weaving was done from the back, the letters would have to appear reversed from the weaver's perspective during production).[83]

Manuscripts

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Pages from aQur'ancommissioned byAbu Yaqub Yusufand dated to 1306 (now kept at theBavarian State Library,Munich.)
Page from a manuscript ofal-Muwatta'byMalik ibn Anas,copied inSaléin 1326

A number of manuscripts from the Marinid period have been preserved to the present-day. One outstanding example is a Qur'an manuscript commissioned by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf and dated to 1306. It features an elaboratelyilluminatedfrontispiece and is written in a broadMaghrebi scriptusing brown ink, with headings written in golden Kufic letters and new verses marked by small labels inside gold circles.[84][85]Like most other manuscripts in this time and region, it was written on parchment.[85][86]

Many of the sultans were themselves accomplished calligraphers. This tradition of sovereigns practicing calligraphy and copying the Qur'an themselves was well-established in many Islamic elite circles by the 13th century, with the oldest surviving example in this region dating from the Almohad caliph al-Murtada (d. 1266).[87]According toIbn Marzuqand various other Marinid chroniclers, Sultan Abu al-Hasan was particularly prolific and skilled, and is recorded to have copied four Qur'ans. The first one appears to have been started following several years of military successes and was finished in 1339, at which point it was sent to Chellah (where he was later buried). The next copy was sent to theMosque of the ProphetinMedinain 1339–40 via the intermediary ofSultan QalawuninEgypt,and a third one a couple of years later went to theMasjid al-HaraminMecca.The fourth copy, one of the finest preserved Marinid manuscripts, is a thirty-volume Qur'an which he donated to theAl-Aqsa MosqueinJerusalemin 1344–45 and is now kept at theIslamic Museum of the Haram al-Sharif.While inBijaya (Bougie)he began a fifth copy intended forAl-Khalil (Hebron),but he was unable to finish it following his military defeats in the east and subsequent dethronement. It was instead finished by his sonAbu Faris Abd al-Azizand eventually brought to Tunis by Ibn Marzuq. Abu al-Hasan's son and immediate successor, Abu Inan, for his part, is known to have copied a collection of hadiths with letters written in a mix of blue and brown ink, with gold flourishes.[87]

Aside from Qur'an manuscripts, many other religious and legal texts were copied by calligraphers of this time, especially works related to theMalikischool such as theMuwatta'byMalik ibn Anas.They range from volumes written in plain Maghrebi script to richly-illuminated manuscripts produced by the Marinid royal libraries. Preserved in various historic Moroccan libraries today, these manuscripts also show that, in addition to the capital of Fes, important workshops for production were also located in Salé and Marrakesh.[86]

Minbars

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Theminbars(pulpits) of the Marinid era were also following in the same tradition as earlier Almoravid and Almohad wooden minbars. The minbar of the Great Mosque of Taza dates to the mosque's expansion by Abu Yaqub Yusuf in the 1290s, much like the mosque's chandelier. Like other minbars, it takes the shape of a mobile staircase with an archway at the bottom of the stairs and a canopy at the top and it is composed of many pieces of wood assembled together. In spite of later restorations which modified its character, it still preserves much of its original Marinid woodwork. Its two flanks are covered with an example of the elaborategeometric decorationfound in the artisan tradition dating back to the 12th-century Almoravidminbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque(in Marrakesh). This geometric motif is based on eight-pointed stars from whichinterlacingbands spread outward and repeat the motif across the whole surface. Contrary to the famous Almoravid minbar in Marrakesh, however, the empty spaces between the bands are not occupied by a mix of pieces with carved floral reliefs but are rather occupied entirely by pieces ofmarquetrymosaic decoration inlaid withivoryand precious woods.[81][88][89][80]

The original minbar of the Bou Inania Madrasa, which is housed today at theDar Batha museum,dates from 1350 to 1355 when the madrasa was being built.[68]It is notable as one of the best Marinid examples of its kind.[90][68]The Bou Inania minbar, made of wood – includingebonyand other expensive woods – is decorated via a mix of marquetry and inlaid carved decoration.[90][68]The main decorative pattern along its major surfaces on either side is centered around eight-pointed stars, from which bands decorated with ivory inlay then interweave and repeat the same pattern across the rest of the surface. The spaces between these bands form other geometric shapes which are filled with wood panels of intricately carvedarabesques.This motif is similar to that found on the Kutubiyya minbar, and even more so to that of the slightly later Almohad minbar of theKasbah Mosquein Marrakesh (commissioned between 1189 and 1195).[90]The arch above the first step of the minbar contains an inscription, now partly disappeared, which refers to Abu Inan and his titles.[68]

Architecture

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See also:Moorish architecture
Minaretof the Marinid-eraBen Salah MosqueinMarrakesh

The Marinid dynasty was important in further refining the artistic legacy established under theirAlmoravidand Almohad predecessors. Particularly in Fes, their capital, they built monuments with increasingly intricate and extensive decoration, particularly in wood andstucco.[66]They were also the first to deploy extensive use ofzellij(mosaic tilework in complexgeometric patterns), which became standard inMoroccan architectureafterwards.[91]Their architectural style was very closely related to that found in theEmirate of Granada,in Spain, under the contemporaryNasrid dynasty.[66]The decoration of the famousAlhambrais thus reminiscent of what was built in Fes at the same time. WhenGranadawas conquered in 1492 byCatholic Spainand the last Muslim realm of al-Andalus came to an end, many of the remainingSpanish Muslims(andJews) fled to Morocco andNorth Africa,further increasing the Andalusian cultural influence in these regions in subsequent generations.[72]

The ruins of theMosque of MansourahnearTlemcen

Notably, the Marinids were the first to buildmadrasasin the region.[66]The madrasas of Fes, such as the Bou Inania, al-Attarine, and Sahrij madrasas, as well as the Marinid madrasa of Salé and the other Bou Inania in Meknes, are considered among the greatest architectural works inwestern Islamic architectureof this period.[92][72][66]While mosque architecture largely followed the Almohad model, one noted change was the progressive increase in the size of thesahnor courtyard, which was previously a minor element of the floor plan but which eventually, in the subsequentSaadianperiod, became as large as the main prayer hall and sometimes larger.[93]Notable examples of Marinid mosque architecture are theGrand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid(founded in 1276, one of the earliest Marinid mosques), the expansion of theGreat Mosque of Tazain 1294, theMosque of al-MansourahnearTlemcen(1303), and theMosque of Sidi Abu Madyan(1338–39).[94]TheBen Salah Mosquein Marrakesh also dates from the Marinid period, one of the few monuments from this period in the city.

Of the Marinid royal palaces in Fes el-Jdid little has survived, with the currentRoyal Palace of Fesdating mainly from the laterAlaouiteperiod. Likewise, the formerMarinid Royal Gardensto the north have disappeared and the complex around theMarinid Tombson the hills overlookingFes el-Baliare largely ruined.[76]Excavations in Aghmat, in southern Morocco, have uncovered the remains of a smaller Marinid palace or mansion which has profound resemblances, in terms of its layout, to surviving Nasrid-era palaces in Granada and al-Andalus, demonstrating yet again the shared architectural traditions between the two kingdoms.[95]Further clues about domestic architecture of the period are provided by a few Marinid-era private houses that have been preserved in Fes. They are centered around inner courtyards surrounded by two-story galleries and feature architectural forms and decoration that are highly reminiscent of those found in Marinid madrasas, showing a certain consistency in the decorative techniques across building types.[66]: 313–314 [96]Some Marinid monumental gates, such as the gate of theChellahnecropolis near Rabat and theBab el-Mrissain Salé, are still standing today and demonstrate resemblances with earlier Almohad models.[66]

The main gate ofChellah,nearRabat,which became a Marinid necropolis

According to theRawd al-Qirtas,the founder of the Marinid dynasty, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq I (d. 1217), was buried at a site called Tāfirtāst or Tāfarṭast, a site near Meknes (close to where he fell in battle).[97][98]Starting with Abu Yusuf Ya'qub (d. 1286), the Marinid sultans began to be buried at a newnecropolisin Chellah (the site of the former Roman city called Sala Colonia). Abu Yusuf Ya'qub built a mosque alongside his tomb and that of his wife. Both werequbbas: small square chambers covered by either a dome or a pyramidal roof. They stood in a small garden enclosure orrawda(Arabic:الروضة) at the back of the mosque. The necropolis was surrounded by a set of walls and an ornate monumental gate completed by Abu al-Hasan in 1339. Abu al-Hasan himself was then buried in a small mausoleum which was embellished with exceptional stone-carved low-relief decoration. The mausoleum, along with a madrasa accompanying the funerary complex, was likely completed by his son and successor, Abu Inan.[97][94]: 202–206 However, Abu Inan himself is believed to have been buried in Fes instead, in aqubbaattached to the Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid. After him, most sultans were buried at the site known as the "Marinid Tombs" to the north of Fes el-Bali. This necropolis seems to have once again consisted of an enclosed garden cemetery inside which stood severalqubbas. Though mostly ruined today,Leo Africanusdescribed them in the 16th century as being lavishly decorated. Important Marinid graves in these necropolises were typically surmounted by amaqabriyya,a marble tombstone shaped like a triangular prism, laid horizontally and carved with funerary inscriptions.[97]

List of Marinid rulers

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The following is the sequence of Marinid rulers from the founding of the dynasty to its end.[99][6]

1215–1269: leaders of the Marinids, engaged in a struggle against theAlmohads,based inTazafrom 1216 to 1244

After 1244: Marinid Emirs based in Fez

1269–1465: Marinid Sultans of Fez and Morocco

Family tree

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Family tree of the Marinid dynasty
Marin
Jarmat
ibn Marin
Fajus ibn
Jarmat
Wazir
ibn Fajus
Muhammad
ibn Wazir
Hamama ibn
Muhammad
Abu Bakr
ibn Hamama
Mihyu ibn
Abi Bakr
1
Abu Muhammad
Abd al-Haqq I
ibn Mihyu
r. 1195-1217
2
Abu Sa'id
Uthman I ibn
Abd al-Haqq
r. 1217-1240		3
Abu Ma'ruf
Muhammad I
ibn Abd al-Haqq
r. 1240-1244		4
Abu Yahya
Abu Bakr ibn
Abd al-Haqq
r. 1244-1258		5
Abu Yusuf
Ya'qub ibn
Abd al-Haqq
r. 1258-1286
6
Abu Ya'qub
Yusuf ibn
Ya'qub al-Nasr
r. 1286-1307		9
Abu Sa'id
Uthman II
ibn Ya'qub
r. 1310-1331
7
Abu Thabit
Amir ibn
Yusuf
r. 1307-1309		8
Abu al-Rabi'
Sulayman
ibn Yusuf
r. 1308-1310		10
Abu al-Hasan
Ali ibn
Uthman
r. 1331-1348
11
Abu Inan
Faris ibn Ali
al-Mutawakkil
r. 1348-1358		14
Abu Salim
Ibrahim
ibn Ali
r. 1359-1361		15
Abu Umar
Tashfin
ibn Ali
r. 1361-1362		16
Abu Faris
Abd al-Aziz I
ibn Ali
al-Mustansir
r. 1366-1372		Abu al-Fadl
Ahmad
ibn Ali
12
Abu Zayyan
Muhammad II
ibn Faris
r. 1358,
1362-1366		13
Abu Yahya
Abu Bakr
ibn Faris
r. 1358-1359		19
Abu Faris
Musa ibn Faris
al-Mutawakkil
r. 1384-1386		17
Abu Zayyan
Muhammad III
ibn Abd al-Aziz
r. 1372-1374		18
Abu al-Abbas
Ahmad ibn
Abd al-Aziz
al-Mustansir
r. 1374-1384,
1387-1393		20
Abu Zayyan
Muhammad IV
ibn Ahmad
r. 1386-1387
21
Abu Faris
Abd al-Aziz II
ibn Ahmad
r. 1393-1396		22
Abu Amir
Abd Allah
ibn Ahmad
r. 1396-1398		23
Abu Sa'id
Uthman III
ibn Ahmad
r. 1398-1420
24
Abu Muhammad
Abd al-Haqq II
ibn Uthman
r. 1420-1465

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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Banu Marin
Preceded by Ruling house of the Marinid Sultanate
1269–1465 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marinid_dynasty&oldid=1252672843"