Wikipedia

Max Baucus

Maxwell Sieben Baucus(néEnke;born December 11, 1941) is an American politician who served as aUnited States senatorfromMontanafrom 1978 to 2014. A member of theDemocratic Party,he was a U.S. senator for over 35 years, making him the longest-serving U.S. senator inMontana history.PresidentBarack Obamaappointed Baucus to replaceGary Lockeas the 11thU.S. Ambassador to the People's Republic of China,a position he held from 2014 until 2017.[1][2]

Max Baucus
Official portrait, 2014
11thUnited States Ambassador to China
In office
March 20, 2014 – January 16, 2017
PresidentBarack Obama
Preceded byGary Locke
Succeeded byTerry Branstad
United States Senator
fromMontana
In office
December 15, 1978 – February 6, 2014
Preceded byPaul Hatfield
Succeeded byJohn Walsh
Chair of theSenate Finance Committee
In office
January 4, 2007 – February 6, 2014
Preceded byChuck Grassley
Succeeded byRon Wyden
In office
June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Preceded byChuck Grassley
Succeeded byChuck Grassley
In office
January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001
Preceded byWilliam Roth
Succeeded byChuck Grassley
Chair of theSenate Environment Committee
In office
January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995
Preceded byDaniel Patrick Moynihan
Succeeded byJohn Chafee
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives
fromMontana's1stdistrict
In office
January 3, 1975 – December 14, 1978
Preceded byRichard Shoup
Succeeded byPat Williams
Member of theMontana House of Representatives
from the 18th district
In office
January 1973 – January 1975
Personal details
Born
Maxwell Sieben Enke

(1941-12-11)December 11, 1941(age 82)
Helena, Montana,U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses
Ann Geracimos
​
​
(m.1975;div.1982)​
Wanda Minge
​
​
(m.1984;div.2009)​
Melodee Hanes
​
(m.2011)​
Children1
EducationStanford University(BA,JD)
Max Baucus's voice
Baucus, as chair of theSenate Finance Committee,speaks onMedicare reform legislation
Recorded July 9, 2008

As the Chairman of theSenate Committee on Finance,Baucus played an influential role in the debate overhealth care reform in the United States.[3]He was also chairman of theJoint Committee on Taxation,a member of theSenate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestryand theSenate Committee on Environment and Public Works,and was chairman of theSubcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure.Before his election to the Senate, Baucus was a member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom 1975 to 1978, representingMontana's 1st congressional district.He previously served in theMontana House of Representativesfrom 1973 to 1974.

Early life and education

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Maxwell Sieben Enke was born on December 11, 1941, inHelena, Montana,to historian and rancherJean Sheriff(1917–2011) and Stephen Enke (1916–1974), a demographer and economist.[4][5]His father, born inBritish Columbia,Canada, was of German and Scottish descent, and his mother had English and German ancestry. Baucus lived in California until he was two, when his mother left his father and returned to Helena. She later married John J. Baucus, and she and her son, Max, took his surname.[6]Baucus graduated fromHelena High Schoolin 1959.[7]

After attending local public schools in his hometown of Helena, he attendedCarleton Collegein Minnesota for a year before transferring toStanford University,where he received aBachelor of Artsdegree in economics in 1964,[5]and was a member of theSigma Alpha Epsilonfraternity. After graduating, he attendedStanford Law Schooland graduated with aJuris Doctorin 1967.[8]

Early career

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Baucus during his time in the House of Representatives

After finishing law school, Baucus spent three years as a lawyer at theSecurities and Exchange CommissioninWashington, D.C.[5]He moved back to his native Montana in 1971 to serve as the executive director of the state's Constitutional Convention, opening a law office inMissoula, Montana.[9]In November 1972, Baucus was elected to theMontana House of Representativesas a state representative from Missoula.[5]In November 1974 he was elected to theUnited States House of Representatives,and was re-elected in 1976.[10]

U.S. Senate

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Baucus during his tenure in the U.S. Senate

Baucus was elected to the U.S. Senate on November 7, 1978, for the term beginning January 3, 1979, but was subsequently appointed to the seat by Montana's Democratic GovernorThomas Lee Judgeon December 15, 1978, to fill the brief vacancy created by SenatorPaul G. Hatfield's resignation. On April 23, 2013, a Democratic official confirmed that Baucus would not seek a seventh term.[11]

Committee assignments

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Political positions

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SenatorChuck Grassley(left) and RepresentativeE. Clay Shaw(right) with Baucus at theWhite House

As aDemocraticmember of the Senate, Baucus was conservative,[12]and frequently broke with his party on the issues oftaxes,theenvironment,health care, andgun control.The web site That's My Congress gives him a 23 percent rating on progressive issues it tracks.[13]NARAL Pro-Choice America'spolitical action committeeendorsed Baucus during his2008 electioncampaign.[14]

Civil rights

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TheAmerican Civil Liberties Unionrated Baucus at 60 percent in December 2002, indicating a mixedcivil rightsvoting record.[15]

Voting rights for Washington, D.C.

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Baucus voted against giving voting representation to the District of Columbia.[16]

LGBT rights

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In 2006, theHuman Rights Campaign(HRC) gave Baucus a 67% overall rating indicating having a mixed record on voting for gay rights.[17]In 1996 Baucus voted in favor of theDefense of Marriage Act(DOMA) which prohibited "marriage between members of the same sex in federal law, and provide that no state is required to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states" and defined marriage as being between a single man and a single woman.[18]However, in 2004 he voted against theproposed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage[19]and in June 2012, he definitively spoke out in support forsame-sex marriage.[20]He has supported measures to curb job discrimination and hate crimes based onsexual orientation.He voted in favor of theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.[21]

Extension of tobacco tax

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In 2012, Baucus added to a transportation bill in Congress that extended the regulations covering cigarette manufacturers to "roll your own cigarette" stores that operate mass cigarette rolling machines.[22]

Gun politics

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In 1994, Baucus cast a pivotal vote in favor of SenatorDianne Feinstein's (D-CA) "Assault Weapons" Ban.[23]In 2013, Baucus was one of four Democrats to vote against theManchin-ToomeyAmendment to expandbackground checksfor potential gun buyers.[24]He is an avid hunter.[25]

In 1999, Baucus was the only Democrat to vote against an amendment by SenatorFrank Lautenberg(D-NJ) that sought to "regulate the sale of firearms at gun shows".

Economic issues

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Baucus (foreground) meets withSecretary of TreasurynomineeTimothy Geithner(left)

Baucus has a 74% pro-business voting record as rated by theUnited States Chamber of Commerce.He twice voted to make filingbankruptcymore difficult for debtors,[26]once in July 2001 to restrict rules onpersonal bankruptcy,and a second time in March 2005 to include means-testing and restrictions for bankruptcy filers. He has frequently visited places of employment within the state and has personally participated in activities that he calls "Work Days".[27]

In March 2005, Baucus voted against repealing tax subsidies benefiting companies thatoutsourceU.S. jobs offshore. On January 4, 2007, he wrote an editorial in theWall Street Journalcalling on Democrats to renew PresidentGeorge W. Bush's fast-track authority for international trade deals.[28]In response, the Montana State Senate passed a resolution, 44-6, "that the U.S. Congress be urged to create a replacement for the outdated fast track system".[29]

On October 27, 2009, he introduced theForeign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009to Congress together with RepresentativeCharles Rangel.

On August 9, 2011,Senate Majority LeaderHarry Reidappointed Baucus to theUnited States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction.[30]

Environmental issues

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Baucus's environmental record in Congress was mixed. He supported Democratic leadership in voting against oil and gas subsidies andArctic National Wildlife Refugedrilling, as well as by voting in favor of national standards to reduce oil consumption and spur the use ofhydrogen-powered cars.But he voted against thecorporate average fuel economystandards (CAFE) and on increasing federal funds forsolarandwind power.He was a leader in the massiveMontana Legacy Projectconservation project. TheLeague of Conservation Voters(LCV) gave Baucus a 79% rating for 2012; Baucus's lifetime LCV rating is 68%.[citation needed]

Foreign affairs

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Cuba

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As a senator, Baucus opposed theUnited States embargo against Cubaand travel restrictions.[31]

Iraq War

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Baucus voted for theAuthorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002.He voted with a majority of Democrats against SenatorJohn Kerry's amendment stipulating a firm deadline forwithdrawal of American combat personnelfromIraq.[32]

On July 29, 2006,[33][34]Baucus's nephewMarineCpl. Phillip E. Baucus was killed in combat inAl Anbar Governorate.Phillip, a 28-year-old resident ofWolf Creek, Montana,had been a member of the3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion,1st Marine Division,I Marine Expeditionary Force.[35]

On January 10, 2007, the day of President Bush's address on hisplan to increase troop levelsin Iraq, Baucus spoke against the increases and called for a phased withdrawal of U.S. troops.[36]

Israel

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Baucus was one of the Senate's largest career recipients ofpro-IsraelPolitical Action Committee(PAC) contributions, receiving $550,589 since 1989.[37]

Vietnam

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On July 14, 2009,The Wall Street Journalpublished an editorial on Baucus's attitude over Vietnam's "tra"and"basa"pangasius,saying there was no reason for America to launch atrade warwithVietnamoverfish.[38][39]"He's dead right about a trade issue now percolating in Washington," said the newspaper. The article, entitled "Max Baucus's Fish Sense – Protectionism often hurts the protectionist", outlined this controversial topic in Washington and underlined the possibility that theU.S. Department of Agriculturecould effectively ban imports from Vietnam of pangasius fish, which are similar to U.S.-producedcatfish.[40]

The ostensible reason for the move would be food safety and the USDA is considering whether Vietnamese fish should be subject to a stricter safety inspection regime. But the article noted that there have been no reported cases of Vietnamese fish making American consumers sick and the proposed inspections would be onerous.[41]It quoted Baucus as tellingCongress Daily,"If we expect other countries to follow the rules and drop these restrictions, it is critical that we play by the rules and do not block imports for arbitrary or unscientific reasons."[42]

Japan

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Baucus went on a trade mission in Japan, inspecting theTesla Motorsfacility in Tokyo, saying "Tesla is a great example of how exports and trade help the U.S. economy and create good-paying jobs at home in America. Our trade ties overseas help Tesla sell a world-class product that's manufactured in the U.S. by top-notch American workers," Baucus said. "There are millions of consumers in Japan and across the Pacific ready to buy more American-made goods, and we can continue to open those markets and boost U.S. exports with an aggressive trade agenda."[43]

Health care reform

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See also:America's Healthy Future Act

In 2013, Baucus was criticized for his comments concerning the implementation of Obamacare provisions specifically stating it could turn into a "train-wreck". He feared that the changes and their specific implementations would have a negative impact on small business owners stating "When I am home, small businesses have no idea what to do, what to expect. They don't know what affordability rules are; they don't know when penalties may apply. They just don't know.[44][45]While Baucus was very supportive of the intent of the new legislation saying "I spent two years of my life working on the Affordable Care Act. There is nothing I want more than for it to succeed," he was very critical of the resulting rollout.[46]

Senate finance committee

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As chairman of theSenate Finance Committee,Baucus called the first Senate meeting of interested parties before the committee to discusshealth care reform,including representatives from pharmaceutical groups, insurance companies, and HMOs and hospital management companies. Some viewed the meeting as controversial because it did not include representatives from groups calling forsingle-payer health care.

Opposition to single payer health care

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Advocate groups attended a Senate Finance Committee meeting in May 2009 to protest their exclusion as well as statements by Baucus that "single payer was not an option on the table." Baucus later had eight protesters removed by police who arrested them for disrupting the hearing. Many of the single-payer advocates said it was a "pay to play"event.[47][48][49]A representative of theBusiness Roundtable,which includes 35 memberships ofhealth maintenance organizations,health insurance andpharmaceuticalcompanies, admitted that other countries, with lower health costs, and higher quality of care, such as those withsingle-payersystems, have a competitive advantage over the United States with itsprivate system.[50]

At the next meeting on health care reform of the Senate Finance Committee, Baucus had five more doctors and nurses removed and arrested.[51][52][53]Baucus admitted a few weeks later in June 2009 that it was a mistake to rule out a single payer plan[54]because doing so alienated a large, vocal constituency and left PresidentBarack Obama's proposal of apublic health planto compete with private insurers as the most liberal position.[54]Obama expressed deep frustration with Baucus regarding negotiations over the Affordable Care Act saying "A part of me wanted to get up, grab Baucus by the shoulders, and shake him till he came to his senses."[55]

Baucus has used the term "uniquely American solution" to describe the end point of current health reform and has said he believes America is not ready yet for any form of single payer health care. This is the same term the insurance trade association, America's Health Insurance Plans (AHIP), is using. AHIP has launched the Campaign for an American Solution, which argues for the use of private health insurance instead of a government backed program.[3]Critics have saidMedicareis already effectively a single-payer system.[56]

Years after his departure from the Senate, Baucus said it would make sense to seriously consider a single-payer system.[57]

Conflict of interest

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Baucus has been criticized for his ties to the health insurance and pharmaceutical industries, and was one of the largest beneficiaries in the Senate of campaign contributions from these industries.[47]From 2003-08, Baucus received $3,973,485 from the health sector, including $852,813 from pharmaceutical companies, $851,141 from health professionals, $784,185 from the insurance industry and $465,750 from HMOs/health services, according toOpenSecrets.[58][59]A 2006 study byPublic Citizenfound that between 1999 and 2005 Baucus, along with former Senate majority leaderBill Frist,took in the most special-interest money of any senator.[60]

Only three senators have more former staffers working as lobbyists onK Street,at least two dozen in Baucus's case.[60]Several of Baucus's ex-staffers, including former chief of staffDavid Castagnetti,are now working for the pharmaceutical and health insurance industries.[61]Castagnetti co-founded the lobbying firm of Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti, which representsAmerica's Health Insurance Plans Inc,the national trade group of health insurance companies, the Medicare Cost Contractors Alliance, as well asAmgen,AstraZenecaandMerck & CompanyAnother former chief of staff, Jeff Forbes, opened his own lobbying shop and to represent thePharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of Americaand the Advanced Medical Technology Association, among other groups.[citation needed]

A statistical analysis of the impact of political contributions on individual senators' support for the public insurance option conducted byNate Silverhas suggested that Baucus was an unlikely supporter of thepublic optionin the first place. Based on Baucus's political ideology and the per capita health care spending in Montana, Silver's model projects that there would be only a 30.6% probability of Baucus supporting a public insurance option even if he had received no relevant campaign contributions. Silver calculates that the impact on Baucus of the significant campaign contributions that he has received from the health care industry further reduces the probability of his supporting a public insurance option from 30.6% to 0.6%.[62]

In response to the questions raised by the large amount of funding he took from the health care industry, Baucus declared a moratorium as of July 1, 2009 on taking more special interest money from health care political action committees.[63]Baucus, however, refused to return as part of his moratorium any of the millions of dollars he has received from health care industry interests before July 1, 2009, or to rule out a resumption of taking the same or greater health care industry contributions in the future.[63]His policy on not taking health care industry money reportedly still allowed him to accept money from lobbyists or corporate executives, who, according toThe Washington Post,continued to make donations after July 1, 2009.[63]A watchdog group found that in July 2009 Baucus accepted additional money from the health care industry in violation of his own self-defined moratorium terms, reportedly leading Baucus to return those monies.[64]

Tax policy

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Baucus voted for theBush tax cutsin 2001. He has usually voted against repealing portions of that bill and against repealing more recent tax cut bills that benefit upper income taxpayers. In 2008, he voted in favor of permanently repealing theestate tax.[26]

Political campaigns

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2002

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Main article:2002 United States Senate election in Montana

The 2002 Montana elections got national attention when Baucus's opponent,state senatorMike Taylor, accused Baucus of having implied in a campaign ad that Taylor wasgay.The ad was paid for by theDemocratic Senatorial Campaign Committee,not by the Baucus campaign. The ad, which alleged that Taylor hadembezzledfunds from thecosmetology schoolhe once owned, showed footage from the early 1980s of Taylor massaging another man's face while wearing a tight suit with an open shirt. Taylor dropped out of the race and Baucus won with 63 percent of the vote.[65]

2008

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Main article:2008 United States Senate election in Montana

Baucus sought re-election in 2008 in Montana, a state that has seen political change starting in 2004 when it elected Democratic GovernorBrian Schweitzerand then in 2006 Democratic SenatorJon Testerby a slim margin. Montana was the only state in the U.S. to turn over a chamber of its legislature toRepublicancontrol in 2006. The legislative chamber had a one-seat Democratic majority that then became a one-seat Republican majority.

Baucus raised a record amount of money for his 2008 re-election bid, 91 percent of which came from individuals living outside of Montana.[66]Similarly, according toOpenSecrets,Baucus's 2008 campaign raised $11.6million, only 13 percent of which came from Montana donors; the rest included millions fromhealth careand other industries overseen by Finance and Baucus's other committees.[67]

So as Baucus and other lawmakers attempt to craft a bill that can smash through a virtual gridlock of interests, the awkward question lingers: to whom are they more attentive, their voting constituencies back home or the dollar constituencies who are at the Capitol every day?[67]

As a result of Baucus's significant fund-raising advantage, in the week he announced his intention to run for re-election he opened eight state offices – one more than he had official offices in the state. Baucus also announced that he had hired 35 full-time campaign staff members. Baucus won re-election in alandslide victory,with 73% of the vote, carrying every county in the state.

United States Ambassador to China

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Baucus greeting U.S. Secretary of StateJohn KerryatBeijing Capital International Airportin June 2016

On December 20, 2013, PresidentObamaannounced his intent to nominate Baucus to the post ofAmbassador to China[68]The President submitted Baucus's nomination to the Senate on January 7, 2014.[69]

A hearing on his nomination was held by theUnited States Senate Committee on Foreign Relationson January 28, 2014.[70]His nomination was later reported to the fullUnited States Senateon February 4, 2014 and a vote for confirmation would later be considered.[71]He was later confirmed by the fullSenateon February 6, 2014 by a vote of 96–0 and Baucus himself voting "Present".[72]

Max Baucus was later sworn in by Vice PresidentJoe Bidenon February 21, 2014;[73]with his swearing ending the ambassadorship ofGary Locke.Baucus cannot speak Mandarin Chinese, which is historically unusual for this position.[74]

Baucus ended his ambassadorship in January 2017, as PresidentDonald TrumpnominatedGovernorTerry BranstadfromIowaas the next Ambassador to China.

Later career

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Max Baucus served on the Board of Advisors toAlibaba Groupuntil May 2019.[75]

Electoral history

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1974U.S. House of Representatives election
PartyCandidate%
DemocraticMax Baucus54.7%
RepublicanRichard G. Shoup45.3%
Majority9.4%
Democraticgain fromRepublican
1976U.S. House of Representatives election
PartyCandidate%
DemocraticMax Baucus66.4%
RepublicanBill Diehl33.6%
Majority32.8%
Democratichold
1978U.S. Senate election, Montana
PartyCandidate%
DemocraticMax Baucus55.6%
RepublicanLarry Williams44.4%
Majority11.2%
Democratichold
1984U.S. Senate election, Montana
PartyCandidate%
DemocraticMax Baucus56.9%
RepublicanChuck Cozzens40.7%
Majority16.2%
Democratichold
1990U.S. Senate election, Montana
PartyCandidate%
DemocraticMax Baucus69.8%
RepublicanAllen Kolstad30.2%
Majority39.6%
Democratichold
1996U.S. Senate election, Montana
PartyCandidate%
DemocraticMax Baucus49.5%
RepublicanDennis Rehberg44.7%
ReformBecky Shaw4.7%
Natural LawStephen Heaton1%
Majority4.8%
Democratichold
2002U.S. Senate election, Montana
PartyCandidate%
DemocraticMax Baucus63%
RepublicanMike Taylor32%
GreenBob Kelleher3%
Majority31%
Democratichold
2008U.S. Senate election, Montana
PartyCandidate%
DemocraticMax Baucus73%
RepublicanRobert Kelleher27%
Majority46%
Democratichold

Personal life

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Baucus has one son, Zeno, by his first wife, Ann Geracimos. Baucus and Geracimos divorced in 1982.[76]

Baucus came under fire from critics calling him abeltway insiderwho no longer really lives in Montana and only occasionally comes to visit.[77]Until 1991, Baucus owned a house in Missoula, where he practiced law for three years before running for Congress in 1974. He didn't own a home again in Montana until February 2002, when he bought half ofhis mother's house from theSieben Ranch Company,the ranch started by Baucus's great-grandfather in 1897.

In April 2009, the Associated Press reported that Baucus and his second wife, the former Wanda Minge, were divorcing after 25 years of marriage and had "parted ways amicably and with mutual respect".[78]In 2008, Baucus had been romantically linked with his state office director, Melodee Hanes, whom he later nominated to the vacant position ofU.S. Attorney in Montana.[79]Hanes then withdrew her nomination before the conflict of interest was discovered, because (according to Baucus) they wanted to be together in Washington, D.C. Both the Senator and Hanes had ended their marriages within the previous year. Baucus said he was separated from his wife before he began seeing Hanes.[80][81]

On July 2, 2011, Baucus married Hanes at the Sieben Ranch in Montana.[82]

Baucus has completed a 50-mileultramarathonand has crewed for winner and Vermont nativeNikki Kimballat the 100-mileWestern States Endurance Run,which he hopes to run in the future.[83]

References

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  2. ^Revesz, Rachel (January 20, 2017)."Donald Trump has fired all foreign US ambassadors with nobody to replace them".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-05-12.RetrievedJanuary 20,2017.
  3. ^abBaucus Watch: A key senator on health reform holds a listening session,Columbia Journalism Review
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  6. ^Jennifer McKee (2008-09-28)."Ranch roots to D.C. career: Democrat Baucus running for 6th term in U.S. Senate".Missoulian.com.Retrieved2012-10-19.
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  39. ^Không có lý do gì về cá tra, basa Việt Nam(in Vietnamese)
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  51. ^Health care reform advocates get arrested while protestingArchivedMay 18, 2009, at theWayback Machine,The Billings Gazette
  52. ^Police eject protesters from Senate health hearing[dead link],The Associated Press
  53. ^Make it the Baucus 13Archived2011-07-26 at theWayback Machine,Single Payer Action
  54. ^abHerszenhorn, David (June 23, 2009)."Baucus Grabs Pacesetter Role on Health Bill".NYT. Retrieved on July 22, 2009.
  55. ^Obama, Barack (November 2, 2020)."A President Looks Back on His Toughest Fight".The New Yorker.Retrieved27 August2021.
  56. ^Baucus's Raucous Caucus: Doctors, Nurses and Activists Arrested Again for Protesting Exclusion of Single-Payer Advocates at Senate Hearing on Health Care,Democracy Now
  57. ^Gail Schontzler.Baucus backs single-payer health system.Bozeman Daily Chronicle, 8 Sept 2017.
  58. ^"Top Industries: Senator Max Baucus 2003-2008".OpenSecrets.2012-10-01.Retrieved2012-10-19.
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U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of theU.S. House of Representatives
fromMontana's 1st congressional district
1975–1978 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Democraticnominee forU.S. SenatorfromMontana
(Class 2)
1978,1984,1990,1996,2002,2008 		Succeeded by
John Walsh
Withdrew
Preceded by Response to the State of the Union address
1984
Served alongside:Joe Biden,David L. Boren,Barbara Boxer,Robert Byrd,Dante Fascell,Bill Gray,Tom Harkin,Dee Huddleston,Carl Levin,Tip O'Neill,Claiborne Pell 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Montana
1978–2014
Served alongside:John Melcher,Conrad Burns,Jon Tester 		Succeeded by
John Walsh
Preceded by Chair of theSenate Environment Committee
1993–1995 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of theSenate Finance Committee
2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
 Chair of theSenate Finance Committee
2001–2003
New office Chair of theJoint China Commission
2001–2003 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
 Chair of theSenate Finance Committee
2007–2014 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by United States Ambassador to China
2014–2017 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence(ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Senator Order of precedence of the United States
as Former US Senator 		Succeeded byas Former US Senator
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