Themass media in Japaninclude numeroustelevisionandradionetworks as well asnewspapersandmagazinesinJapan.For the most part, television networks were established based on capital investments by existing radio networks.Variety shows,serial dramas,and news constitute a large percentage of Japaneseevening shows.
Western movies are also shown, many with asubchannelfor English. There are all-English television channels on cable and satellite (with Japanese subtitles).
Television networks
editThere are 6 nationwide television networks, as follows:
- NHKis apublic service broadcaster.The company is financed through "viewer fees," similar to thelicence feesystem used in theUKto fund theBBC.NHK deliberately maintains neutral reporting as a public broadcast station, even refusing to mention commodity brand names.[1]NHK has 2 terrestrial TV channels, unlike the other TV networks (in the Tokyo region—channel 1 (NHK General TV) and channel 3 (NHK Educational TV)).
- Nippon Television Network System(NNS)/Nippon News Network(NNN) headed byNippon Television(NTV). In the Tokyo region, channel 4. Affiliated with theYomiuri Shimbunnewspaper.
- TheTokyo Broadcasting Systemholding company owns theTokyo Broadcasting System(TBS) station (which is broadcast nationally) and theJapan News Network(JNN) which supplies news programming to TBS and other affiliates. In the Tokyo region, channel 6. Affiliated with[how?]theMainichi Shimbunnewspaper.Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Co., Ltd.,a quasi-key station in Nagoya, is related to theChunichi Shimbunnewspaper.
- Fuji Network System(FNS) and theFuji News Network(FNN) share the flagship stationFuji Television.In the Tokyo region, channel 8. Part of theFujisankei Communications Group,akeiretsu.Tokai TV,a quasi-key station in Nagoya, is related to theChunichi Shimbunnewspaper.
- TV Asahi Network/All-Nippon News Network(ANN) headed byTV Asahi.Affiliated with theAsahi Shimbunnewspaper, which owns Nearly 25% of the station. In the Tokyo region, channel 5.
- TV Tokyo Network(TXN) headed byTV Tokyo.Owned byNikkei, Inc.In the Tokyo region, channel 7.
In addition, there is theJapanese Association of Independent Television Stations(JAITS), which consists of independent stations in the three major metropolitan areas (excluding Ibaraki, Shizuoka, and Osaka), and includes TV stations affiliated with theChunichi Shimbunnewspaper such asTokyo MXandTV Kanagawa.
Radio networks
editAM radio
edit- NHK Radio 1,NHK Radio 2
- Japan Radio Network(JRN)—Flagship Station:TBS radio(TBSラジオ)
- National Radio Network(NRN)—Flagship Stations:Nippon Cultural Broadcasting( văn hóa phóng tống ) andNippon Broadcasting System(ニッポン phóng tống )
- Radio Nikkeiis an independent shortwave station broadcasts nationwide with two services.
FM radio
edit- NHK-FM
- Japan FM Network(JFN)—Tokyo FMBroadcasting Co.,ltd.
- Japan FM League—J-WaveInc.
- MegaNet—FM Interwave (InterFM)
See also
editSocial media
editFacebook,Twitter,Instagram,andLine,are the leading used media platforms in the Japanese industry.[2]Lineis an app used for instant communication on electronic devices. Statistics show that Facebook use in Japan is at 47.75%, X (formerlyTwitter) use is at 19.33%,YouTubeuse is at 13.9%,Pinterestuse is at 10.69%, Instagram use is at 4.93%, andTumblruse is at 2.29%.[3]In Japan, as of 2017, nearly 100% of residents are online, smartphone use is reaching 80%, and some form of social media is being used by over half of the population.[4]
Magazines
editWeekly magazines
edit- Aera(アエラ) – Centre-left
- Friday(フライデー) – photo magazine
- Josei Jishin( nữ tính tự thân ) – for women
- Nikkei Business( nhật kinh ビジネス) – economic
- Shūkan Asahi ( chu khan triều nhật ). Liberal.
- Shūkan Economist ( chu khan エコノミスト). Economic
- Shūkan Kinyoubi ( chu khan kim diệu nhật ). Far-left.
- Shūkan Bunshun( chu khan văn xuân ). Conservative
- Shūkan Diamond ( chu khan ダイヤモンド). Economic
- Shūkan Gendai( chu khan hiện đại ) Liberal.
- Shūkan Josei ( chu khan nữ tính ). For women
- Shūkan Post ( chu khan ポスト). Conservative
- Shūkan Shinchō( chu khan tân triều ). Conservative
- Shūkan Toyo Keizai ( chu khan đông dương kinh tế ). Economic
- Spa! (スパ!). Conservative
- Sunday Mainichi (サンデー mỗi nhật ). Liberal
Monthly magazines
edit- Bungei Shunjuu( văn nghệ xuân thu ). Conservative.
- Chuuou Kouron( trung ương công luận ). Affiliated with theYomiuri Shimbun.Conservative.
- Seiron( chính luận ). Published by theSankei ShimbunCompany. Conservative.
- Sekai( thế giới ). Progressive.
Manga magazines
editNewspapers
editMajor papers
edit- Yomiuri Shimbun( đọc mại tân văn ). Conservative. First ranked in daily circulation at around 7 million per day. The Yomiuri exchanged a special contract withThe Times.Affiliated withNippon Television.NikkatsuFilm is a grandchild company.
- Asahi Shimbun( triều nhật tân văn ). Liberal,Third way.Second ranked in daily circulation at around 5 million copies per day. Group companies includeToei(de facto),Asahi Broadcasting Company,TV Asahi,andAsahi Net.
- Mainichi Shimbun( mỗi nhật tân văn ). Centre-left,Keynesian.Fifth ranked in daily circulation—around 2 million per day. Although the capital tie-up withMainichi Broadcasting System/Tokyo Broadcasting Systemhas been dissolved, it is still a friendship company that exchanges employees and cooperates with the press. In 2020, the circulation was overtaken by the Chunichi Shimbun alone (Tōkaiversion), which does not include the Tokyo Shimbun. Deep relationship withKodanshaandShochiku Film.
- Nikkei Shimbun( nhật bổn kinh tế tân văn ). Conservative, Economic liberal with more centre-right. Fourth ranked in daily circulation at around 2 million copies per day. Economic paper in the style ofThe Wall Street Journal.Affiliated withTV Tokyo.
- Sankei Shimbun( sản kinh tân văn ). Right-wing.[5]Sankei Shimbun also publishesSankei Sportsand the tabloidYukan Fuji.It belongs to theFujisankei Communications Group,amedia conglomerate.
Regional papers
edit- Chunichi Shimbun/Tokyo Shimbun( trung nhật tân văn / đông kinh tân văn ). Center-left to left-wing. Largest regional paper. Third ranked in daily circulation at around 2 million copies per day. In the Kanto region, the group publishesTokyo Shimbun( đông kinh tân văn ).Chunichi Shimbunis published in most of theChubuandKantoregions, and is a leading newspaper based inNagoya.
Other nationally known regional papers includeNishinippon Shimbun( tây nhật bổn tân văn ) inKyushu,Hokkaido Shimbun( bắc hải đạo tân văn ) inHokkaido,Chugoku Shimbun( trung quốc tân văn ) inChugoku.
Specialty papers
editAmong niche newspapers are publications like the widely circulatedNikkan Kogyo Shimbun(The Business and Technology Daily News), orShimbun Akahata,the daily organ of theJapanese Communist Party.Other niches include papers devoted entirely to predicting the results of horse races. One of the best-known papers in the genre is Keiba Book (Cạnh mã ブック). Shūkan Go (Chu khan kỳ) is a weekly newspaper that covers the results of professionalGotournaments and contains hints on Go strategy.
As in other countries, surveys tend to show that the number of newspaper subscribers is declining, a trend which is expected to continue.
Claims of media bias
editClaims of media bias in Japanese newspapers and the mainstream media in general are often seen on blogs andright-leaningInternet forums, where the "mass media" (masu-komi(abbreviation ofmass communication) in Japanese) are often referred to as "mass garbage" (masu-gomi). S igns with this epithet were carried by demonstrators in Tokyo on 24 October 2010, at what was reportedly the first demonstration in Japan to be organized onTwitter.[6]Among the general public, the credibility of the press suffered after theFukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plantcrisis, when reporters failed to press government and industry sources for more information, and official reports turned out to be inaccurate or simply wrong.[7][8]Kazuo Hizumi,a journalist turned lawyer, details structural problems in his book, “マスコミはなぜマスゴミと hô ばれるのか?”,"Masukomi wa naze masugomi to yobareru no ka?",("Why is mass media called mass garbage?"), which argues that a complex network of institutions, such as elite bureaucrats, judiciary, education system, law enforcement, and large corporations, all of whom stand to gain from maintaining the status quo, shapes the mass media and communication in a way that controls Japanese politics and discourages critical thinking.[9]
Key stations: television and radio
editIn Japan, there are fivebroadcasting stationswhich take the lead in the network ofcommercial broadcasting.The five stations areNippon Television,Tokyo Broadcasting System,Fuji Television,TV Asahi,andTV Tokyo.Their head offices are inTokyo,and they are calledzaikyō kī kyoku(Tại kinh キー cục,Key stations in Tokyo) orkī kyoku(キー cục,Key stations).
The key stations makenews showsand entertainment programs, and wholesale them to local broadcasting stations through the networks. Although local broadcasting stations also manufacture programs, the usage of the key stations is very large, and 55.7% of the TV program total sales in the 2002 fiscal year (April 2002 to March 2003) were sold by the key stations. Furthermore, the networks are strongly connected with newspaper publishing companies, and they influence the media very strongly. For this reason, they are often criticized.[10]
In addition, there isCS broadcastingandInternetdistribution by the subsidiaries of the key stations. The definition of key station has changed a little in recent years.
Outline
editIn Japan, every broadcasting company (exceptNHKandRadio Nikkei) which performsterrestrial televisionbroadcasts has an appointed broadcast region. In Article 2 of the Japanese Broadcasting Law (Phóng tống pháp), theMinistry of Internal Affairs and Communicationsdefines the fixed zone where the broadcast of the same program for every classification of broadcast is simultaneously receivable. So, the broadcasting company constructs a network with other regions, and with this network establishes the exchange ofnewsor programs. The broadcasting companies which send out many programs to these networks are called key stations.
Presently the broadcasting stations located in Tokyo send out the programs for the whole country. However, althoughTokyo MXis in the Tokyo region, it is only aTokyoregionUHF independent station.
Broadcasting stations inNagoyaand other areas are older than those in Tokyo. However, in order to meet the large costs of making programs key stations were established in Tokyo to sell programs nationwide. Some local stations have a higher profit ratio since they can merely buy programs from the networks.
Sub-key stations
editSince the broadcasting stations which assign the head offices inKansai region(especially inOsaka) have a program supply frame atprime timeetc. and sent out many programs subsequently to kī kyoku, they are calledjun kī kyoku(Chuẩn キー cục,sub-key stations).
List of key stations
editAdvertising agencies
edit- Dentsu( điện thông ). The largest advertising agency in Japan, and the fourth-largest worldwide. Dentsu has an enormous presence in television and other media, and has strong ties to the legislative branch of government.[citation needed]
- Hakuhodo( bác báo đường ). The second-largest Japanese advertising agency. Advertisement agencies under its umbrella includeDaiko( đại quảng ) andYomiko Advertising( đọc mại quảng cáo xã, Yomiuri Kōkokusha). Also known asShowgate,the film production division.
- CyberAgent(サイバーエージェント, Saibā Ējento) The third-largest Japanese advertising agency, that is mainly Internet advertising.
- Asatsu-DK(アサツー ディ・ケイ). The fourth-largest Japanese advertising agency. a subsidiary ofBain Capital,LP.
Wire services
edit- Jiji Press( thời sự thông tín ).
- Kyodo News( cộng đồng thông tín ).
- Radio Press(ラヂオプレス)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^NHK tân phóng tống ガイドライン,p41
- ^"Social Media Landscape in Japan | Info Cubic Japan".Info Cubic Japan Blog.7 January 2018.Retrieved22 October2018.
- ^"Social Media Stats Japan | StatCounter Global Stats".StatCounter Global Stats.Retrieved22 October2018.
- ^"Social Media in Japan 2018: Current Stage and Upcoming Trends".kitsune.pro.30 January 2018.Retrieved22 October2018.
- ^"Japanese right wing is muzzling liberal media, presenting threat to democracy, say analysts".The Straits Times.30 January 2016.Retrieved2 May2024.
- ^nico (26 October 2010)."1st Demonstration called for by Internet against Prosecutors & Mass Media held in Tokyo".nicoasia.wordpress.com.Archived fromthe originalon 11 September 2014.
- ^Fackler, Martin (May 2021). "Chapter 7: Media Capture: The Japanese Press and Fukushima". In Cleveland, Kyle; Knowles, Scott & Shineha, Ryuma (eds.).Legacies of Fukushima: 3-11 in Context.University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 112–126.ISBN9780812252989.
- ^Kobayashi, Ginko (15 March 2013)."After Tsunami, Japanese Media Swept up in Wave of Distrust".European Journalism Centre. Archived fromthe originalon 24 April 2013.
- ^"A champion of independent media".Japan Times.Retrieved12 September2014.
- ^"【 đệ 7 hồi 】ネット tiến xuất より" おいしい "キー cục と địa phương cục の quan hệ (ネット cuồng tao thời đại, テレビ cục の ưu úc ): NBonline( nhật kinh ビジネス オンライン)".Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2011.Retrieved19 January2011.
- ^* nhất bàn phiên tổ cung cấp はNNSがある.
- ^ab*1975 niên までJNNとANNの chuẩn キー cục が hỗ いに nghịch であった(ネットチェンジを tham chiếu ). Nhất bàn phiên tổ cung cấp はJNNにはTBSネットワーク,ANNにはテレビ triều nhật ネットワークがある.
- ^* nhất bàn phiên tổ cung cấp はFNSがある.
- ^*テレビ đại phản およびテレビ ái tri は huyện vực cục. なお, テレビ đại phản がプライムタイムに phiên tổ cung cấp 枠を hữu しているのは1 phiên tổ ( “Phát tiến! Thời không タイムス”- 2007 niên 6 nguyệt 18 nhật をもって phóng tống chung liễu )のみ.
- ^ab*キー cục が toàn てを thủ り sĩ thiết る nhất phương thông hành phương thức である vi, chuẩn キー cục は nghiêm mật には tồn tại しない.
- ^* các cục とも huyện vực cục. Phiên tổ chế tác hội xã であるジャパンエフエムネットワーク(JFNC)はキー cục に cận い hình thái で, địa phương cục に đa sổ の phiên tổ を cung cấp している.
- ^* các cục とも huyện vực cục. なおJFLはキー cục を trí いていない( sự thật thượng の càn sự cục はJ-WAVE). また, ネットワークとして mật なものでなく, tình báo giao hoán や nhất bộ phiên tổ giao hoán にとどまる.
- ^* các cục とも phóng tống địa vực は, các quảng vực quyển nội の ngoại quốc ngữ phóng tống thật thi địa vực. ネットワークとして mật なものでなく, tình báo giao hoán や nhất bộ phiên tổ giao hoán にとどまる.
Further reading
edit- (in English)Kondo, Motohiro ( cận đằng đại bácKondō Motohiro) (Nihon University,Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies ( đại học viện tổng hợp xã hội tình báo nghiên cứu khoa )). "The Development of Monthly Magazines in Japan."( tổng hợp tạp chí の đản sinh とその phát triển ) (." ( tổng hợp tạp chí の đản sinh とその phát triển ) ()Japanese Society for Global Social and Cultural Studies( nhật bổn quốc tế tình báo học hội ).
External links
edit- Unofficial Guide to Japanese mass-media
- Media Intimidation in Japan,discussion paper by David McNeill in theelectronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies,27 March 2001.
- Media and Communication in Japan,discussion paper by Barbara Gatzen in theelectronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies,17 April 2001.
- Brief history of TV Technology in Japanby NHK
- Japanese TV Shows Online